Psychology Quiz 4 Review

Idea that there is a conflict between old and new information in memory

Interference theory

Which theorist proposed that moral thinking proceeds through a series of stages?

Lawrence Kohlberg

The continuous storage of information with a limitless capacity

Long-term memory

The self-referencing effect refers to _____.

Making the material you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you

The biological unfolding of the individual genetic plan

Maturation

Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are _____.

Mnemonic devices

Which of the following is a development issue children face during the formal operational stage?

Moral reasoning

The idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exists is called ________.

Object permanence

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

Permissive

Matilda's behavior is immature for her age, and she has tantrums or asks for help whenever she encounters even slight difficulties. Matilda's parents most likely have a(n) _____ parenting style.

Permissive

Encoding of what a word sounds like

Phonemic encoding (intermediate - acoustic)

The additional stage that some scientist suggests should be added to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which shows a difference in how emotionally charged situations are handled which shows logic being integrated with emotions

Postformal thinking

The period where a child has a lack of conservation and experiences centration (from 2 to 6 years old)

Preoperational period

When old memories interfere with new memories

Proactive interference

Memory of skills (not affected by aging)

Procedural memory

Remembering to perform actions in the future

Prospective memory

Developmental psychologists study human growth and development across three domains. Which of the following is not one of these domains?

Psychological

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

Recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

Rehearsal

Situation where caregivers have an inconsistent level of response to their child, resulting in the child showing clingy behavior while rejecting the caregiver's attempts to interact with them

Resistant attachment

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just as likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Resistant

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

Retroactive

When new memories interfere with old memories

Retroactive interference

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

Retrograde

Loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia

Retrograde amnesia

Remembering events from the past or previously learned information

Retrospective memory

The child uses the parent as a base from which to explore her world in which attachment style?

Secure

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Secure

Situation where caregivers are sensitive and responsive, resulting in the child preferring them over the stranger

Secure attachment

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

Semantic

Encoding of the meaning of verbal input

Semantic encoding (deep - semantic)

The period where a child develops object permanence (from birth to 2 years old)

Sensorimotor period

Brief preservation of info in original sensory form that is held for initial processing (for approx. 2 seconds)

Sensory memory

Limited storage of info that is said to last about 20 seconds (though now theorized to be 2-3 seconds)

Short-term memory

Lisa tries to memorize the number of an Italian restaurant from a billboard. As she just reads the numbers once, each number remains in her ________ memory for only about ________, just long enough for her to take out her phone and dial the number.

Short-term; 18-20 seconds

Creation of permanent record of information

Storage - Goes in the order sensory memory, STM, LTM

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

Stranger anxiety

Encoding of the length or print of a world

Structural encoding (shallow - visual)

Environment agents that cause damage to the fetus

Teratogens

How is lifespan development defined?

The study of how we grow and change from conception to death

What is procedural memory?

Type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Tristian's parents pay little attention to him. They rarely monitor what he is doing, especially now that he is a teenager. For his birthdays, they never had a celebration and usually bought him a few inexpensive gifts. Tristian's parents are best categorized as having a(n) _____ parenting style.

Uninvolved

Temporary storage and processing of info used to solve problems, achieve goals, and respond to environmental demands (lasts for 20-30 seconds)

Working memory

_________ is another name of short-term memory.

Working memory

One-cell structure created by sperm and the egg (1-2 weeks)

Zygote

What begins as a single-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge at conception?

Zygote

Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development?

Zygote, embryo, fetus

The period where a child learns adult forms of logic and symbolic representation (12+ years, though not everyone reaches this stage)

Formal operations period

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

4

The magic number of elements stored in short-term memory

7+-2

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

A traumatic life experience

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

Acoustic

When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every good boy does fine" can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an) ________.

Acrostic

Age that a fetus can live outside of the womb (24-25 weeks)

Age of viability

Positive and negative changes in the mature organism

Aging

Loss of memories for events that occurred after the onset of amnesia

Anterograde amnesia

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

Assimilation

Silas expects his son Cole to follow his rules without talking back to him. If Cole asks why he must do something, Silas responds, "Because I said so." Diana Baumrind would characterize Silas's parenting style as

Authoritarian

When Corey's mother leaves him alone in the Strange Situation, he does not appear distressed. When she returns, he does not seem to care about reuniting with her. Corey appears to be displaying a(n) _____ attachment.

Avoidant

Situation where caregivers are insensitive and inattentive, resulting in the child not caring whether the caregiver leaves or stays

Avoidant attachment

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as _______

Blocking

The frontal lobe becomes fully developed _________.

By 25 years old

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

Implicit

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

Gross

The control of large groups of muscles such as arms and legs

Gross motor control

Physical changes that occur from birth to maturity

Growth

According to attachment theory, which of the following is not needed for healthy attachment?

Caregiver must be responsive to a child's religious preference

Elaine finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of _______

Chunking

Who created the first modern hospice?

Cicely Saunders

________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

The period where a child develops the idea of conservation and moves away from egocentrism (7 to 11 years old)

Concrete operations period

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the concrete operational stage?

Conservation

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called _________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called _________.

Construction; reconstruction

The view that development is a cumulative process, gradually adding to the same type of skills is known as ________.

Continuous development

The time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop is known as _________.

Critical period

Idea that memory is like a fading mental trace that is weakened with disuse

Decay

Memory of generic facts and events

Declarative memory

Which of the following is the order of stages of Kübler-Ross's five-stage model of grief?

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Jules is participating in the Strange Situation experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

Disorganized

Situation where the caregiver is abusive towards the child, resulting in the child behaving oddly which includes running around the room and away from the caregiver

Disorganized attachment

__________ is when our recollections of the past are done in a self-enhancing manner

Egocentric bias

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does too. What does this exemplify?

Egocentrism

Multi-cellular organism implanted in the uterus (3-8 weeks)

Embryo

Input of information into the memory system

Encoding

The three functions of memory are _______

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

The physical trace of memory is known as the ________

Engram

The storage capacity of long-term memory is ________

Essentially limitless

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness

When you try to remember something

Explicit memory

The organism begins to look like a baby (9-40 weeks)

Fetus

The control of smaller groups of muscles likes fingers, toes, eyes etc

Fine motor control

Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of _______.

Fine motor skills

An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a(n) ___________

Flashbulb memory