Psychology Test: Unit 14 Social Psychology

a person who is alone while witnessing an emergency is more likely to help than if he or she were part of a group explains ___ of ____ in social psychology

Diffusion responsibility

The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between ____ and liking.

Proximity

When Gloria tells people she is taking AP Psychology, many people assume that she has a very high GPA (even though she does not). The perception that people have of students who take AP classes would be considered which of the following?

Stereotype

Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively

a child who tries to hit another child with a rock

Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

a dispositional attribution

Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is most likely to become friends with who? a- Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science b- Ester, a freshman who sits across the row from him in his first large lecture class c- Mohammed, an introverted student who lives on the next floor and enjoys playing chess d- Alfonse, a junior who is majoring in psychology and lives across the hall e- James, a lonely sophomore who lives down the hall and is undecided about his major

a- Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science

Which of the following represents the cognitive component of an attitude? a. Italian food is the best of the European cuisines. b. Tonight, we're going to that new Italian restaurant. c. I'm going to make lasagna tonight. d. I just love Italian food. e. Italian food makes me feel warm and happy.

a. Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.

Toby publicly agree with his friends that Ahmed, a senior, would make the best Student Senate President. On the secret ballot, however, he actually votes for Yoram. Toby's public conformity to his friends' opinion best illustrates the power of...

a. normative social influence

Gerry got an A in psychology but a C in calculus. He explained his psychology grade by his hard work and his calculus grade by the teacher's hard test. He is exhibiting a. the self-serving bias b. cognitive dissonance c. the fundamental attribution error d. attribution dissonance e. an ascription error

a. the self-serving bias

In 1942, German reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively obedient when a. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures b. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is effective c. they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong d. their victims are distant and depersonalized e. they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts

a. they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures

Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their telephone conversation if he has just...completed a series of ___ ____

aerobic exercises

ostracism has been observed to intensify...

aggression

The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social psychological research on ...

altruism

protecting a stranger from an attack is classified as an ____ act

altruistic

the area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the

amygdala

the best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty Genoseve murder is that they failed to

assume personal responsibility for helping the victim

How does the presence of observers affect a person's performance? a. It improves performance on unenjoyable tasks and hinders a person's performance on enjoyable tasks. b. It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks. c. It improves performance on physical tasks and hinders a person's performance on mental tasks. d. It improves performance on poorly learned tasks and hinders a person's performance on well-learned tasks. e. It improves performance on verbal tasks and hinders a persons performance on mathematical tasks.

b. It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a person's performance on difficult tasks.

In Milgram's first study of obedience, the majority of "teachers" who were ordered to shock a "learner" a. refused to deliver even slight levels of shock b. complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock c. initially complied but refused to deliver more than slight levels of shock d. complied until ordered to deliver intense levels of shock e. refused to deliver shocks to all participants who expressed doubt about the experiments

b. complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock

Which of the following is least likely to prevent groupthink? a. seeking opinions from outside the group b. discouraging questions and alternate solutions c. encouraging each group member to speak his or her mind d. voting by secret ballot rather than show of hands e. ensuring the group leader is impartial

b. discouraging questions and alternate solutions

You would probably be LEAST likely to commit the fundamental attribution error in explaining why a. your professor gave a boring lecture b. you failed a college test c. the U.S. president made a particular statement in a televised speech d. the college administration decided to raise next year's tuition costs e. a classmate you don't know was late for class

b. you failed a college test

which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?

birds of a feather flock together

If poverty causes high rates of crime, the high crime rates can be used to justify discrimination against those who live in poverty. This best illustrates...

blame-the-victim dynamic

How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior? a. We explain strangers' behavior in terms of normative influence and our own behavior in terms of informational influence. b. We explain strangers' behavior in terms of informational influence and our own behavior in terms of normative influence. c. We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints. d. We explain strangers' behavior in terms of environmental influences and our own behavior in terms of hereditary influences. e. We explain strangers' behavior in terms of situational constraints and our own behavior in terms of personality traits.

c. We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints.

According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that a. we are most likely to conform to the opinions of others when faced with a unanimous opinion b. people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive c. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction d. the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives e. people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced to do something

c. even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction

Magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from Hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead, they offer detailed information for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates...

central route persuasion

Julie thought all football players were fairly dumb. Then she met the quarterback Bert a magna cum laude graduate with a Rhodes scholarship. Julie experienced

cognitive dissonance

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study...

conformity

Which of the following is an example of the peripheral route to persuasion? a. a commercial for exercise equipment that shows before and after photos of an individual who has lost weight by using the equipment b. an antismoking campaign that presents images of the blackened lungs of a smoker c. an advertisement for toothpaste that presents facts about how using the toothpaste reduces cavities d. a poster for a car wash that features an attractive woman sitting on a new car e. a political advertisement that presents the public accomplishments of the candidate

d. a poster for a car wash that features an attractive woman sitting on a new car

After an exiting football game in which the home team loses by one point, a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of...

deindividuation

research on physical attractiveness has shown that

desirable personality characteristics are typically ascribed to good-looking people

A store owner charges Black customers more than Hispanic customers for the very same merchandise. The owner is most clearly engaging in ...

discrimination

Which situation would be least likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? a-allowing people to interact with as many others as possible to complete a task b- asking people to complete a common task together c- Forcing people to cooperate with each other in order to get credit for completing the task d- Giving each person a piece of information to share with others to complete a task e- telling people to complete separate tasks while in the same room

e- telling people to complete separate tasks while in the same room

Cognitive dissonance arises when a. spoken words don't match actions b. one person's beliefs do not match others' beliefs c. passion does not meet commitment d. stereotypes don't match reality e. attitudes don't match behavior

e. attitudes don't match behavior

Freire did very poorly on his last arithmetic test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his sixth-grade teacher to conclude that Freire did poorly because a. he was not given enough time to complete the test b. the test covered material that had not been adequately covered in class c. he was tired and didn't try very hard on the test d. his parents had an argument the evening before the test e. his is unmotivated to do well in school

e. he is unmotivated to do well in school

Frans avoids talking with food in his mouth because other people think it is crude and inappropriate. This best illustrates the impact of...

e. norms

In Milgram's obedience experiments, "teachers" were MOST likely to deliver high levels of shock when a. the experimenter was perceived to be an ordinary college student like themselves b. they were introduced to the "learner" before the experiment began c. they saw that other "learners" disobeyed the experimenter d. they saw how "learners" who disobeyed the experimenter were punished e. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher"

e. the "learner" was placed in a different room from the "teacher"

Mr. Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards at a local private school. He personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below-average grades. Mr. Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if a. he stated his personal opinion early in the committee's discussion b. he has a high level of self-esteem c. committee voting is done by private ballot d. he personally dislikes the other committee members and wishes he were on a more prestigious college committee e. the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion

e. the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion

In the experiments of Solomon Asch, the tendency of group members to conform was reduced most by which of the following factors? a. frequent interaction among the group members b. the appointment of a democratic leader c. a decentralized communication network d. the threat of punishment e. the presence of a single dissenter

e. the presence of a single dissenter

Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of what?

equity

as Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm, and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Arlette will...

fail to notice the older woman's problem

after Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. This behavior illustrates...

frustration-aggression principle

on the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century...

gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased

Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of...

group polarization

Attribution theory was designed to account for

how people explain others' behavior

People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value

individualism

After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of...

informational social influence

Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates...

ingroup bias

When four-year old Chris grabs a toy car from two-year old Pat because Chris wants to play with the toy, Chris is demonstrating...

instrumental aggression

Which of the following is NOT a major cause of interpersonal attraction

intelligence; the three that are: similarity, reciprocity of liking, and physical attractiveness

According to Sternberg, which of the following describes the feelings of emotional closeness between two people?

intimacy

Muzafer Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by exposing the groups to tasks that required their ___ ___

joint cooperation

Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortune. His belief best illustrates a potential consequence of

just-world phenomenon

Bullying younger children earns diego the attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. His aggression is what?

learned response

After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling bus driver. Her reaction illustrates...

mere exposure effect

Instead of providing arguments in favor of a political candidate, ads may build political support by associating pictures of the candidate with emotion-evoking music and images. This strategy best illustrates...

peripheral route persuasion

Our first impressions of people we meet are most likely to be determined by their

physical appearance

although the effect dissipates within an hour or so, violent TV program is most likely to _____ in its viewer

prime aggressive thoughts

Liking those who share and validate our attitudes is best explained in terms of a ___ ___

reward theory

At work you are an employee. That is an example of a social _____.

role

In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves...

role-playing aggression

Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of...

role-playing on attitudes

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of ...

scapegoat theory

Natasha and Dimirtri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This illustrates what...

self-disclosure

People often have expectations about another person that influence how they act toward that person. Such expectations in turn cause that person to behave consistently with the original expectations. This phenomenon is...

self-fulfilling prophecy

A social trap is a situation in which the pursuit of ____-___ leads to ___ ____

self-interest leads to collective harm

Expert pool players were observed to make 71% of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80% of their shots. This best illustrates...

social facilitation

University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates...

social loafing

the concept of ___ ___best illustrated by the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market

superordinate goal

Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as...

the chameleon effect

Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with

the fight-or-flight reaction

When a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of a cleaning fluid, you agree. When he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products, you make the purchase. The salesperson appears to have made effective use of ...

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Sally tripped on the rug when she entered the dorm. She blamed it on the rug being slippery. When Stuart did the same thing, she called him clumsy. This is representative of...

the fundamental attribution error

According to the text, aggression always involves

the intent to hurt

studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often ...

unconsious

We are most likely to ___ the diversity among members of an ____.

underestimate/ outgroup