Quiz 4
Party machines
Strong party organizations in the late 19th and early 20th century American cities these machines were led by often corrupt bosses who controlled party nominations and patronage
Buckley v. Valeo
Struck down several provisions of the federal election campaign act of 1974 including limits on candidate spending use of personal funds and independent expenditures this introduced the idea that money counts as speech under the first amendment and that candidates could spend unlimited amounts of it on their own campaign
Baker v. Carr
Supreme court ruled that federal courts can intervene on the issue of drawing legislative districts today the average US house districts have roughly 700,000 people. State legislative and congressional districts must be roughly equal in population must adhere to the principle of one person one vote
Citizens United versus federal election commission
Supreme court ruled that the government cannot restrict independent expenditures by corporations or unions in support of candidates it said restrictions on independent expenditures violated the First Amendment
Digital participation drawbacks
-leads to increased ideological polarization -people only trust news from like-minded sources which dismisses news from other sources -can lead to forms of hate speech terrorist appeals and harassment
Caucus
They normally close political party business meeting of citizens or while makers to select candidates elect officers plan strategy or make decisions regarding legislative matters
Incumbents
They're already well-known because they're already in office and have a little difficulty attracting supporters and donors
Party activists may be described as which of the following?
Those that vote and contribute there is higher money and effort to party affairs organizations and elections
Majority system
To win a C in the parliament or of the representative body a candidate must receive the majority of all the votes cast in relevant district.
Pularity system
To win a seat in the parliament or other representative body a candidate need only receive the most votes in the election not necessarily a majority of the votes cast. Using in most elections
Supreme court legalizing gay marriage
10 million tweets in less than 12 hours
When did the percentage of women elected to office begin to rise more rapidly
2015, 1990s
Political ideology
A cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government. Many Americans believe that governmental solutions to problems are inherently inferior to solutions offered by private sectors and free markets
Referendum
A legislative act for all 50 states have which is the practice of referring a re-propose law passed by a legislature to the votes of the electorate for approval or rejection
Dealignment
A movement away from the major political parties a decline in part is an attachment
Platforms
A party document written at a national convention that contains party philosophy principles and positions on issues. Party platform should be seen more is internal party documents than as public pledges
Pro business Republicans
A relatively affluent group that favors small government and lower corporate taxes but also favors global free trade
Micro targeting
And political campaigns tailor messages to individuals of small homogeneous groups based on their group interest to support a candidate or policy issue
Educative Effects of Ballot Initiatives
Being asked to vote on issues can increase participation. Direct democracy as voters are forced to make a yes or no choice on the policy issue
Voters: Religious Identity
Black churches are important in the civil rights movement White evangelicals are important within the republican party and backed Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush
Federalist Papers
Both Alexander Hamilton and James Madison condemned factions that pursued Nero self interest over the border well-being of the nation as a whole
Unequal democracy
Both Democratic and Republican parties are more responsive to the preferences of the upper and middle classes and ignore the policy wishes of the lower class
Super PACs
Can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money as long as their activities are not coordinated with those of the fun party they represent the inform the public and increase voter turn out are called a shadow campaign on behalf of the parties they often run expensive television and media ads against candidates like hate commercials
Split ticket voting
Casting votes for candidates of one's own party and for candidates of opposing parties, e.g., voting for a Republican presidential candidate and a Democratic congressional candidate
public opinion
Citizens attitudes about political issues leaders institutions and events
Party organizations
Committee members are elected at local party business meetings called causes, or is part of the regular primary election. And example is the Democratic national committee and the Republican national committee
Charlottesville
Deadly violence regarding white supremacists and white nationalists, got CEOS to protest.
Pularity system of voting
Discourages many minor parties in the United States
Gerrymandering
Drawing districts to favor one political party over the other-causes congressional state and local elections to be non-competitive
Redistricting
Drawn every 10 years changes due to population determined by the US census and partisanship
Voters: Gender and Participation
Men vote Republican at a higher rate Women vote Democrat at a higher rate Women are more likely to support social spending for healthcare and education rather than military activities
"King Caucus" refers to
More more than 50 years after America's founding presidential nominations were controlled by each parties congressional caucus- all the parties members in the house in the Senate. Replaced by the national party conventions
Far right or alt right conservatives
President Trump tend to be social conservatives often with lower levels of education nor opposed to immigration in the US they favored tariffs on imports the United States and protect American made products
What is mobilization?
Process by which large numbers of people organize for a political activity
Ballot initiative
Propose bar of policy change that is placed on the ballot by citizens or interest groups for a popular vote 24 states provide this.
Libertarians
Rand Paul believe in small government and reduced government regulations and emphasize individual freedom
A candidate who received 20 percent of the overall vote could
win the election only if the election were held in a plurality system.
The gender gap has hovered at 10% since 1992
Trie
11% or 21 million Americans do not have government issued photo identification including one and five African-Americans
True
2/3 of Americans use Facebook
True
52% of veterans voted for Trump compared to 48% for Clinton it's a tossup
True
94% of the presidential campaign events occurred in the 12 battleground states presidential candidates in the general election focus not on winning the most individual vote but rather on winning the electoral votes of states that are not considered safely Republican or safely democratic
True
As many as 2.5 million individuals worked on political campaigns during the 1880s
True
Asian Americans solidly favor Democratic candidates
True
Catholics went from Democratic to Republicans since the 1970s
True
Citizens living in direct democracy states report more interests in politics and are more likely to discuss politics this is because Bella propositions offer voters the opportunity to directly make public policy and change government laws which indicates having in educative affect on people
True
Cuban-Americans lean Republican while Mexican Americans favored Democrats 67% of Latino supported Obama and 65% voted for Hillary Clinton
True
Proportional representation
Used by advanced democracies it is a multi member district system that allows each political party representation to proportion to its percentage of the total vote
Party polarization
Vision between the two major parties almost policy issues with members of each party unified around their parties position with a little crossover
Open primary
Voter can wait until the day of the primary to choose which party to enroll into select candidates with the general election
Voter ID for Democrats
Voter fraud is nonexistent and ID suppresses the turn out
Close primary
Voters participate in nomination of candidates but only one party in which they are in rolled for a period of time prior to primary day
Strategic voting
Voters who would prefer third-party candidate may feel compelled to vote for the majority party candidate who they regard as the lesser of two evils to avoid wasting their votes in a futile gesture
prospective voting
Voting Baystone imagine the future performance of the candidate or political party
Retrospective voting
Voting based on past performance of the Candidate or political party
Divided government
We conditioning American government where in the presidency is controlled by one party will be opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress
Spoiler Effect
We sing ones vote on third parties or small parties
Uncontested
We're only one name appears on the ballot
Uncompetitive
Were the winner beat a loser by more than 5%
Gill versus Whitford
When Democratic voters of Wisconsin sued to overturn the allegedly gerrymandered state map district the supreme court unanimously agreed to send the case back to the District Court.
External mobilization
When a group of politicians outside the government organizes popular support to win governmental power State politicians who oppose slavery later became the republican party
Soft money
When are you contributed directly to political parties in other organizations that is not regulated by federal campaign spending laws to support voter mobilization drives and other things. DNC raised tens of millions of dollars of it
Partisian gerrymandering
When politicians from one party intentionally Manipulate the boundaries of legislative (drawing districts to the advantage one party or another)
Republican party proportional representation
Worked to increase representation of social conservatives and tea party members
attitude (or opinion)
a specific preference on a particular issue. An individual may have an attitude toward political policy in the Middle East or an opinion about economic inequality in America attitudes can be changed based on circumstances or new information
Values or beliefs
basic principles that shape a person's opinions about political issues and events. Includes deep rooted morals ethics aspirations and ideals that's shape individuals individuals perceptions of society government in the economy liberty democracy and equality of opportunity our basic political values held by most Americans
A party's platform is best understood as a
clear statement of the principles to which each party candidate will be committed.
All of the following are responsibilities of a party's national committee EXCEPT
determining committee assignments for members of Congress.
A major benefit of ranked-choice voting is that it
eliminates the "spoiler" effect that occurs when votes for a third-party or minor candidate are discarded.
According to political scientist John Aldrich, which of the following problems found in democratic governments do political parties help solve?
how to regulate the number of people seeking public office, how to mobilize voters, and how to achieve the majorities needed to accomplish legislative goals once in office
An individual's psychological attachment to one party or another is called a party
identification.
"Packing" occurs when
legislative districts are redrawn in a way that concentrates members of a particular party in as few districts as possible, thereby limiting the overall number of seats that party might win.
"Cracking" occurs when
legislative districts are redrawn in a way that disperses members of a particular party across multiple districts, thereby reducing that party's chances of winning any seats.
A runoff election is MOST likely to occur in which kind of electoral system
majority
A 501(c)(4)
may not spend more than half its revenue for political purposes.
"Self-sorting" refers to the
tendency of individuals to segregate themselves by choosing to live in liberal or conservative geographic areas.
descriptive representation
the idea that an elected body should mirror demographically the population it represents
Sufferage
the right to vote
"Me too" Republicanism refers to
the tendency of Republican politicians during the New Deal to support popular programs such as Social Security rather than advocate alternative policies.
"King Caucus" refers to
the use of each party's congressional caucus to nominate presidential candidates during the early nineteenth century.
concentrated poverty
there are areas of counties, cities, or states where larger percentages of people are poor, barriers black political participation
America's ________ developed during the early eighteenth century.
two party system
internal mobilization
when political conflicts prompt officials and competing factions within government to mobilize popular support
Latinos
"Sleeping giant", heavily favored Democrats in recent elections, largest and fastest growing minority group but have resources
traditional political participation
Activities designed influence influence the government including voting campaign, contributions, and face-to-face activities such as volunteering for campaign or working for a political organization
Honest Ads Act
Aim to prevent foreign influence on elections by subjecting political as sold online to the same rules and transparency that applies in TV and radio
The voting rights act of 1965
Allows the federal government to challenge laws affecting minority voters
Recall elections
Allows voters to remove governor is another state officials from office prior to the expiration of their terms only 18 states have this
Whig Party
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements successors of federalists
Policy entrepreneur
An individual who identifies a problem as a political issue and brings a policy proposal into the political agenda
Voting rights of felons
And 21 states felons on probation are not permitted to vote, and 13 states felons is the right to vote entirely for some crimes, 5.3 million Americans have lost their voting rights,
Majority minority district
And electoral district such as a congressional district in which the majority of the constituents belong to racial or ethnic minorities (but it actually often occurs naturally)
Primary elections
Elections held select the party's candidate for the general election
Clicktivism
Forms of participation that require a little effort and may or may not convert to online acts of participation in politics
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote
Caucuses
Give the party leaders an activist a larger role in selecting candidates for public office. Very popular in Iowa because is the first state to select presidential candidates in the calendar year as well as New Hampshire primary
Party platform
Hey party document written out a national convention that contains party philosophy of principles and political positions
National convention
Hillary for years has delegates from all 50 states and is convened by the Republican national and Rob Democratic national committee to nominate official candidates for presidential and vice president in the upcoming election establishing party rules and adoptive parties platform
A serious candidate for a U.S. House of Representatives race must raise at least several ________ dollars, while a serious candidate for a U.S. Senate race must raise at least several ________ dollars.
Hundred thousand, million
Partisanship
Identification with or support of a particular part of your cars
Bush v. Gore
In the election of 2000 in the lengthy legal battle over re-counting votes in Florida ultimately ended with the Supreme Court's decision that handed George W Bush the presidency even though he has not won the popular vote which one majority in electoral college the Democratic candidate Al Gore 500,000 more votes from people nationwide
Proportional representation for the democratic party
Increase the likelihood of women and minority delegates being elected
Voter ID for republican
Laws are needed to prevent voter fraud
Social and religious conservatives
Like Ted Cruz primarily driven by their socially conservative values such as opposition to abortion and gay marriage
26th Amendment
Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18
Party convention
Makes the rules concerning delegates selection and future presidential primary elections but no longer controls presidential nominations. Another important task is drafting party platforms
Asian Americans
Moving towards the democratic party in recent elections, vote similarly to Latinos
501 committees or dark money
Nonprofits can spend unlimited amounts of political campaigns I am not disclose their donor as long as the activities are not coordinated with candidate campaigns very common for wealthy and corporate donors as well as foreigners to donate this way to avoid the legal limits and contributions through other channels
Effective (meaning emotional) intelligence
Once individuals become emotionally attached to particular beliefs they tend to hold onto them in the face of contradictory information using emotion as a guide individuals form opinions quickly in response to current events
Instant organization
Paid staff use phone banks to Contact not only potential voters but also potential campaign workers in areas by computer this is how volunteers are recruited
Third parties
Parties are organized to compete against the two major American political parties most successful was H Ross perot
Super delegates
Party leaders who are not bound to the voting results in their state primaries and can vote as they wish mostly real expect Hillary Clinton in 2016 which gave her an advantage over Bernie Sanders the Republican party does not use super delegates in the practice of reserving delegates for the party elite is increasingly controversial in the democratic party
Majority party
Party that holds the majority of legislative states in either the house or the senate
minority party
Party that holds the minority a legislative seats in either the house or the senate
Who is more likely to vote
People with higher education (most important) , people with high levels of income, older people, white people, graduate, employed, 65 and up
Two party system
Political system in which only two parties have a realistic opportunity to compete effectively for control
2017 overhaul of the US tax code
Reduced taxes temporarily to varying degrees for some Americans provided the most benefits to affluent citizens also provided a massive tax cut to corporations lowering the rate from 35 to 21% Republicans used negotiations threats to get the bill passed
Grand old party
Republican Party
Help Americans Vote Act (HAVA)
Required the states to use computerize voter registration databases
Patronage
Resources available to hire officials usually opportunities to make partisan appointments to offices and to con for grants licenses or special favors to supporters
Runoff election
Second round voters choose between the top two candidates from first round
Straight ticket voting
Select in candidates from the same political party for all offices on the ballot popular today
Voter turn out
Since the 1960s turn out in presidential elections has been about 60%, education income levels track voter turn out
The populist party
Small farmers and attracted western minors and urban workers merged with the Democrats
Bruce Bimber
Some interest groups are using online communities to their political advantage by making it possible for individuals to support a specific issue or campaign without making a commitment to membership new organization as a whole
Shaw versus Reno
The federal government often created districts made up of primarily majority group members to get them elected in the public office more to to the voting rights act but later learned in the case of Shaw versus Reno that the Supreme Court generally opposed efforts to force the creation of these majority minority districts because it is unlawful
permanent absentee ballots
The option in some states to have a ballot sent automatically to your home for each election rather than having to request an absentee ballot each time
electoral realignment
The point in history were a new party supplants the governing party becoming intern the dominant political force
Electoral college
The presidential electors from each state who meet after the general election to cast belts for president and vice president
Mobilization
The process by which large numbers of people organized organized by a political activity
Retail politics
The style of campaigning were candidates connect to voters at small gatherings and local events often in Iowa and New Hampshire
Democratic candidates moreover usually receive support from the most rapidly growing segments of the electorate namely minority voters one with women and young people Republicans rely primarily on the votes of white Americans especially men who represent a declining fraction of the electorate 89% of the electorate was white well in 2016 only 69% was white nonHispanic
True
Democratic leader ship recommends that 40 to 50% of their time is spent on the fundraising for both big and small donors and have a reasonable chance of winning in the House of Representatives candidate candidate may need to raise more than $1 million
True
Democrats are found on the coast the upper Midwest across northern states and in most urban areas while Republicans tend to be concentrated in the mountain west and the south in the suburbs in rural areas
True
Four times in the nations history how's the winner of the electoral college not won the popular vote
True
From the end of the Civil War to the 1890s the republican party remained the party of the north with strong business and middle-class support of the Democrats are the party of the south with support also from working class and imaging groups
True
Ideology and party identification are very closely linked 36% Americans are ideological 54% of Americans are less partisan and less predictable than 10% are on the sidelines of politics
True
In 20 1886% of Americans said conflicts between Democrats and Republicans are either strong or very strong
True
Interest groups do not control the operation of government and its personnel but rather try to influence government policies often through lobbying elected official and contributing to campaigns
True
It is not winning the Iowa caucuses that matters but doing better than expected by national media and example is when Trump fared much better than expected by political elites in the mass media by placing second in the Iowa caucuses I'm first in the New Hampshire primary
True
Jews are among the Democratic is most loyal constituent groups have been since the new deal 90%
True
More than 90% of African-Americans describe themselves as democrats a national state and local elections in 20 1692% of African-Americans voted for Hillary Clinton
True
National party organizations that have fundraising abilities transfer millions of dollars to the state and local party organizations who then spend this money to promote national state and local political activities
True
Negative ads are more likely to address important policy differences and provide supporting evidence with positive ads tend to focus on candidates personal characteristics studies show negative ads are more likely to benefit voters
True
One and eight black men are unable to vote due to a criminal record
True
Only 24 of the 50 states have an initiative process but let citizens draft legislation circulate petitions and place the issue of the ballot for a popular vote
True
Party leaders attempt to seek to develop issues they hobo a new group to their parties constituent base
True
Photo identification is a partision issue
True
Proportional voting rules are uncommon especially about the local level in our absence at the national level
True
Replacing the electoral college with another system requires a constitutional Amendment that most agree would be difficult to pass. The national popular vote plan tried this it proposed a state electoral college votes would go to the candidate who won the national popular vote not the candidate with the polarity of votes in the specific state
True
Super Tuesday states are more likely to vote in the presidential primaries and be interested in the election
True
The Democratic Party requires that state presidential primaries allocate delegates on the basis of divorce and representation while the Republican party does not require report representation but many states use the system anyway
True
The boundaries for congressional and state legislative districts are re-drawn every 10 years to reflect population changes as determined by the US census which is called redistricting
True
The nation wide women's march the day after trumps inauguration day was the largest single day protest and US history with half 1, million protesters
True
The percentage of people who have donated directly to candidate has doubled since 1992-Barack Obama was the first to capitalize off of it
True
Those unaffiliated affiliated with religion strongly favor the Democratic Party 56% of American adults believe it is not necessary to believe in God to be moral and have been values
True
Under federal law individuals may donate as much as 2700 per candidate per election 5000 per federal PAC per calendar year 33,400 per national party committee per calendar year and 10,000 to state and local committees per calendar year
True
Voter turn out in 2008 2012 and 2016 was at its highest level and is 1960
True
White and evangelical protestants are Republican
True
Young people are more likely to be Democrats Old people or more likely to be Republicans more young people are becoming independent 55% of people from ages 18 to 29 voted for Hillary Clinton and just 37 for Donald Trump
True
67% of Americans get their news from social media
Trye