Research Final Exam

If a study uses an unrepresentative sample, which of the following questions should you ask when assessing its external validity? Select one: a. "Could the study have used a representative sample instead?" b. "Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?" c. "Is the study making a frequency, association, or causal claim?" d. "Is the sample size sufficiently large?"

"Are the characteristics that make the sample biased actually relevant to what is being measured?"

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? Select one: a. A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness. b. A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present. c. A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually. d. A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes.

A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

Dr. Lonsbary's study contains which of the following techniques designed to address a threat to construct validity? Select one: a. A demand characteristic b. Counterbalancing c. A manipulation check d. A placebo group

A manipulation check

Dr. Morimoto is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. He assigns half his participants to play a video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play for 7 minutes. He finds that there is no relationship between playing the game longer and being more aggressive. What might be to blame for this null effect? Select one: a. A reverse confound b. Ceiling effect c. An insensitive measure d. A weak manipulation

A weak manipulation

In quasi-experimental designs, the researcher does not have experimental control over the independent variable and does not randomly assign participants to conditions. This results in which of the following? Select one: a. The researcher being unable to rule out any threats to internal validity b. A study that is no different than a correlational design c. An unethical study d. A weaker causal claim than a true experiment

A weaker causal claim than a true experiment

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD? Select one: a. Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants. b. Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants. c. Neither group of participants can provide informed consent. d. Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants.

Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

What is the term for a researcher's definition of the variable in question at a theoretical level? Select one: a. Construct validity b. Measurement validity c. Conceptual definition d. Operational definition

Conceptual definition

Adding several variables to a regression analysis can help do which of the following? Select one: a. Increase the construct validity of a study b. Control for several variables at once c. Increase the statistical significance of the results d. Meet the temporal precedence criterion for causal inference

Control for several variables at once

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (questions 29-32): Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment? Select one: a. The study was conducted by a professor. b. Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another. c. The study was conducted at a university. d. Dr. Kang used a distractor task.

Dr. Kang manipulated one variable and measured another.

All of the following are types of Qualitative interviews EXCEPT: Select one: a. Unstructured, open-ended interview b. Focus group interview c. Experimental debriefing interview d. Semi-structured interview

Experimental debriefing interview

Why might a researcher choose purposive sampling over systematic sampling? Select one: a. Only purposive sampling allows the researcher to study a particular type of participant. b. The researcher does not have to specify a population of interest ahead of time. c. External validity is not vital to the researcher's study. d. Purposive sampling is always cheaper.

External validity is not vital to the researcher's study.

Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true? Select one: a. His study does not qualify as an experiment. b. He can make a strong causal claim about the effect of zoo visits on environmental attitudes. c. He does not have a dependent variable. d. His control group is people who did not visit the zoo.

His study does not qualify as an experiment.

When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. How each variable was measured must be considered. b. Only the construct validity of the outcome variable needs to be interrogated. c. The reliability of the measures is more important than their validity. d. Quantitative variables need to be assessed, but qualitative variables do not.

How each variable was measured must be considered.

What does it mean that "reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity"? Select one: a. Reliability and validity are the same concept. b. Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts. Incorrect c. If a measure is valid, it is also reliable. d. If a measure is reliable, it is also valid.

If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

Which of the following is NOT a small-N design? Select one: a. Reversal design b. Stable-baseline design c. Multiple-baseline design d. Interrupted time-series design

Interrupted time-series design

In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance? Select one: a. It leads to null results. b. It leads to larger effect sizes. c. It limits the type of statistical analyses that can be conducted. d. It causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups.

It causes more overlap between experimental/comparison groups.

Which of the following is true of behavioral observation? Select one: a. It requires recording technology, such as video cameras. b. It is a more reliable and valid method than self-report methodology. c. It requires a research assistant to be with the participant at all times. d. It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions.

It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions.

Which of the following is a difference between participants in small-N designs compared to large-N designs? Select one: a. Large-N designs benefit from having diverse populations, while small-N designs typically use normative samples. b. Large-N designs prioritize having a large sample over sampling procedures, while small-N designs focus on sampling procedures. c. Large-N designs only generalize to the population from which participants are drawn, whereas small-N designs generalize to the larger population. d. Large-N designs are more concerned with selecting representative participants, while small-N designs focus on unique cases.

Large-N designs are more concerned with selecting representative participants, while small-N designs focus on unique cases.

Bushman (2002) conducted a study examining the effect on aggression of venting versus not venting anger. To invoke anger in participants, he asked each to write a political essay. Participants were instructed to show their essays to Steve, who was a confederate. He criticized the essays and made rude comments. Participants were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 (control group) was told to sit quietly in the room for 2 minutes, Group 2 (control group) was told to punch a punching bag for 2 minutes as a form of exercise, and Group 3 (catharsis group) was told to punch a punching bag for 2 minutes while imagining Steve's face on the bag. Then participants played a quiz game with Steve, and they were given the opportunity to provide a blast of loud noise to Steve's ears. Group 1 showed less than average levels of aggression, Group 2 showed average levels of aggression, and Group 3 showed greater than average levels of aggression. What was the primary confounding variable Bushman was trying to control? Select one: a. Participants' who tend to have an angry personality b. Participants' level of physical aggression during the study c. Participants' levels of anxiety during the study d. Participants' level of aggression prior to the study

Participants' who tend to have an angry personality

As a qualitative researcher, how might you work to generalize your qualitative research findings more broadly? Select one: a. Obtain a bigger sample b. Qualitative researchers care nothing about generalizability c. Broadcast your findings in as many public forums as possible d. Place your results in the context of an existing theory

Place your results in the context of an existing theory

All of the following are true of standardized beta (β) and correlation coefficients EXCEPT: Select one: a. Standardized betas from an analysis can be compared with other standardized beta coefficients from the same analysis just as correlation coefficients can. b. Standardized betas describe the relationship between two variables exactly as correlations coefficients do. c. Both standardized betas and correlation coefficients can tell you something about the strength of a relationship. d. Both standardized betas and correlation coefficients can tell you something about the direction of a relationship.

Standardized betas describe the relationship between two variables exactly as correlations coefficients do.

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p value indicates which of the following? Select one: a. The effect size is large. b. The correlation is not statistically significant. c. The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population. d. The correlation is negative.

The correlation is unlikely to have come from a zero association population.

Which of the following provides information about the statistical validity of Dr. Lonsbary's study? Select one: a. The mood reported by the participants b. The method of random assignment c. The d coefficient d. The number of people in each group

The d coefficient

While reading about a research study, which of the following would tell you that an association claim is being made? Select one: a. The interrogation of internal validity b. The measurement of two variables c. The presence of a scatterplot or bar graph d. The use of a correlation coefficient

The measurement of two variables

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 x 2 x 4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information? Select one: a. The statistical significance of the interaction b. The number of main effects that need to be examined c. The number of participant variables d. The number of participants in the study

The number of main effects that need to be examined

The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? Select one: a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of justice c. The principle of respect for persons d. The principle of integrity Inc

The principle of beneficence

In addition to the three principles derived from the Belmont Report, which of the following two principles were added in the principles put forth by the American Psychological Association? Select one: a. The principle of consent and honesty b. The principle of honor and accountability/commitment c. The principle of reliability and validity d. The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

The principle of integrity and fidelity/responsibility

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 (Questions 9 and 10): Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kushner asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? Select one: a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of justice c. The principle of integrity d. The principle of respect for persons

The principle of respect for persons

RESEARCH STUDY 8.1: • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = −.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) Which of the following conclusions can Dr. Guidry draw about the number of friends one has and life satisfaction based on her statistical analyses? Select one: a. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%. b. The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 96%. c. The strong correlation means that the number of friends one has causes an increase in life satisfaction. d. The relationship is not statistically significant.

The probability of her sample coming from a zero association population is about 4%.

For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? Select one: a. The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association. b. The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. c. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. d. The third variable must be a categorical variable.

The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association.

Which of the following is a reason why multiple regression designs are inferior to experimental designs? Select one: a. They take longer to conduct. b. They cannot establish covariance. c. They can only control for third variables that are measured. d. They are more expensive to conduct.

They can only control for third variables that are measured.

All of the following are true of outliers EXCEPT: Select one: a. They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes. b. They can affect the direction of an association. c. They can affect the strength of an association. d. They are especially problematic when there are outliers on both variables.

They have the biggest effect when dealing with large sample sizes.

Why do quasi-experiments tend to have very good construct validity for the independent variable? Select one: a. They also have good construct validity for the dependent variable. b. The manipulations have been previously validated in the lab. c. They use real-world manipulations/experiences. d. They tend to use more participants.

They use real-world manipulations/experiences.

Which of the following is NOT true of third variables and mediating variables? Select one: a. Third variables are considered nuisances, but mediating variables are not. b. Third variables are not usually of central interest to researchers, but mediating variables are. c. Third variables can be detected using multiple regression techniques, but mediating variables cannot. d. Third variables are external to the causal variable, but mediating variables are internal to the causal variable.

Third variables can be detected using multiple regression techniques, but mediating variables cannot.

How does a researcher who conducts a small-N design address external validity concerns about his study? Select one: a. Runs more small-N studies with the same participants b. Triangulates his findings with other findings c. Runs more small-N studies with similar participants d. Runs a large-N study before running a small-N study

Triangulates his findings with other findings

Dr. Whetstone is curious about how self-esteem changes as a result of a new counseling program. She is concerned about testing threats in her study. Which of the following would you recommend to her as a way to address this type of threat? Select one: a. Omitting a comparison group b. Refusing to let participants drop out of the study c. Conducting a pretest-only study d. Using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest

Using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest

Which of the following things can be done to reduce the effect of individual differences? Select one: a. Decrease power b. Collecting measurements from diverse groups of people c. Using a between-groups design d. Using a matched-groups design

Using a matched-groups design

Regression is especially problematic in which of the following situations? Select one: a. When one group has an extremely low score at posttest b. When one group has an extremely high score at pretest c. When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest d. When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at posttest

When one group has an extremely high score at pretest

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 (see Question 9 for full vignette) Dr. Kushner is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether to use deception? Select one: a. Whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception b. Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception c. Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception d. Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe

Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

Hosea is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a categorical way to operationalize caffeine consumption? Select one: a. The number of cups of coffee consumed in a day b. The frequency of buying energy drinks c. The number of milligrams of caffeine consumed during the study d. Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

Whether the participant drank a soda in the 24 hours prior to the study

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. This is known as: a. a hypothesis. b. data. c. research. d. a theory.

a Theory

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have: a. psychotherapy to supplement the drug. b. a hypothesis. c. a comparison group that did not receive the drug. d. a reliable way to measure depressive symptoms.

a comparison group that did not receive drug

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable? Select one: a. A correlation coefficient close to 1 b. A strong correlation coefficient c. A negative correlation coefficient d. It depends on the type of reliability being evaluated.

a negative correlation coefficient

A researcher wants to know what people really do, not what they think they do. Which method would you advise him to use? Select one: a. Neither behavioral observations nor self-report questions is desirable for finding out what people really do. b. Self-report questions c. Both behavioral observations and self-report questions are equally good for finding out what people really do. d. Behavioral observations

behavioral observations

After reading the chapter, Cyril says to himself, "I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would." What is Cyril experiencing? a. Motivated thinking b. Confirmation bias c. Faulty intuition d. Bias blind spot

bias blind spot

Ceiling effects can affect: Select one: a. both independent and dependent variables. b. certain groups more than others. c. independent variables only. d. dependent variables only.

both independent and dependent variables.

Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that _________ cannot be_________. Select one: a. construct validity; interrogated b. covariance; established c. hypotheses; tested d. causal inferences; made

causal inferences; made

_________ is used to control order effects in an experiment. Select one: a. Increasing demand characteristics b. A design confound c. Random assignment d. Counterbalancing

counterbalancing

RESEARCH STUDY 3.2: Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Which of the following statements is true of Dr. Ramon's and Dr. LaSalle's claims? Select one: a. Dr. Ramon's claim involves more variables than Dr. LaSalle's claim. b. Dr. LaSalle's claim goes further than Dr. Ramon's claim. c. Dr. LaSalle's claim is the same as Dr. Ramon's claim. d. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim.

d. Dr. Ramon's claim goes further than Dr. LaSalle's claim.

How can you ensure that a popular media article accurately reflects the original research of a scientific study? Select one: a. Determine whether the results fit within the theories you learned in your psychology classes b. Check that the popular media article includes the statistical significance of the results c. Research the credentials of the author of the popular media article d. Find and read the original scientific article

d. Find and read the original scientific article

Dr. Schulenberg likely designed his study so that neither he nor his students knew which group they were in to address which of the following? Select one: a. Demand characteristics b. Attrition c. Maturation d. Placebo effects

demand characteristics

Dr. Gong conducts a study where she randomly assigns participants to different experimental conditions. The testing for each condition occurs in a different room of the psychology building. After collecting her data, she learns that the air conditioning in one of the rooms had been turned off during data collection. Which of the following threats to internal validity should Dr. Gong be concerned with? Select one: a. Order effect b. Selection effect c. Maturation effect d. Design confound

design confound

An educational psychologist wants to make sure his measure of verbal learning is valid. He theorizes that his measure should not be strongly related to numerical learning (a different construct) and plans to test this using a correlation coefficient. Which of the following validitities is he concerned with? Select one: a. Predictive validity b. Known groups validity c. Discriminant validity d. Convergent validity

discriminant validity

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following? a. How well the research was conducted b. Previous studies from the same research group c. The prestige/reputation of the author d. How well the general public will understand the study

how well research was conducted

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 (see question 22 for full vignette) Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks at the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? Select one: a. Construct reliability b. Test-retest reliability c. Internal reliability d. Interrater reliability

internal reliability

Generally, what is the main priority for experimental studies? Select one: a. External validity b. Construct validity c. Statistical validity d. Internal validity

internal validity

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (continued): Dr. Kang's decision to assign participants randomly to Group A and Group B increases which of the following? Select one: a. the external validity of the study b. the temporal precedence of the study c. the covariance of the study d. the internal validity of the study

internal validity of the study

When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, one should look for the: Select one: a. margin of error estimate. b. length of the measurement. c. statistical significance. d. strength of the association.

margin of error estimate

The addition of a comparison group can address which of the following threats to internal validity? Select one: a. Attrition b. Instrumentation c. Maturation d. Selection-history

maturation

RESEARCH STUDY 3.1: Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the researchers recorded how many errors participants committed. This is an example of which of the following? a. a constant b. a variable's level c. a manipulated variable d. a measured variable

measured variable

If a researcher is asking why the relationship between two variables exists, she is curious about which of the following? Select one: a. Moderation b. Controlling variables c. Third variables d. Mediation

mediation

Dr. Guidry finds that the relationship between the number of friends one has and life satisfaction is stronger for men than for women. In this study, sex (male or female) is considered a(n): Select one: a. outlier. b. cause. c. moderator. d. spurious variable.

moderator

Dr. Tanaka is an educational psychologist interested in students' attitudes toward science and the effect of those attitudes on performance on standardized tests. He chooses his local school district to study. There are 15 high schools, and he randomly chooses five. Then, of the 2,500 students in each of those five schools, he randomly recruits 250 students. This is an example of which of the following sampling techniques? Select one: a. Cluster sample b. Systematic sample c. Snowball sample d. Multistage sample

multistage sample

Which of the following is a unique threat to construct validity found only in behavioral observation? Select one: a. Observer bias b. Fence sitting c. Acquiescence d. Socially desirable responding

observer bias

A study by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) involved telling teachers that some of their students were "bloomers" and would achieve rapid academic success within the next year. In fact, these students were no different than any of the other students in the class. At the end of the year, the "bloomers" showed more gains in IQ than the other students. It appeared that the teacher had unintentionally treated the "bloomers" in special ways. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. Self-report operationalization b. Observer effects c. Observer bias d. A masked study design

observer effects

Practice effects and carryover effects are examples of _________ effects. Select one: a. between-person b. scientific c. order d. causal

order

RESEARCH STUDY 3.5: Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables. a. a questionnaire assessing level of stigma perceived b. age of participants c. self-reported race on a questionnaire d. perceived prejudiced attitudes

perceived prejudiced attitudes

A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p is a _________. Select one: a. plausible significance approximation b. probability estimate c. population value d. possibility assessment

probability estimate

Sampling procedures for qualitative research tend to favor which of the following? Select one: a. Random sampling b. Purposeful sampling c. Cluster sampling d. Multistage sampling

purposeful sampling

In the theory-data cycle, theories first lead to _________________. Select one: a. answers b. data c. questions d. research

questions

Why are curvilinear relationships hard to detect with correlation coefficients (r)? Select one: a. Curvilinear relationships require a large amount of scores. b. r always assumes a zero association. c. r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data. d. r always assumes a negative relationship.

r always looks for the best straight line to fit the data.

Another term for probability sampling is: Select one: a. convenience sampling. b. random sampling. c. cluster sampling. d. purposive sampling.

random sampling

Seeing stability in a stable-baseline design can help rule out which of the following threats to internal validity? Select one: a. Regression to the mean b. Placebo effects c. Attrition d. Observer bias

regression to the mean

If there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as _________. Select one: a. an outlier effect b. null effect c. restriction of range d. spurious data

restriction of range

A small-N design that involves providing treatment and then removing treatment is known as a(n): Select one: a. interrupted time-series design. b. reversal design. c. stable-baseline design. d. multiple-baseline design.

reversal design

A wait-list design, using random assignment, is most helpful in dealing with which of the following threats to internal validity? Select one: a. Attrition b. Maturation c. History d. Selection

selection

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following? Select one: a. Selection effects b. Random selection c. Carryover effects d. Demand characteristics

selection effects

A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following? Select one: a. Demand characteristics b. Between-group variance c. Weak manipulations d. Situation noise

situation noise

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 (see question 22 for full vignette) Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Rodriquez gives the measure to a group of participants on the first day of the semester and again on the last day of the semester. She then compares the scores between the two time points. This is a test of which of the following? Select one: a. Internal reliability b. Interrater reliability c. Test-retest reliability d. Construct reliability

test retest reliability

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (continued): Dr. Kang sends his study to a journal to be published. One of the peer reviewers questions the way Dr. Kang manipulated emotion, arguing that being exposed to emotional words does not make one emotional. The reviewer is questioning which of the following? Select one: a. the statistical validity of the study b. the external validity of the study c. the internal validity of the study d. the construct validity of the study

the construct validity of the study

A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to television is associated with increased aggressive behavior in children. You know this relationship may not be causal because you are not sure which occurred first: watching television or being aggressive. You are questioning which of the following rules of causation? Select one: a. the third-variable criterion b. the criterion of external validity c. the criterion of covariance d. the criterion of temporal precedence

the criterion of temporal precedence

RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 (continued): Which of the following is the independent variable in Dr. Kang's study? Select one: a. the length of the distractor task b. the number of words on the list c. the number of words remembered d. the emotional or neutral content of the words

the emotional or neutral content of the words

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? Select one: a. the internal validity of the study b. the statistical validity of the study c. the external validity of the study d. the construct validity of the study

the external validity of the study

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report? Select one: a. The principle of beneficence b. The principle of integrity c. The principle of justice d. The principle of respect for persons

the principle of justice

Jen is studying the relationship between caffeine consumption and problem-solving ability. Which of the following is a quantitative way to operationalize problem-solving ability? Select one: a. The report of a teacher about whether a student is a good or bad problem solver b. Whether participants used insight or trial-and-error techniques to solve the problem c. The type of puzzle solved (Sudoku puzzle or a crossword puzzle) d. The time spent solving a math problem

the time spent solving a math problem

Which of the following is NOT a way to deal with reactivity? Select one: a. Using multiple observers b. Measuring the behavior unobtrusively c. Blending in with the surroundings d. Waiting to begin observations

using multiple observers

RESEARCH STUDY 5.1 (Questions 22-24): Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez is concerned whether her measure will really measure narcissism or if it will measure some other related concept. She is concerned about the scale's ______________. Select one: a. operational definition b. reliability c. convenience d. validity

validity