Renal and bladder cancer

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Which cells do most bladder cancers derive from?

Transitional (urothelium) cells that line the bladder

What kind of tumours do bladder cancers have? (in relation to grade)

Range from low-grade to high-grade tumours that invade the bladder wall and metastasize frequently

What are the other manifestations of bladder cancer?

- frequency - urgency - dysuria

How do you treat renal cell carcinoma?

- sx (radical nephrectomy with lymph node dissection) - nephron sparing sx if both affected - chemo

What are the manifestations of Wilms Tumours?

- HTN - abdominal pain and/or vomiting - hematuria

What congenital anomalies are associated with Wilms Tumours?

- aniridia (absence of the iris) - hemihypertrophy (enlargement of one side of the face or body) - and others; usually genitourinary

What are the 5 types of renal cell carcinoma?

- clear cell carcinoma - papillary tumours - chromophobic tumours - oncocytomas - collecting duct tumours

What is a embryonic kidney tumour also known as?

Wilms Tumour

Can Wilms Tumours present in both kidneys simultaneously?

Yes

How do you treat bladder cancer?

- depends on extent of lesions and health of patient - endoscopic resection - diathermy (ex. electrocautery) - segemental sx resection - cystectomy with resection of pelvic lymph nodes is tx of choice when invasive - radiation - intravesical chemo

What are the characteristics of clear cell carcinoma?

- clear cytoplasm - chromosom 3 deletion - from proximal tubular epithelial cells

How do you diagnose bladder cancer?

- cytologic studies - excretory urography - cysctoscopy - biopsy

What are the risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?

- heavy smoking - obesity (especially in women) - occupational exposure: petroleum products, heavy metals, and asbestos - acquired cystic kidney disease associated with chronic renal insufficiency

How do you diagnose Wilms Tumour?

- mother usually finds tumour while bathing - CT scan confirms diagnosis

How do you diagnose renal cell carcinoma?

- presentation - CT - US - MRI if inferior vena cava involvement suspected

What are the manifestations of renal cell carcinoma?

- silent tumour --> late manifestations and detection - hematuria - flank pain - presence of palpable flank mass

What does Wilms Tumour look like?

- solitary mass - well-defined borders - variably encapsulated-

What are the risk factors of bladder cancer?

- suggested to be r/t carcinogens excreted in urine and stored in the bladder - smoking - chronic bladder infections - bladder stones - people harbouring parasite Schistosoma haematobium in bladder

How do you treat Wilms Tumour?

- sx - cryotherapy - sometimes radiation

What is the most common renal cell carcinoma?

Clear cell carcinoma

Describe high-grade tumours

Easily progress to invasive stage.

What is a Wilms tumour composed of?

Elements that resemble normal fetal tissue: blastemic, stromal, and epithelial.

What are the two types of renal cancer?

Embryonic kidney tumours and renal cell carcinoma

What is the most common sign of bladder cancer?

Hematuria

What is the etiology of bladder cancer?

Idiopathic

Describe low-grade tumours

May recur after resection but also have an excellent prognosis.Very little progress to high-grade tumours.

Do men or women get bladder cancer more often?

Men

Screening of bladder cancer

People who are at high risk d/t exposure to urinary tract carcinogens are recommended to get periodic urine cystology. - flow cytometry is another tool

How do you identify the stages of bladder cancer?

US, CT, and MRI

What is the etiology of renal cell carcinoma?

Unclear

Who do Wilms Tumours affect?

Young children, usually presents between 3 and 5 years of age.


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