Respiratory Physiology
What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume? A. Boyle's Law B. Charles Law C. Dalton's Law D. Henry's Law
Boyle's Law
Who's law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures that each gas in the mixture would exert independently? A. Boyle's Law B. Charles Law C. Dalton's Law D. Henry's Law
Dalton's Law
Hemoglobin F A. has a lower affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin A. B. contains two alpha and two gamma chains. C. binds large amounts of 2,3-DPG. D. is increased in sickle-cell anemia.
contains two alpha and two gamma chains
An increase in 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) will ________ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. A. increase B. decrease C. have no effect on
decrease
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and not bonded to oxygen is A. oxyhemoglobin. B. deoxyhemoglobin. C. methemoglobin. D. carboxyhemoglobin.
deoxyhemoglobin
The Bohr effect A. describes the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. B. describes the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide. C. describes the mechanism of ventilation. D. describes the effect of solubility on the amount of gas dissolved in blood.
describes the effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen
The tendency of the lungs to return to their initial size after stretching is A. compliance. B. elasticity. C. surface tension. D. None of the choices are correct.
elasticity
Renal production of __________ is stimulated by hypoxemia. A. renin B. colony-stimulating factor C. erythropoietin D. thrombopoietin
erythropoietin
The primary drive to breath is elicited by which of the following: A. reduced PO2. B. reduced PCO2. C. increased PO2. D. increased PCO2.
increased PCO2
The rhythmicity center is located in the A. pons. B. cerebral cortex. C. medulla oblongata. D. midbrain.
medulla oblongata
Hypoventilation can correct A. metabolic acidosis. B. respiratory acidosis. C. metabolic alkalosis. D. respiratory alkalosis.
metabolic alkalosis
The form of hemoglobin with iron in an oxidized state is A. oxyhemoglobin. B. deoxyhemoglobin. C. methemoglobin. D. carboxyhemoglobin.
methemoglobin
Acclimatization to altitude A. stimulates increased blood cell synthesis. B. decreases ventilation. C. increases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. D. All of the choices are correct.
stimulates increased blood cell synthesis
The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the A. vital capacity. B. total lung capacity. C. tidal volume. D. functional residual capacity.
total lung capacity
When a diver descends 20 meters below sea level, the total atmospheric pressure would be _______ the pressure at sea level. A. double B. triple C. quadruple D. the same as
triple
Blood pH decreases over time during moderate to heavy exercise.
F
Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide.
F
Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles expands the thoracic cavity.
F
Inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes would cause a decrease in the pH of arterial blood.
F
Intrapulmonary pressure increases as the diaphragm contracts.
F
An individual with a pneumothorax would have air in the pleural space.
T
Black lung causes pulmonary fibrosis due to the inhalation of large amounts of carbon dust.
T
Carbonic acid is a volatile acid since its concentration in the blood is controlled by breathing.
T
Forced expiratory volume tests are used to differentiate between restrictive and obstructive lung disorders.
T
Hypocapnia would induce a rise in the pH of arterial blood.
T
Increasing arterial blood temperature decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen.
T
Myoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin.
T
Ondine's curse is a condition in which involuntary control of breathing is abolished so that patients must remind themselves to breathe.
T
Persons with thalassemia will have large amounts of hemoglobin F.
T
Pleural membranes envelop organs within the thoracic cavity.
T
Quiet expiration will increase intrapulmonary pressure to about +3 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure.
T
Respiratory acidosis would be compensated by increased retention of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys.
T
Sympathetic agonists could be utilized to treat asthma.
T
The "Adam's apple" is formed by the largest cartilage of the larynx.
T
The immediate increase in ventilation as exercise begins can be explained through both neurogenic and humoral responses.
T
The maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration is the inspiratory capacity.
T
The pharynx is a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems.
T
The presence of water vapor in the air will reduce the partial pressure of oxygen.
T
Vital capacity is reduced in pulmonary restrictive disorders.
T
The formation of oxyhemoglobin from deoxyhemoglobin at the lungs is called an unloading reaction.
F
The parietal pleura covers the surface of the lungs.
F
The partial pressure of oxygen decreases at high altitude because the amount of oxygen in the air is decreased.
F
The production of hemoglobin and red blood cells in bone marrow is controlled by a hormone called thymopoietin.
F
Type I alveolar cells secrete pulmonary surfactant.
F
Ventilation involves both internal and external components.
F
When tissues are producing more CO2 through increased metabolic activity, less O2 is provided to those tissues.
F
Normal arterial PO2 is A. 40 mm Hg. B. 46 mm Hg. C. 85 mm Hg. D. 100 mm Hg.
100 mm Hg
Normal alveolar PO2 is A. 40 mm Hg. B. 46 mm Hg. C. 100 mm Hg. D. 105 mm Hg.
105 mm Hg
Gas X makes up 15% of a gas mix, at 760 mm Hg, the partial pressure of gas X would be A. 11400 mm Hg B. 1140 mm Hg C. 114 mm Hg D. 646 mm Hg
114 mm Hg
If PO2 and hemoglobin content of blood is normal, how much oxygen is the blood carrying? A. 0.3 mL O2/ 100 mL blood B. 10 mL O2/ 100 mL blood C. 20 mL O2/ 100 mL blood D. 35 mL O2/ 100 mL blood
20 mL O2/ 100 mL blood
At rest, normal oxygen unloading is ____. A. 97% B. 75% C. 39%. D. 22%
22%
Normal alveolar PCO2 is A. 40 mm Hg. B. 46 mm Hg. C. 100 mm Hg. D. 105 mm Hg.
40 mm Hg
Normal venous PO2 is A. 40 mm Hg. B. 46 mm Hg. C. 85 mm Hg. D. 100 mm Hg.
40 mm Hg
A lower affinity for oxygen will decrease oxygen unloading to tissues.
F
A tracheotomy is the insertion of a tube into the trachea.
F
Arterial blood pH is indirectly proportional to the partial carbon dioxide pressure of arterial blood.
F
After a few days at a higher elevation, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases due to 2,3-DPG.
T
Nitric oxide (NO) may form the following compound and increase the drive to breath. A. NO2 B. HCO3 C. SNOs D. SIDS
SNOs
A decreased affinity for oxygen shifts the oxygen dissociation curve to the right.
T
Peripheral chemoreceptors that can detect changes in blood pH are located in the A. medulla oblongata. B. aortic and carotid bodies. C. pons. D. lungs.
aortic and carotid bodies
Cessation of breathing is known as A. apnea. B. dyspnea. C. eupnea. D. pneumothorax.
apnea
A measure of the distensibility of the lungs is A. compliance. B. elasticity. C. surface tension. D. None of the choices are correct.
compliance
A pH above 7.45 is considered A. acidosis. B. alkalosis. C. normal. D. metabolic.
alkalosis
An atopic allergic asthmatic would have A. activation of helper T lynphocytes. B. production of IgE. C. pulmonary eosinphilia. D. All of the choices are correct.
all of the choices are correct
Which of the following may result from emphysema? A. reduced gas exchange surface area B. air trapping C. cor pulmonale D. All of the choices are correct.
all of the choices are correct
2,3-DPG comes from A. aerobic respiration in red blood cells. B. anaerobic respiration in red blood cells. C. type II alveolar cells. D. tissues with high amounts of oxygen.
anaerobic respiration in red blood cells
Blood flow is greatest at the _____ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the _____ of the lungs. A. apex; apex B. apex; base C. base; base D. base; apex
base; base
The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as A. dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood. B. bicarbonate ion. C. carbaminohemoglobin. D. carboxyhemoglobin.
bicarbonate ion
Carbon monoxide is lethal because it A. reduces CO2 and slows breathing. B. increases CO2 and causes seizures. C. binds hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding. D. increases oxygen unloading at the cells.
binds hemoglobin preventing oxygen binding
Breathing 100% oxygen will NOT A. significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues. B. increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells. C. significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood. D. both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood.
both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells and significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy A. is used to treat nitrogen narcosis. B. exposes patients to high oxygen under low pressure. C. can be used to promote wound healing. D. would increase the time required to recover from decompression sickness.
can be used to promote wound healing
The enzyme ______ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water. A. renin B. nitric oxide synthase C. lactate dehydrogenase D. carbonic anhydrase
carbonic anhydrase
The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the A. chloride shift. B. Bohr effect. C. oxygen toxicity. D. acidosis.
chloride shift
According to the Bohr effect, as pH is lowered, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen A. increases. B. decreases. C. remains unchanged.
decreases
Which of the following is NOT a function of the conducting zone? A. gas exchange B. filtering and cleaning the air C. warming and humidifying the air D. All of the choices are functions.
gas exchange
The anatomical dead space A. is increased by emphysema. B. has a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than atmospheric air. C. has a lower concentration of oxygen than atmospheric air. D. is comprised of the respiratory zone.
has a lower concentration of oxygen than atmospheric air
What type of hemoglobin cannot bind to 2,3-DPG and thus has a higher affinity for oxygen? A. hemoglobin F B. hemoglobin A C. hemoglobin B D. hemoglobin G
hemoglobin F
What can be used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning and gangrene? A. hypoventilation B. blood letting C. hyperbaric oxygen therapy D. carbon dioxide therapy
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Hyperventilation is stimulated by A. increased activity of the apneustic center. B. decreased contraction of the scalenes. C. hypercapnia. D. hypoxemia.
hypercapnia
What is the condition of having low blood oxygen levels? A. hypocapnia B. hypercapnia C. hypoxia D. hypoxemia
hypoxemia
The direct role of blood oxygen levels in controlling respiration is called A. hypoxic drive. B. hypocapnia. C. oxygen perfusion. D. acidosis.
hypoxic drive
An increase in ventilation due to a higher elevation is called A. hypoxic ventilatory response. B. acute mountain sickness. C. thalassemia. D. Bohr effect.
hypoxic ventilatory response
When alveolar ventilation increases, the perfusion of pulmonary arterioles will A. increase. B. decrease. C. remain unchanged.
increase
Quiet inspiration will ____ thoracic and lung volume and _____ intrapulmonary pressure. A. increase, increase B. increase, decrease C. decrease, increase D. decrease, decrease
increase, decrease
Acclimatization to high altitude results in __________ 2,3-DPG in erythrocytes. A. increased B. decreased C. no change in
increased
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is __________ as the partial pressure of oxygen is raised. A. increased B. decreased C. unchanged
increased
Which of the following changes would occur during exercise? A. increased blood gases B. decreased ventilation C. decreased oxygen delivery to muscles D. increased oxygen extraction by muscles
increased oxygen extraction by muscles
In anemia, 2,3-DPG is ________ and oxygen affinity is ________. A. decreased, decreased. B. decreased, increased. C. increased, increased. D. increased, decreased.
increased, decreased
Pulmonary circulation is a ____ resistance and ____ pressure pathway. A. low, high B. low, low C. high, low D. high, high
low, low
Metabolic alkalosis A. may be caused by excessive vomiting. B. occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen is decreased. C. occurs when arterial pH is less than 7.4. D. is induced by hypoventilation.
may be caused by excessive vomiting
The ventilation/perfusion ratio A. is lowest at the apex of the lungs. B. increases when blood flow is decreased. C. decreases when ventilation is increased. D. increases due to dilation of the pulmonary arterioles.
increases when blood flow is decreased
Carbon dioxide _____ oxygen unloading and oxygen unloading _______ carbon dioxide transport. A. increases, improves B. increases, worsens C. decreases, improves D. decreases, worsens
increases, improves
What type of receptors in the wall of the larynx, along with rapidly adapting receptors in the lungs, cause a person to cough in response to components of smoke and smog? A. aortic bodies B. pulmonary stretch receptors C. medullary chemoreceptors D. irritant receptors
irritant receptors
The amount of a given gas dissolved in the blood A. is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas. B. increases at higher altitudes. C. is described primarily by Boyle's law. D. All of the choices are correct.
is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen A. is greater than the affinity for carbon monoxide. B. is increased in methemoglobin. C. decreases as the height above sea level increases. D. is increased in response to metabolic alkalosis.
is increased in response to metabolic alkalosis
A decrease in temperature will shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the A. right. B. left. C. will not shift the curve.
left
The highest oxygen affinity is demonstrated by A. hemoglobin A. B. hemoglobin F. C. myoglobin. D. hemoglobin S.
myoglobin
Decompression sickness is caused by ascending to sea level too quickly which results in bubbles of _____ to form in the blood. A. oxygen B. carbon dioxide C. carbon monoxide D. nitrogen
nitrogen
What condition is caused by large amounts of nitrogen dissolving into the blood due to hyperbaric conditions? A. nitrogen narcosis B. oxygen toxicity C. decompression sickness D. emphysema
nitrogen narcosis
The form of hemoglobin with iron in a reduced state and bonded to oxygen is A. oxyhemoglobin. B. deoxyhemoglobin. C. methemoglobin. D. carboxyhemoglobin.
oxyhemoglobin
Which of the following is NOT a component of respiration? A. gas exchange B. oxygen utilization C. speech D. ventilation
speech
The I neurons of the dorsal respiratory group stimulate the A. sympathetic nervous system. B. phrenic nerve. C. vagus nerve. D. parasympathetic nervous system.
phrenic nerve
__________ is characterized by high red blood cell counts. A. Anemia B. Polycythemia C. Uremia D. Leukemia
polycythemia
Sickle-cell anemia can be treated with the drug hydroxyurea which stimulates A. production of hemoglobin gamma chains. B. destruction of hemoglobin beta chains. C. production of hemoglobin alpha chains. D. destruction of hemoglobin S.
production of hemoglobin gamma chains
Inhalation and accumulation of particles less than 6 mm in size can cause A. asthma. B. emphysema. C. cystic fibrosis. D. pulmonary fibrosis.
pulmonary fibrosis
What instrument is used to measure the percent oxyhemoglobin saturation of the blood? A. sphygmomanometer B. spirometer C. pulse oximeter D. stethoscope
pulse oximeter
How does surfactant reduce the surface tension of water in the lungs? A. decomposes water B. reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules C. covers the alveoli D. All of the choices are correct.
reduces hydrogen bonding between water molecules
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the A. tidal volume. B. vital capacity. C. inspiratory reserve volume. D. residual volume.
residual volume
What disease is characterized by the abnormal hemoglobin S? A. sickle-cell anemia B. thalassemia C. cystic fibrosis D. emphysema
sickle-cell anemia
Breathing 100% oxygen will A. significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues. B. increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells. C. significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood. D. not change the amount of oxygen dissolved in the plasma.
significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is a condition associated with premature babies who lack A. a-antitrypsin. B. histamine. C. type I alveolar cells. D. surfactant.
surfactant
What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli? A. mucus B. saliva C. surfactant D. lymph
surfactant
A family of hemoglobin diseases found primarily in people of Mediterranean ancestry is A. thalassemia. B. sickle-cell anemia. C. myoglobinemia. D. leukemia.
thalassemia
The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT A. the primary bronchi. B. the larynx. C. the terminal bronchioles. D. the respiratory bronchioles.
the respiratory bronchioles
Ventilation would be decreased by decreasing the activity of A. type II alveolar cells. B. type I alveolar cells. C. alveolar macrophages. D. None of the choices are correct.
type II alveolar cells
What type of nerve fibers are stimulated by capsaicin that causes apnea, then rapid, shallow breathing? A. myelinated A fibers B. unmyelinated C fibers C. unmyelinated B fibers D. myelinated C fibers
unmyelinated C fibers
