Quiz 9

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization.

exemplar

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.

semantic

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."

the same as

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.

sensory attributes; function

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

Learning

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is

family resemblance.

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than Bob's.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node.

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?

583: 653: 518 ms

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

abstractions

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.

artifact

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.

back propagation

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

category members that have been encountered in the past.

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________.

distributed

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?

Working units

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word.

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

definitional

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect.

typicality

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

A field sparrow is an animal.

___________is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.

strong

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level