Review test
Anaphase 2 (Meiosis)
Chromatids separate and move to the poles of the cell by spindle fibers
Prophase
Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms (chromosome condense)
Mitochondria
main goal is to produce a lot of ATP energy
Lipids
makes up cell membranes
mRNA
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
Carbohydrate monomer
monosaccharide
Mitochondria
muscle cells would contain a lot of me
What type of biomolecule is ATP?
nucleic acid
RNA and DNA both have
nucleic acids, includes bases guanine, cytosine, and adenine. are made up of nucleotides
Eukaryotes have
nucleus and membrane bound organelles, contains genetic material. Animals, Fungi, blood cells, protists, and plants are example of me
eukaryote have
nucleus, mitochondria,ER and Golgi apparatus
Prokaryotes have no
nucleus. Dna is not contained in a nucleus. No membrane bound organelles
Where do each of these reactions take place? Light independent reactions and Calvin cycle
occurred in the mitochondria occurs in the chloroplast
Chloroplast
oxygen gas production will happen within me
mitosis
process ends with identical cells, process is important for growth and repair
Lipids
are important for insulation
RNA
usually single stranded
Mitochondria
water production will happen within me
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?
- only one parent needed - time and energy efficient - faster than sexual reproduction - many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth)
-Folded membranes that act like a road in the cell, transporting substances such as proteins. Rough ER are rough due to the presence of ribosome; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes **Found in eukaryotes
Cell theory
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. (smallest unit of life) 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Describe two ways that mitosis is important for your body.
1. Growth and development 2. cell repair
six general examples of cellular process
1. active transport 2. muscle contraction 3. cell signaling 4. cellular respiration 5 anaerobic fermentation chromosome seperation
ATP has three major components
1. adenine 2. ribose 3. phosphate
telophase 1
2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair.
If a llama has 74 chromosome... How many would eb in each gametes
37 in each
Photosynthesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
diploid cells
A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.
cell membrane
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. is found in Prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Inferences
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. is the material that other organelles live in. holds organelles in place. found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Prophase 2 (meiosis)
A new spindle forms around the chromosomes no crossing over occurs
telophase 2 (meiosis)
A nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells.
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (contains genetic material). Found in Eukaryotes
asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. 1. all of the plants are identical to the parent 2. all of the plantlents are identical to each other 3. The plants are uniform 4. each plant is a clone to the parent 5. this type of reproduction also includes binary fission and budding 6. The DNA would be the same in the parent as the offspring 7. Only requires one organisms,
Cell wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. it also shapes and maintains the cell. found in both (mostly in Prokaryotes)
enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
What is it about the structure of ATP that contributes to its ability to act as an energy currency?
ATP can be hydrolyzed and in the process if loosing one if its phosphate which produces energy. The phosphorus often is used to power the cellular process.
ATP cycle
ATP started with a 6 carbon molecule that splits into 3 pyruvic acids. during this time two phosphorus are released turning ATP into ADP. NAD+ is turn into NADH then both pyruvic acids gain a phosphate, therefore releasing two ATP
crossing over
Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I
Which domain consist of prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea
three domains of all living things
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
Carbohydrates
Broken down to glucose to provide energy.
When a phosphate is transferred from ATP, it can Phosphorylate another molecule. How could this assist in allowing a protein to transport molecules against their concentration gradient.
By phosphorylating another molecule it gives that molecule the energy to pass through against the concentration gradient.
cellular respiration formula
C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)
Acronym to remember elements in macromolecules
CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP for Carbohydrates, Lipid, Protein, Nucleic acids
Vacuole
Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Found in Eukaryotic cells
proteins
Chains of amino acids
Carbohydrates
Contains elements of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and have a ring like structure
What are chromosomes made of?
DNA and proteins
Ribosomes
Makes proteins. found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Chromosomes in a homologous pair
are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters
end result of transcription
End result is a single strand polymerase..... DNA is directly involved. mRNA is involved.
Lipids
Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Nondisjunction
Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. This could result in genetic disorders, and the cell would be denatured.
Fungus is eukaryote or prokaryote
Eukaryotes
Proteins
Have involvement in the immune system (antibodies)
Lipids
Helpful for long term energy storage
Chloroplast
Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs found in eukaryotes (plant cells)
Chloroplast
I contain clorophyll
DNA
I generally remains in the nucleus (in eukaryotic cells)
DNA
I have sugar deoxyribose
RNA
I have sugar ribose
Why is it important to verify the credibility of a source when researching a topic?
It is important to make sure you have a reliable source so your inferences can be accurate.
what does it mean if a science paper is peer-reviewed?
It means multiple scientist have evaluated and edited the paper. It is more reliable because several scientist can contribute to supporting data and results.
Mitochondria
Krebs and the electron transport chain both happen within me
What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
Lack of genetic diversity makes the species more susceptible to various environmental factors compared to sexual reproduction
In Photosynthesis, what are the two major reactions that take place?
Light independent reactions and the Calvin cycle
Nucleic acids
My category includes genetic material
Is there more than just one universal scientific method?
No there is not one scientific method because often time scientist have to go back to certain steps or repeat their procedures multiple times to get conclusive data. Often they have to adjust their methodology to their experiment.
metaphase 1
Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell
Things that may denature enzymes
Ph level and temperature
DNA
arranges as a double helix
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, Responsible for cellular respiration. found in eukaryotes (runs on glucose)
crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.
nucleic acid examples
RNA and DNA
in humans how many chromosomes should be in each of these diploid cells after mitosis?
The diploid would have 46 chromosome
active site
The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
nucleic acids monomer
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA. adenine, Guanine, cytosine, Thymine (nucleotides)
phosphorylation
The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation.
ATP cycle. why is this important and how frequently does this occur?
This process occurs frequently to allow our cells to have energy to power cellular functions; without this occurring frequently the organism would eventually die
Observations
a collection of measurements, notes, images, etc. to describe an observation
nucleic acids
a mutation in DNA would initially start with me
it's important to that science is?
always changing and developing
protein monomer
amino acids
Mitochondria
can be found in animal cells
Chloroplast and Mitochondria
can be found in plant cells
Lipids
can contain long fatty acid chains
Mitochondria
carbon dioxide gas production will happen within me
Carbohydrates elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Lipid elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
protein elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
Nucleic Acids Elements
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have
cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasms
nucleic acids
macromolecules that form when long chains of molecules called nucleotides join together
metaphase 2 (meiosis)
chromosomes align on plate (like mitosis) but with double chromosomes in the middle
Chloroplast
contains pigments to help capture light energy
Where do the tree major steps in aerobic cellular reparation take place in eukaryotes (glycolysis, krebcycle, and electron transport chain)
cytoplasm mitochondria mitochondria
RNA and DNA
each of my nucleotides includes a phosphate and sugar and base
Describe the effects that enzymes can have on substrates
enzyme can induce fit to further bind the substrate to itself. Enzyme build up or break down enzymes to create products.
proteins
enzymes which can speed up reactions, belong in my category
protein example
enzymes, antibodies, muscle repair
animal is eukaryote or prokaryote
eukaryote
plant is eukaryote or prokaryote
eukaryote
protist is eukaryote or prokaryote
eukaryotes
Glycolysis
first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid. then two ATP turn into to ADP nad+ turns into NADH. two phosphorous are added and the products are 4 ATP, 2 NADH
RNA and DNA
made of nucleotides
Science has a major goal of?
gaining knowledge and investigating the unknown.
Carbohydrates examples
glucose and fructose
Chloroplast
glucose production will happen within me
Lipid monomer
glycerol and fatty acids
in aerobic respiration what three major steps are involved
glycolysis kern cycle and electron transport chain
proteins
have a large role in muscle development
anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell
In mitosis cells that are created are
identical (replicas of ones being replaced)
Carbohydrates
if athletes pasta load, they consume. lot of me
RNA
include the bade uracil
DNA
include the base thymine
RNA
is found both inside and outside of the nucleus (eukaryotic cells)
A control group
is important to compare the experimental group with, to determine if the independent variable affected the data.
Translation
located in the cytoplasm. Process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins after transcription.
Transciption
located in the nucleus, First step before transcription. transcribe the DNA into a message (after undergoing RNA polymerase) transcribed into nucleotides corresponding RNA.
translation end result
produces amino acids, called protein. peptides which are they formed into proteins. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA are directly involved.
meiosis
produces gametes produces 4 cells that each have 23 chromosomes crossing over occurs useful for reproduction
bacteria is eukaryote or prokaryote
prokaryote
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
rRNA
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome... makes protein
prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have
ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane
What is the scientific method?
scientific method is a sequence of linear steps to produce data to support or reject a hypothesis based on the problem investigated.
Science can lead to the development of
scientific theory and laws
Metaphase
second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Nucleus disappears, and spindle fibers are formed.
Mitochondria
site of aerobic cellular respiration
What cells do not undergo mitosis?
sperm and egg cells. also cells containing DNA and memory. for example neurons
Golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. packing center, receives items from vesicles and enzymes modify the protein. Found in Eukaryotes
Chloroplast
the Calvin cycle happens within me
Constants
the factors in an experiment that remain the same
Telophase
the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. Cleavage furrow or cell plate is formed. 2 nucleus and chromosomes are present. spindle fibers disappeared.
If cells didn't undergo interphase in meiosis
the gametes would be denatured because it wouldst have time to grow and develop. also the chromosomes have to duplicate
control group
the group without the Independent variable which is often compared to the group with the independent variable.
anaphase
the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles. Spindle fibers are formed and sister chromatin are separated
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome... match correct mRNA codon
lipid examples.
triglyceride, phospholipid biolayers
Carbohydrates
useful for a fast source of energy
Describe what would occur if cells were in mitosis more than they were interphase
without going through interphase the cell wouldn't properly form. therefore the cells that are produced would be denatured
Chloroplast and Mitochondria
would be found within a photosynthetic protists
independent variable gets plotted on what axis
x axis
dependent variable is plotted on what axis
y axis