public speaking - Extra terms (CH 17,

hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

false cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

ad hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

either or

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternative exist.

red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

appeal to novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

appeal to tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

slippery slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

emergent leader

A group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations.

dyad

A group of two people

brainstorming

A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts.

designated leader

A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed.

hidden agenda

A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole.

panel discussion

A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience.

Creating Common Ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

invalid analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

fallacy

An error in reasoning

maintenance needs

Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group.

analogical reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

reasoning from principle

Reasoning that moves form a general principle to a specific conclusion.

reasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

causal reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

procedural needs

Routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group.

criteria

Standards on which a judgement or decision can be based.

task needs

Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task.

Evidence - Tips for evidence pg 332

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

leadership

The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group.

Credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character.

Terminal Credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

Initial Credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Derived Credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

reasoning

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

consensus

a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group.

implied leader

a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality

symposium

a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic.

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

oral report

a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group