Review test

Anaphase 2 (Meiosis)

Chromatids separate and move to the poles of the cell by spindle fibers

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms (chromosome condense)

Mitochondria

main goal is to produce a lot of ATP energy

Lipids

makes up cell membranes

mRNA

messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

Mitochondria

muscle cells would contain a lot of me

What type of biomolecule is ATP?

nucleic acid

RNA and DNA both have

nucleic acids, includes bases guanine, cytosine, and adenine. are made up of nucleotides

Eukaryotes have

nucleus and membrane bound organelles, contains genetic material. Animals, Fungi, blood cells, protists, and plants are example of me

eukaryote have

nucleus, mitochondria,ER and Golgi apparatus

Prokaryotes have no

nucleus. Dna is not contained in a nucleus. No membrane bound organelles

Where do each of these reactions take place? Light independent reactions and Calvin cycle

occurred in the mitochondria occurs in the chloroplast

Chloroplast

oxygen gas production will happen within me

mitosis

process ends with identical cells, process is important for growth and repair

Lipids

are important for insulation

RNA

usually single stranded

Mitochondria

water production will happen within me

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

- only one parent needed - time and energy efficient - faster than sexual reproduction - many identical offspring can be produced when conditions are favourable

Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and smooth)

-Folded membranes that act like a road in the cell, transporting substances such as proteins. Rough ER are rough due to the presence of ribosome; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes **Found in eukaryotes

Cell theory

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms. (smallest unit of life) 3. Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Describe two ways that mitosis is important for your body.

1. Growth and development 2. cell repair

six general examples of cellular process

1. active transport 2. muscle contraction 3. cell signaling 4. cellular respiration 5 anaerobic fermentation chromosome seperation

ATP has three major components

1. adenine 2. ribose 3. phosphate

telophase 1

2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair.

If a llama has 74 chromosome... How many would eb in each gametes

37 in each

Photosynthesis formula

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight ---> C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

diploid cells

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. is found in Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Inferences

A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended. is the material that other organelles live in. holds organelles in place. found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Prophase 2 (meiosis)

A new spindle forms around the chromosomes no crossing over occurs

telophase 2 (meiosis)

A nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes in each of the 4 new cells.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (contains genetic material). Found in Eukaryotes

asexual reproduction

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent. 1. all of the plants are identical to the parent 2. all of the plantlents are identical to each other 3. The plants are uniform 4. each plant is a clone to the parent 5. this type of reproduction also includes binary fission and budding 6. The DNA would be the same in the parent as the offspring 7. Only requires one organisms,

Cell wall

A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. it also shapes and maintains the cell. found in both (mostly in Prokaryotes)

enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

What is it about the structure of ATP that contributes to its ability to act as an energy currency?

ATP can be hydrolyzed and in the process if loosing one if its phosphate which produces energy. The phosphorus often is used to power the cellular process.

ATP cycle

ATP started with a 6 carbon molecule that splits into 3 pyruvic acids. during this time two phosphorus are released turning ATP into ADP. NAD+ is turn into NADH then both pyruvic acids gain a phosphate, therefore releasing two ATP

crossing over

Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I

Which domain consist of prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea

three domains of all living things

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

When a phosphate is transferred from ATP, it can Phosphorylate another molecule. How could this assist in allowing a protein to transport molecules against their concentration gradient.

By phosphorylating another molecule it gives that molecule the energy to pass through against the concentration gradient.

cellular respiration formula

C6H12O2 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)

Acronym to remember elements in macromolecules

CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP for Carbohydrates, Lipid, Protein, Nucleic acids

Vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates Found in Eukaryotic cells

proteins

Chains of amino acids

Carbohydrates

Contains elements of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and have a ring like structure

What are chromosomes made of?

DNA and proteins

Ribosomes

Makes proteins. found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Chromosomes in a homologous pair

are the same length and shape and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

end result of transcription

End result is a single strand polymerase..... DNA is directly involved. mRNA is involved.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate. This could result in genetic disorders, and the cell would be denatured.

Fungus is eukaryote or prokaryote

Eukaryotes

Proteins

Have involvement in the immune system (antibodies)

Lipids

Helpful for long term energy storage

Chloroplast

Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs found in eukaryotes (plant cells)

Chloroplast

I contain clorophyll

DNA

I generally remains in the nucleus (in eukaryotic cells)

DNA

I have sugar deoxyribose

RNA

I have sugar ribose

Why is it important to verify the credibility of a source when researching a topic?

It is important to make sure you have a reliable source so your inferences can be accurate.

what does it mean if a science paper is peer-reviewed?

It means multiple scientist have evaluated and edited the paper. It is more reliable because several scientist can contribute to supporting data and results.

Mitochondria

Krebs and the electron transport chain both happen within me

What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

Lack of genetic diversity makes the species more susceptible to various environmental factors compared to sexual reproduction

In Photosynthesis, what are the two major reactions that take place?

Light independent reactions and the Calvin cycle

Nucleic acids

My category includes genetic material

Is there more than just one universal scientific method?

No there is not one scientific method because often time scientist have to go back to certain steps or repeat their procedures multiple times to get conclusive data. Often they have to adjust their methodology to their experiment.

metaphase 1

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Things that may denature enzymes

Ph level and temperature

DNA

arranges as a double helix

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production, Responsible for cellular respiration. found in eukaryotes (runs on glucose)

crossing over

Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.

nucleic acid examples

RNA and DNA

in humans how many chromosomes should be in each of these diploid cells after mitosis?

The diploid would have 46 chromosome

active site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

nucleic acids monomer

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA. adenine, Guanine, cytosine, Thymine (nucleotides)

phosphorylation

The transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation.

ATP cycle. why is this important and how frequently does this occur?

This process occurs frequently to allow our cells to have energy to power cellular functions; without this occurring frequently the organism would eventually die

Observations

a collection of measurements, notes, images, etc. to describe an observation

nucleic acids

a mutation in DNA would initially start with me

it's important to that science is?

always changing and developing

protein monomer

amino acids

Mitochondria

can be found in animal cells

Chloroplast and Mitochondria

can be found in plant cells

Lipids

can contain long fatty acid chains

Mitochondria

carbon dioxide gas production will happen within me

Carbohydrates elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Lipid elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

protein elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Nucleic Acids Elements

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes have

cell membrane, ribosomes, cytoplasms

nucleic acids

macromolecules that form when long chains of molecules called nucleotides join together

metaphase 2 (meiosis)

chromosomes align on plate (like mitosis) but with double chromosomes in the middle

Chloroplast

contains pigments to help capture light energy

Where do the tree major steps in aerobic cellular reparation take place in eukaryotes (glycolysis, krebcycle, and electron transport chain)

cytoplasm mitochondria mitochondria

RNA and DNA

each of my nucleotides includes a phosphate and sugar and base

Describe the effects that enzymes can have on substrates

enzyme can induce fit to further bind the substrate to itself. Enzyme build up or break down enzymes to create products.

proteins

enzymes which can speed up reactions, belong in my category

protein example

enzymes, antibodies, muscle repair

animal is eukaryote or prokaryote

eukaryote

plant is eukaryote or prokaryote

eukaryote

protist is eukaryote or prokaryote

eukaryotes

Glycolysis

first step in releasing the energy of glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid. then two ATP turn into to ADP nad+ turns into NADH. two phosphorous are added and the products are 4 ATP, 2 NADH

RNA and DNA

made of nucleotides

Science has a major goal of?

gaining knowledge and investigating the unknown.

Carbohydrates examples

glucose and fructose

Chloroplast

glucose production will happen within me

Lipid monomer

glycerol and fatty acids

in aerobic respiration what three major steps are involved

glycolysis kern cycle and electron transport chain

proteins

have a large role in muscle development

anaphase 1

homologous chromosomes separate and are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

In mitosis cells that are created are

identical (replicas of ones being replaced)

Carbohydrates

if athletes pasta load, they consume. lot of me

RNA

include the bade uracil

DNA

include the base thymine

RNA

is found both inside and outside of the nucleus (eukaryotic cells)

A control group

is important to compare the experimental group with, to determine if the independent variable affected the data.

Translation

located in the cytoplasm. Process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins after transcription.

Transciption

located in the nucleus, First step before transcription. transcribe the DNA into a message (after undergoing RNA polymerase) transcribed into nucleotides corresponding RNA.

translation end result

produces amino acids, called protein. peptides which are they formed into proteins. mRNA, rRNA, tRNA are directly involved.

meiosis

produces gametes produces 4 cells that each have 23 chromosomes crossing over occurs useful for reproduction

bacteria is eukaryote or prokaryote

prokaryote

substrate

reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

rRNA

ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome... makes protein

prokaryotes and eukaryotes both have

ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane

What is the scientific method?

scientific method is a sequence of linear steps to produce data to support or reject a hypothesis based on the problem investigated.

Science can lead to the development of

scientific theory and laws

Metaphase

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Nucleus disappears, and spindle fibers are formed.

Mitochondria

site of aerobic cellular respiration

What cells do not undergo mitosis?

sperm and egg cells. also cells containing DNA and memory. for example neurons

Golgi apparatus

stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum. packing center, receives items from vesicles and enzymes modify the protein. Found in Eukaryotes

Chloroplast

the Calvin cycle happens within me

Constants

the factors in an experiment that remain the same

Telophase

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. Cleavage furrow or cell plate is formed. 2 nucleus and chromosomes are present. spindle fibers disappeared.

If cells didn't undergo interphase in meiosis

the gametes would be denatured because it wouldst have time to grow and develop. also the chromosomes have to duplicate

control group

the group without the Independent variable which is often compared to the group with the independent variable.

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles. Spindle fibers are formed and sister chromatin are separated

tRNA

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome... match correct mRNA codon

lipid examples.

triglyceride, phospholipid biolayers

Carbohydrates

useful for a fast source of energy

Describe what would occur if cells were in mitosis more than they were interphase

without going through interphase the cell wouldn't properly form. therefore the cells that are produced would be denatured

Chloroplast and Mitochondria

would be found within a photosynthetic protists

independent variable gets plotted on what axis

x axis

dependent variable is plotted on what axis

y axis