Research Methods

The creation of the Research Question sequentially determines

the Purpose(s) the Hypothesis(es) the Methods the Results ***all of the above.***

efficacy

the ability of a protocol to produce the intended effects

It has stated that "Increasing knowledge leads to ...."

"...A higher quality ignorance."

Which is an example of a 'directional title'?

"Muscular Power Tests Predict Knee Joint Excursion But Not Initial Contact Angle in NCAA-D1 Female Athletes"

Which are key events in the development of ethical research guidelines?

1947 Nuremberg 1979 Belmont Report 1980 Bayh-Dole Act A & C *All of the above*

Another name for clinical research is?

Applied research? Basic research

Knowledge translation is needed to_________.

Appraise the literature

QUALITATIVE research differs from QUANTITATIVE research in that QUALITATIVE research

Attempts to ask 'why'

A randomized pretest-posttest control group research design controls for all of the following threats to internal validity EXCEPT?

Attrition

Clinical Research Ethics is based upon two principles. One of these is 'Primum non nocere'. This phrase is interpreted to mean:

First, do no harm

A research study assessing challenges in the discharge planning process in a hospital from the perspectives of the healthcare workers and patients would most likely use which of the following qualitative techniques?

Phenomenology

According to the Centre of Evidence Based Medicine (CEBM), how many levels of evidence are there for classification?

5

Which of these citations is correct for AMA 10th edition format?

?

Which statistic determines the group of people that need to have the intervention in order to prevent ONE occurrence of the target injury?

?

A purpose of an experimental design is?

??

Comparative effectiveness studies generally include all of the following except?

A control group

A peer-reviewed submission for a platform or poster presentation at a conference will be accepted or rejected based upon which of the following?

Abstract

Which is a correct statement?

All Clinical Questions are Research Questions

Efficacy research utilizes all of the following except?

Broad treatment protocols

Which is an established medical database for published Athletic Training research?

CINAHL

Which is NOT a Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine Level ONE Study design?

Case-Control

What type of research is defined as a structured process of investigating facts and theories and exploring connections, with the purpose of improving individual and public health?

Clinical research

Which of the following study designs is primarily considered an example of exploratory research?

Cohort studies

Good research should

Create more questions Answer one research question Answer more than one question. A & B All of the above

Which term related to qualitative research that most aligns with the term reliability in quantitative research is?

Dependability

Which model of Health and Disability is a NON-LINEAR model, and has as basic elements: pathology, organ system dysfunction, restriction of ADLs, and Limitations as a member of society.

Disablement Model

Where are opinions of the authors allowed?

Discussion

Where would you expect to find how the author's hypothesis (hypotheses) compared to the results?

Discussion

Which are utilized to 'judge' the quality of medical journals?

Eigenfactor Impact Factor Immediately Index

In which of the following qualitative research approaches does an investigator immerse themselves in the setting and activities studied?

Ethnography

A novice clinician uses a treatment technique that they learned from a continuing education course. This best describes which way of knowing?

Evidence-based practice

Which is NOT a qualification of standard Institutional Review Board review?

Exceptional

Identify the Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine Level TWO investigation design.

Expert Opinion Retrospective Cohort Systematic Review Cross-Sectional

Test reliability means ________________, while test validity means ____________

How consistent are the results from any one test?; Does the test assess what it is supposed to test (and nothing else)?

A clinical question that asks who is most likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis is an example of what type of question?

Hypothesis

As identified in the textbook, which of the following is the Research Process:I. Identify the RQ; II. Design the Study; III. Methods; IV. Data Analysis; V. Communication

I, II, III, IV, V

Purposes of qualitative research include all of the following, EXCEPT?

Identify relationships between variables

The first step of the scientific method is?

Identifying the research question

A concern of studying the methods of how research evidence is adopted into clinical practice is?

Implementation research Outcomes research

The 'Principle of Question Propagation' indicates:

In the process of answering research questions, more questions are generated.

Members of different professions working together in an integrative fashion is considered what type of research?

Interprofessional

Which section should be crafted to read like a 'funnel' - that is, begins broadly with a general statement and ends with a very concise point?

Introduction

In which section should the narrative be composed in past-tense?

Introduction Methods Conclusion

Which statement is incorrect?

It is easy to be ethical Unethical behavior is simply the result of "bad apples" Ethics can be managed through formal ethics codes and program People are less ethical than they used to be *All statements are incorrect.*

The National Library of Medicine abbreviation for the 'Journal of Athletic Training' is which of the following?

J Athl Train

Even if successfully extracting metatags for your citation software, which must still be manually entered to properly create an AMA citation?

Journal abbreviation

When describing the amount of change a target treatment has in addressing a medical condition, which has the greatest meaning to clinicians

Minimal clinically important difference

Persons with hip osteoarthritis are randomly assigned in a multigroup randomized trial to either an aquatic exercise group, a cycling exercise group, a strength training group or to a control group to assess the effect of the training condition on pain. Based on this description, this study has how many independent variables?

One Two Four

A study provides a description of the strengthening exercises used by persons with low back pain including the number of repetitions, frequency, and amount of resistance used. This is an example of a(n):

Operational definition

From a research perspective, one can describe the relationship between impairments in body functions and activity limitations as?

Partial

All of the following are included in Evidence-based practice except?

Patient values Clinical circumstances A general internet search? Clinical expertise

A T2 translational study focuses on translation to which of the following blocks?

Patients

A PICO search strategy creates a search strategy that instructs to define the:

Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome

A researcher wants to examine the effect of stretching exercise versus no stretching exercise on vertical jump height in college athletes. Participants were randomly assigned to the stretching or no stretching groups. The stretching group performed stretches of the lower extremity muscles and the no stretching group spent sat quietly for an equal amount of time as the other group. Vertical jump height was measured in centimeters for both groups before and immediately after the intervention period. This study is designed as a?

Pretest-posttest control group design

What is the most common form of sampling in qualitative research is?

Purposive sampling

Which is not a common type of qualitative data collection?

ROM

An example of an efficacy study?

Randomized controlled trial Clinical effectiveness research

Methods to improve credibility in qualitative research include all of the following EXCEPT?

Reflexivity

A study is designed to compare elbow extensor strength of a single group of subjects with shoulder positioned in a number of different positions. What type of design does this represent?

Repeated measures design

Identify the considerations you must NOT address when designing a research study?

Research protocols must be reviewed when using non-human subjects.

An example of a 'O' in PICO would be the following:

SF-36 score

Qualitative research is based on which of the following?

Social constructivism

A base on which Qualitative research is based is?

Social constructivism??

Breaking down the research hypothesis into a smaller chunk for analysis is an example of a ?

Specific aim

The number not having that diagnoses using that test result / The number of patients not having that diagnosis using the gold standard.

Specificity

Identify which is not one of the Informed Elements.

Subjects must be fully informed. Subjects information should be confidential and anonymous. The Informed Consent form must be written in lay language. The researcher(s) must offer to answer any question at any time. **All are included in the Informed Elements.**

Which research designs are a Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine Level ONE

Systematic Review

The development of Evidence-Based Medicine and Evidence-Based Practice developed in 1995 around the time of which technological advancement? (hint: the advancement spurred the development of EBM)

The Internet

Where in a properly crafted manuscript would one expect to find the investigation's PURPOSE?

The first line of the last paragraph of the Introduction section. The first line of the first paragraph of the Introduction The second sentence of the first paragraph of the Methods section.

Specificity

The number not having that diagnoses using that test result/the number of patients not having that diagnosis using the gold standard

Sensitivity

The number of diagnoses using that test result/the number of patients having the diagnosis using the gold standard

Which is / are an example of a proper sample randomization?

The participants select a playing card from a standard deck, with all selecting red suits in one group, and all others in a second group.

The importance of a good research question relates to which of the following?

The project builds on existing findings

LOW STATISTICAL POWER is a threat to Conclusion Validity (one of the many forms of research validity). Low Statistical Power indicates that...

The sample size chosen was too small.

SnNOUTs indicate...

The sensitivity of a negative test rules out a condition

An example study investigated the effect of resistance exercise compared to flexibility exercise to improve activity for persons with knee pain. Participants are assigned randomly, by a masked research assistant, to one of the two exercise intervention groups. The participants are recruited from a group of volunteers and provide informed consent to participate in the study. Activity is measured at baseline and after the study by the six-minute walk test. In this study, the independent variable is:

The type of exercise (resistance or flexibility)

The definition "Unified explanation for discrete observation that may otherwise be viewed as unrelated or contradictory", describes

Theory

An 'I' example in PICO would be the following:

Therapeutic Ultrasound

An example of a 'C' in PICO would be the following:

Therapeutic ultrasound treatment

One advantage of a sequential clinical trial is?

They are exempt from IRB approval

Which is not a purpose of Qualitative Research?

To explore the "why" or the nature of the connections among unstructured information Explore associations. To attempt to answer why a phenomena occurs. Generate hypothesis.

Inter-rater reliability is the measurement of multiple proctors performing the same test on the same person at different times.

True

Inter-rater reliability is the measurement of multiple proctors performing the same test on the same person at different times. (T/F)

True

Intra-rater reliability is the measurement of one proctor performing the same test on the same person at different times.

True

Research must always be reproducible. (T/F)

True

T/F: Qualitative methodologies are neither subjective nor objective.

True

T/F: Theory is the Qualitative Research as Grounded Theory is to Quantitative Research

True

Advancements in Ethical Research often follow which type of event?

Unethical research strategies

Which of the proposed studies would be considered a Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine Level ONE research design?

Using ten athletes with Reynaud's disease, randomly giving five athletes special gloves and five athletes regular gloves and seeing which developed cold-related symptoms.

Which is the MOST IMPORTANT point of consideration in Evidence-Based Practice?

Valid findings grounded in theory and science. Clinical expertise and practical experience. Medical needs, psychosocial, interests, ethical & religious values of the individual patient. **all answers are correct**

Grounded Theory

What leads to a theory/the development of a 'why'/Research can provide observations and conclusions which can induce a theory

When assessing the credibility of a medical journal, which of the following are NOT considerations you take into account when vetting the source?

What library the article came from

SpPINs indicates...

a specific test with positive results rules in a condition

Which provides scores that may be used to judge the quality (not validity) of an RCT?

a. Cochrane Library b. Physiotherapy Evidence Database c. The Appleton Library of Medicine d. PEDro *B & d are correct*

Which is not one of the three guiding ethical principles to research?

automony beneficence malfeasance

Evidence-based practice relates to which steps of the research process?

dissemination of the findings and identification of the research question

An example study is designed to determine the effect of aspirin and stretching on low back pain. Comparisons are made between groups taking/not taking the medication, and three types of stretching. In this study, medication and stretching are two independent variables. Subjects are randomly assigned to one of six groups. This is an example of a:

factorial design

Which is NOT an established Outcome Measure?

mTBI

Best Practice

methods or procedures that through research and experience have demonstrated the optimal, most expedient results

The process of random assignment is used in clinical research to ensure?

the groups are similar at baseline