Quiz 3 - 703

mobile applications

Software programs that run on mobile devices and give users access to certain content -IOS, Android OS, Responsive Web Design, role of HTML, and CSS

Open Source Software (OSS)

Software that is free and where anyone can look at and potentially modify the code.

supply chain management

-A Supply Chain Management (SCM) system handles the interconnection between these links as well as the inventory of the products in their various stages of development. As discussed previously much of Walmart's success has come from its ability to identify and control the supply chain for its products. Walmart invested heavily in their information system so they could communicate with their suppliers and manage the thousands of products they sell. -specifically developed to manage the relationships between suppliers and manufacturers in an organization. -track the flow of raw materials, sub-components, and other resources in the production process

change management

-As new systems are brought online and old systems are phased out, it becomes important to manage the way change is implemented in the organization. -Change should never be introduced in a vacuum. -The organization should be sure to communicate proposed changes before they happen and plan to minimize the impact of the change that will occur after implementation. -Change management is a critical component of IT oversight

applications of the enterprise

-As personal computers proliferated inside organizations, control over the information generated by the organization began splintering. For instance the customer service department creates a customer database to keep track of calls and problem reports, and the sales department also creates a database to keep track of customer information. -Which one should be used as the master list of customers? Or someone in sales might create a spreadsheet to calculate sales revenue, while someone in finance creates a different revenue document that meets the needs of their department but calculates revenue differently.

customer relationship management

-CRM system manages an organization's customers -In today's environment it is important to develop relationships with your customers, and the use of a well designed CRM can allow a business to personalize its relationship with each of its customers. Some ERP software systems include CRM modules. An example would be CRM package is Salesforce

cloud computing refers to applications, services, and data storage offered via the internet

-Cloud service providers rely on giant server farms and massive storage devices that are connected via the Internet. -Cloud computing allows users to access software and data storage services on the Internet. -You probably already use cloud computing in some form. -For example, if you access your e-mail via your web browser, you are using a form of cloud computing if you are using Google Drive's applications. While these are free versions of cloud computing, there is big business in providing applications and data storage over the web. Cloud computing is not limited to web applications. It can also be used for services such as audio or video streaming. -New way of procuring hardware and software over the internet -It refers to applications, services, and data storage services offered via the internet

why is Microsoft software so dominant in the business world?

-Companies took the safe route, invested in the Microsoft operating system and in -Microsoft software/applications Microsoft found itself with the dominant personal computer operating system for business. As the networked PC began to replace the mainframe computer, Microsoft developed a network operating system along with a complete suite of programs focused on business users. Today the Microsoft office in its various forms controls 85% of the market.

Total Cost of ownership

-Concept of total cost of ownership is an important one for softwares. -It is the cost that businesses have to pay and that is associated with using software. -Businesses have to pay more than the software cost or the price of the software -They have to pay for the maintenance of the software, for regular updates -They also have to pay the staff to maintain the software for training and learning. -All these costs combined is the total cost of ownership of the software.

presentation

-Users can create slideshow presentations using this class of software. -The slides can be projected, printed, or distributed to interested parties. -Text, images, audio, and visual can all be added to the slides. Microsoft's PowerPoint is the most popular software right now, saving its files in PPTX format. -Some office suites include other types of software. For example, Microsoft Office includes Outlook, its e-mail package, and OneNote, an information-gathering collaboration tool. -The professional version of Office also includes Microsoft Access, a database package

End user computing - shadow IT

-End user computing is when end users of an application mostly employees, participants in the development of small applications -End user computing is a form shadow IT - to install software, businesses have different options -Ex: they can install a software parallelly with the old one or an existing software or they can implement or software in phases, or they can do a pilot implementation. -if departments within an organization are developing their own applications, the organization may end up with several applications that perform similar functions, which is inefficient, since it is a duplication of effort. -created by someone who has little or no formal training in programming.

supply chain

-Many organizations must deal with the complex task of managing their supply chains. -At its simplest, a supply chain is the linkage between an organization's suppliers, its manufacturing facilities, and the distributors of its products. - Each link in the chain has a multiplying effect on the complexity of the process. For example, if there are two suppliers, one manufacturing facility, and two distributors, then the number of links to manage = 4 (2 x 1 x 2). - However, if two more suppliers are added, plus another manufacturing facility, and two more distributors, then the number of links to manage = 32 (4 x 2 x 4). - Also, notice in the above illustration that all arrows have two heads, indicating that information flows in both directions. Suppliers are part of a business's supply chain. - They provide information such as price, size, quantity, etc. to the business. In turn, the business provides information such as quantity on hand at every store to the supplier.

advantages of using cloud computing services

-No software to install or upgrades to maintain. Available from any computer that has access to the Internet. -Can scale to a large number of users easily. -New applications can be up and running very quickly. Services can be leased for a limited time on an as-needed basis. -Your information is not lost if your hard disk crashes or your laptop is lost or stolen. -You are not limited by the available memory or disk space on your computer Cloud computing is especially popular for new startups because it reduces upfront investments and offers access to sophisticated applications at the pa per use rate

cloud computing programming

-Process of developing good software is usually not as simple as sitting down and writing some code. -Sometime a programmer can quickly write a short program to solve a need, but in most instances the creation of software is a resource intensive process that involves several different groups of people in an organization I-n order to do this effectively, the groups agree to follow a specific software development methodology. -The following sections review several different methodologies for software development.

system implementation methods, change management, maintenance

-Software is a fundamental component of every business and businesses spend millions of dollars for acquiring and maintaining software -Software projects in businesses are very big and complex and critical almost all business functions so change management is very essential for businesses, that is businesses need to systematically manage the change is caused by a software across their operations -Businesses also need to maintain their software, that is they need to continuously update and make changes to the existing software and all of these incur a lot of maintenance cost. -When developing software, there is attention as to how quickly the software can be developed, how much money will be spent, and how well it will be built

low-cost, hight quality projects and why they achieve

-The human mind is analog and the machines the software run on are digital. These are completely different natures that depend upon context and nuance versus being a 1 or a 0. Things that seem obvious to the human mind are not so obvious when forced into a 1 or 0 binary choice. -Human beings leave their imprints on the applications or systems they design. This is best summed up by Conway's Law (1968) - "Organizations that design information systems are constrained to do so in a way that mirrors their internal communication processes." Organizations with poor communication processes will find it very difficult to communicate requirements and priorities, especially for projects at the enterprise level (i.e., that affect the whole organization.

quality triangle time, cost, quality

-The quality triangle concept captures this and it states that for any software being developed, you can only address two of the following: time, cost, and quality, because each of these three components are in competition with each other. -For example if you are willing and able to spend a lot of money, then a project can be completed quickly with high quality results because it can produce more resources towards its development. -If a project's completion date is not a priority, then it can be completed at a lower cost with higher quality results, using a smaller team with fewer resources.

characteristics of agile methodology

1. small cross functional teams that include development team members and user 2. daily status meetings to discuss the current state of the project 3. short time frame increments (from days to one or two weeks) for each change to be completed 4. working project at the end of each iteration which demonstrates progress to the stakeholders.

Walmart supply chain management example

-Walmart realized in the 1980s that the key to their success was information systems. Specifically, they needed to manage their complex supply chain with its thousands of suppliers, thousands of retail outlets, and millions of customers. -Their success came from being able to integrate information systems to every entity (suppliers, warehouses, retail stores) through the sharing of sales and inventory data. -Take a moment to study the diagram above...look for the double-headed arrow. -Notice that data flows down the supply chain from suppliers to retail stores. But it also flows up the supply chain, back to the suppliers so they can be up to date regarding production and shipping.

Web Services

-Web services is a technology for integrating different independent applications often when different apps can work together, they offer more value to a user -Apps use web services to integrate their functionalities. ---For example you must have noticed google maps integrated into a number of other apps and web pages. That is possible because of web services -allows companies to license functions provided by other companies instead of writing the code themselves. -can greatly simplify the addition of functionality to a website.

Application Software - The Killer App

-When a new type of digital device is invented, there are generally a small group of technology enthusiasts who will purchase it just for the joy of figuring out how it works. -A "killer" application is one that becomes so essential that large numbers of people will buy a device just to run that application. For the personal computer, the killer application was the spreadsheet -First spreadsheet was created by an MBA student at Harvard who was tired of making repeated calculations to determine the optimal result on a problem and decided to create a tool that allowed the user to easily change values and recalculate formulas. -Today's dominant sheet is Microsoft Excel which still retains the basic functionality of the first spreadsheet.

build vs. buy decision

-When business need software, they have two options - they can either purchase software from a vendor or they can build it from scratch -Building a software from a vendor has its own disadvantages: it may not; it may not offer all the functionalities, may be more complex than needed and less flexible.

time and quality

-When developing software or any sort of product or service, there exists a tension between the developers and the different stakeholder groups such as management, users, and investors. -This tension relates to how quickly the software can be developed (time), how much money will be spent (cost), and how well it will be built (quality). -The quality triangle is a simple concept. It states that for any product or service being developed, you can only address two of the following: time, cost, and quality.

Disadvantages of using cloud computing services

-Your information is stored on someone else's computer. -You must have Internet access to use it. -You are relying on a third-party to provide these services. -There are sovereign risks associated with cloud computing - what happens if that vendor fails to deliver the promise? Cloud services? When needed? Cloud computing is highly reliant on network connection so you need a very stable and fast internet connection to use the cloud services.

CASE Tools (Computer-Aided Software Engineering)

-allow a designer to develop software with little or no programming -instead, CASE tools write the codes for the designer -come in varieties -goal is to generate quality code based on input created by the designer

parallel operation

-allow both the old and new systems to be used simultaneously for a limited period of time. -This method is the least risky because the old system is still being used while the new system is essentially being tested. -However, this is by far the most expensive methodology since work is duplicated and support is needed for both systems in full.

procedural programming languages

-designed to allow a programmer to define a specific starting point for the program and then execute sequentially -all early programming languages worked this wya -as users interfaces became more interactive and graphical, it made sense for programming languages to evolve to allow the user to have greater control over the flow of the program. -focuses on the sequence of activities to be performed

Utility Software

-includes programs that allow you to fix or modify your computer in some way. examples include anti-malware software and programs that totally remove software you no longer want installed. -these types fo software packages were created to fill shortcomings in operating systems -many times, a subsequent release of an operating system will include these utility functions as part of the operating system itself.

Importance of DBMS

-makes data management more efficient and effective -query language allows quick answers to ad hoc queries -provides better access to more and better-managed data -promotes integrated view of organizations operations -reduces the probability of inconsistent data Very important in each of these systems Like the ERP system, the supply chain management system, and the customer relationship management system All of these are fundamentally dependent on a central database So database management systems are very important

Operating Systems (Windows, Mac OS, Linux)

-manage the hardware and create the interface between the hardware and the user. -all computing devices require an operating system -control different components of the hardware, like the memories, the RAM, processors, all controlled by operating systems, whether it is a laptop, smartphone, or iPad, or any computing device, smart devices, all of them need an operating systems.

system analysis phase

-one or more system analysts work with different stakeholder groups to determine the specific requirements for the new system -no programming is done in this step -procedures are documented, key players/users are interviewed, and data requirements are developed in order ot get an overall impression of exactly what the system is supposed to do the result of this phase is a system requirements document and may be done by someone with a title of systems analyst.

phased implementation

-provides for different functions of the new application to be gradually implemented with the corresponding functions being turned off in the old system. -This approach is more conservative as it allows an organization to slowly move from one system to another.

preliminary analysis

-request for a replacement or new system is first reviewed. -the review includes questions such as what is the problem to be solveD? What is currently being done about it? Is this project a good fit for our organization? What alternatives exist? After addressing the questions a feasibility study is launched. the feasibility study includes an analysis of the technical feasibility, the economic feasibility or adorability, and the legal feasibility. -This step is important in determining if the project should be initiated and may be done by someone with a title of Requirements Analyst or Business Analyst

direct cutover

-the organization selects a particular date to terminate the use of the old system. -On that date users begin using the new system and the old system is unavailable -has the advantage of being very fast and the least expensive implementation method. -However, this method has the most risk. If the new system has an operational problem or if the users are not properly prepared, it could prove disastrous for the organization.

building an application for a mobile device?

1. breakthroughs in component technology 2. sensors have unlocked the notion of context 3. simple, purpose built, tasks oriented apps are easy to use 4. immediate access to data extends the value proposition 5. app stores have simplified acquisition

feedback on the MVP is generated in two forms

1. direct observation and discussion with the users 2. usage statistics gathered from the software itself

integrated development environment (IDE) -provides a variety of tools for the programmer and usually includes

1. editor 2. help system 3. Complier/interpreter 4. Debugging tool 5. check-in/check-out tool mechanism

Key functions of Operating Systems

1. managing the hardware resources of the computer 2. providing the user-interface components 3. providing a platform for software developers to write applications

four phases of RAD

1. requirements planning = similar to preliminary analysis, system analysis, and design phases of SDLC. overall requirements for the system are defined, a team is identified, and feasibility is determined. 2. user design = reps of the users work with the system analysts, designers, and programmers to interactively create the design of the system. sometimes a joint application development sessions is used to facilitate working all of these various stakeholders. a JAD session brings all of the stakeholders for a structured discussion about the design of the system. Application developers also participate and observe, trying to understand the essence of the requirements. 3. construction = application developers, working with the users, build the next version of the system through an interactive process. changes can be made as developers work on the program. it is executed in parallel with the user design step in an iterative fashion, making modifications until an acceptable version of the product is cutover. 4. cutover = switching from the old system to the new software. timing of the cutover phase is crucial and is usually done when there is low activity.

Key points about ERP

1. software application = ERP is an application that is used by many of an organizations employees 2. utilizes a central database = all users of teh ERP edit and save their information from the same data source. ex: this means there is only one customer table in the database there is only one sales (Revenue) table in the database 3. implemented organization wide = ERP systems include functionality that covers all of the essential components of a business. an organization can purchase modules for its ERP system that match specific needs such as order entry, manufacturing, or planning

hardware clouds

A cloud computing model in which a service provider makes computing resources such as hardware and storage, along with infrastructure management, available to a customer on an as-needed basis. The provider typically charges for specific resource usage rather than a flat rate. In the past, similar efforts have been described as utility computing, hosting, or even time sharing.

Fourth Generation of Programming Language

A computer language that is designed to increase programmer's efficiency by automating the creation of computer programming code. -database interaction or report writing these tools can be used by those with very little formal training in programming and allow for the quick development of applications and or functionality. ex: clipper, FOCUS, SQL, and SPSS -the programmer can create the overall structure and interface using a higher-level language but use lower level languages for the parts of the program that are used many times, require more precision, or need greater speed.

RAD, Rapid Application Development

A method of developing software in which the software developer writes and implements a program in segments instead of waiting until the entire program is completed.

Software ownership

A software license is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law, all software is copyright protected, in both source code and object code forms. SSD (Solid State Drives) -- An SSD is a type of mass storage device similar to a hard disk drive (HDD). ... Unlike hard drives, SSDs do not have any moving parts (which is why they are called solid state drives). Instead of storing data on magnetic platters, SSDs store data using flash memory.

productivity software

Applications designed to help individual computer users complete tasks more efficiently. Examples are word processors, spreadsheet programs, and database applications.

Different programming languages

C++, Python, Java

agile methodologies

Describes the responsive development of a system made of small software modules (often web-based applications) by a group of collaborators who work concurrently and closely under a leader who ensures engineering best practice and delivery of the customer requirements. -utilizes incremental changes with a focus on quality and attention to detail. each increment is released in a specified period of time (Called a time box), creating a regular release schedule with very specific objectives -while considered a separate methodology from RAD, the two methodologies share some of the same principles such as iterative development, user interaction, and flexibility to change

programming tools

IDE and CASE

why implement an ERP system

If done properly, an ERP system can bring an organization a good return on their investment. By consolidating information systems across the enterprise and using the software to enforce best practices, most organizations see an overall improvement after implementing an ERP.

Enterprise resource planning

In 1990s the need to bring an organization's information abc under centralized control became more apparent The enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, sometimes just called enterprise software, was developed to bring together an entire organization within one program. ERP software utilizes a central database that is implemented throughout the entire organization

pilot implementation

In this methodology a subset of the organization known as a pilot group starts using the new system before the rest of the organization. -This has a smaller impact on the company and allows the support team to focus on a smaller group of individuals. -also problems with the new software can be contained within the group and then resolved.

IaaS

Infrastructure as a Service. A cloud computing technology useful for heavily utilized systems and networks. Organizations can limit their hardware footprint and personnel costs by renting access to hardware such as servers. Compare to PaaS and SaaS.

Linux

Linux is open source, meaning individual developers are allowed to make modifications to the programming code. -Version of the Unix operating Unix runs on large and expensive minicomputers -Linux developer Linus Torvalds, a professor in Finland and the creator of Linux wanted to find a way to make Unix run on a less expensive personal computer. -Linux has many variations and now powers a large percentage of web servers in the world.

Windows & Mac OS

Microsoft provided the first operating system for the IMB-IPC, released in 1981. -Apple introduced the Macintosh computer 1984 with the first commercially successful gUI. Apple's operating system fro the macintosh is known as Mac Os versions have been named after mountains such as El Captain, Sierra, and High Sierra. -Multitasking, virtual memory, and voice input have become standard features of both operating systems

Software creation

Modern software applications are written using a programming language such as Java, Visual C, C++, Python, etc. A programming language consists of a set of commands and syntax that can be organized logically to execute specific functions. Using this language, a programmer writes a program (known as source code) that can then be compiled into machine-readable form, the ones and zeroes necessary to be executed by the CPU. Languages such as HTML and JavaScript are used to develop web pages

PaaS

Platform as a Service. Provides cloud customers with an easy-to-configure operating system and on-demand computing capabilities. Compare to IaaS and SaaS.

Programming Software

Programming software's purpose is to produce software. -Most of these programs provide developers with an environment in which they can write the code, test it, and convert/compile it into the format that can then be run on a computer. -This software is typically identified as the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and is provided free from the corporation that developed the programming language that will be used to write the code

Popular ERP systems

SAP, IBM, Oracle

different developmental methodologies are available

SDLC, RAD, Agile, Lean

Three different models of cloud computing software as a service

SaaS PaaS, and IaaS

risks associated with cloud computing

Security Availability Processing Integrity Confidentiality dependent on a single vendor, reliance on network connection, data assets stored off site.

SaaS

Software as a Service; a subscription service where you purchase licenses for software that expire at a certain date.

two specific types of ERPs

Supply chain management (SCM) and customer relationship management systems (CRM)

customer relationship management

The overall process of building and maintaining profitable customer relationships by delivering superior customer value and satisfaction -used to manage the relationship between businesses and their customers

spreadsheet

This class of software provides a way to do numeric calculations and analysis, displaying the result in charts and graphs. The working area is divided into rows and columns, where users can enter numbers, text, or formulas. It is the formulas that make a spreadsheet powerful, allowing the user to develop complex calculations that can change based on the numbers entered. The most popular spreadsheet package is Microsoft Excel, which saves its files in the XLSX format.

check-in/check-out mechanism

This tool allows teams of programmers to work simultaneously on a program without overwriting another programmer's code.

lean methodology

To eliminate waste, an Agile method derived from manufacturing. -focuses on taking an initial idea and developing a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) -The lean methodology works best in an entrepreneurial environment where a company is interested in determining if their idea for a program is worth developing. -The biggest difference between the iterative and non-iterative methodologies is that the full set of requirements for the system are not known when the project is launched. -The MVP is a working software application with just enough functionality to demonstrate the idea behind the project. Once the MVP is developed, the development team gives it to potential users for review. Feedback on the MVP is generated in direct observation and usage statistics. -Using these two forms of feedback, the team determines whether they should continue in the same direction or rethink the core idea behind the project, change the functions, and create a new MVP. -This change in strategy is called a pivot. -Several iterations of the MVP are developed, with new functions added each time based on the feedback, until a final product is completed.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

a suite of applications called modules, a database, and a set of inherent processes for consolidating business operations into a single, consistent, computing platform

word processing

act of creating, editing and producing a text document examples = Word Docx, PDF, or TXT file

Second Generation of Programming Language

assembly language difficult for people to understand -uses english language -must be run through an assembler, which converts it into machine code -Ex: MOV CX, 1234, MOV DS:[0], CX MOV CX, 4321

debugging tool

assists the developer in locating errors and finding solutions

programming phase

code finally gets written in the programming phase -using the system design document as a guide, programmers develop the software -the result of this phase is an initial working program that meets the requirements specified in the system analysis phase and the design developed in the system design phase. -these tasks are done by persons with titles such as developer, software engineer, programmer, or coder.

Complier/interpreter

converts the programmers source code into machine language so it can be executed/run on the computer

agile and iterative development

delivers functionality in rapid iterations which are usually measured in weeks -a RAD offshoot Manifesto: -slash the budget -if it doesn't work, kill it -minimum requirements -test and deliver frequently -involve the users and focus on communication

object oriented programming language

designed so that the programmer defines the objects that can take certain actions based on input from the user -focuses on the different items being manipulated

maintenance phase

final phase takes place once the implementation phase is complete. -in the maintenance phase the system has a structured support process in place -reported bugs are fixed and requests for new features are evaluated and implemented -also, system updates and backups of the software are made for each new version of the program -since maintenance is normally an operating expense (OPEX) while much of development is a capital expense (CAPEX), funds normally come out of different budgets or cost centers. -IT management must ensure that the system continues to slay aligned with business priorities and continues to run well.

open source - cost

free -free alternatively to costly commercial code can be a tremendous motivator, particularly since conventional software often requires customer to pay for every copy used and to pay more for software that runs on increasingly powerful hardware.

help system

gives detailed documentation regarding the programming language

ERP and returns on investments

if implemented correctly, they offer huge return on investments, save organizations millions of dollars and make their business processes more efficient

First Generation of Programming Language

machine language difficult for people to understand -machine code because programming was done in the format the machine/computer could read -code was written for specific machines - not very user friendly and not portable across machines. -ex: 1234 and 4321 -10111001 00000000

implementation phase

once the new system is developed and tested, it has to be implemented in the organization -this phase includes training the users, providing documentation, and data conversion from the previous system to the new system -implementation can take many forms, depending on the type of system, the number and type of users, and how urgent it is that the system become operational.

Application Software

performs a specific tasks such as word processing, accounting, database management, video games, or browsing the web Most common are Microsoft office applications, like word, excel, powerpoint, or the mobile applications installed on our phones.

Several Programming Languages available today include - phases

preliminary analysis system analysis system design programming testing implementation maintenance

procedural vs. object oriented

procedural. language of force instructions as a series of steps whereas object oriented language for is reusability, that is instructions are organized in units which can be reused in other parts of a software in other softwares as well.

Complied Programming Language

program code is translated into a machine-readable from called an executable that can be run on the hardware. -Examples: C, C++, and COBOL

Third Generation of Programming Language

program is written as a source code and complied using a complier -source code is complied into a form that is understood by a machine versus interpreted, in which the instructions are not directly executed by machine, but instead read and executed by another program -BASIC: A = 1234 B= 4321, C=A+B END

Interpreted Programming Language

requires a runtime program to be installed in order to execute; -Examples: BASIC, PHP, PERL, and Python; also includes the web languages of HTML and Javascript bc they require a browser in order to run

private cloud

serves only one customer or organization and can be located on the customer's premises or off the customer's premises Many organizations are understandably nervous about giving up control of their data and some of their applications by using cloud computing. -But they also see the value in reducing the need for installing software and adding disk storage to local computers. -A solution to this problem lies in the concept of a private cloud. While there are various models of a private cloud, the basic idea is for the cloud service provider to section off web server space for a specific organization. -The organization has full control over that server space while still gaining some of the benefits of cloud computing

testing phase

software developed in the programming phase is put through a series of structured tests -this is followed by a system test in which the different components of the system are tested to ensure that they work together properly -finally the user acceptance test allows those that will be using the software to test the system to ensure that it meets their standards -any bugs, errors, or problems found during testing are resolved and then the software is tested again -these tasks are done by persons with titles as tester, testing analyst, or quality assurance

SDLC

structured process which requires very extensive documentation -every step is followed in a specific order and this is usually for larger project -referred to as a waterfall methodology to represent how each step is a separate part of the process -only one step is complete before another step can begin -after each step an organization must decide to move to the next step -can be criticized for being quite rigid, allowing movement in only one direction, namely, forward in the cycle -no software is available until after the programming phase -can takes months or years to complete because of its inflexibility and the availability of new programming techniques and tools many other software development methodologies have been developed -many of these retain some of the underlying concepts of SDLC, but are not as rigid

system design phase

the design details of the system and the detailed plans for implementing the system are developed for both the functional and the technical components of the system. -a designer takes the system requirements document created in the previous phase and develops the specific technical details required for the system. -business requirements are translated into specific technical requirements -design for the user interface, database, data inputs and outputs, and reporting are developed here. -the result of this phase is a system design document -document will have everything a programmer needs to actually create the system and may be done by someone with a title of systems analyst, developer, or system architect, based on the scale of the project.

open source - reliability

the more people who look at a programs code, the greater the likelihood that an error will be caught is corrected.

Virtualization

the process of using software to simulate a computer or some other device foundation for cloud computing, the technical processes which enable it. cloud computing does not only mean that were accessing software services via the internet you can buy storage services and computing resources over the internet as well. -organizations implement virtual machines in an effort to reduce the number of physical servers needed to provide the necessary services to users. this reduction in the number of physical servers also reduces the demand for electricity to run and cool the physical servers.

Software

the programs and other operating information used by a computer. -set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do -without software, the hardware cannot work -created by developers via the process of programming -categorized in two main categories

ERP and several modules

there can be specific modules for sales and marketing, for finance and accounting

ERP and central database

use a central database to collect and store data from all different business functions and make information available for the entire organization -all the employees in an organization can access this central database to understand what is going on in the entire organization

editor

used for writing the program. commands are color coded by IDE to identify command types. ex: programming comment might appear in green and a programming statement might appear in black

ERP and expenses

very expensive and difficult to implement, can cost millions of dollars and they can take many months to implement in an organization -difficult to maintain and keep updated