Sapling HW #11,12

Definitions and examples of fertilization:

- A process fusing the nuclei of two gametes

Components of Adaptive Immunity

- B-Cells - Antibodies - Cytotoxic T cells

What do bacteriophages, or phages, infect?

Bacteria

What is the role of the thymus in human immunity?

It is the site of T-cell maturation

Which statement describes a phenotype?

The physical trait produced by an organism's genetic makeup.

Both Primary and Secondary Immune Response:

- Mediated by cellular immunity - Large amounts of memory cells are produced

Components of Innate Immunity

- Natural Killer cells - Complement proteins - Interferons

Which of the following describes crossing over?

- Occurs between homologous chromosomes - Increases genetic variation across gametes

Secondary Immune Response:

- Occurs quickly - Activates large numbers of immune cells

Primary Immune response:

- Occurs slowly - Activates relatively few immune cells

Identify the examples of physical barriers in the immune system

- Skin - Cilia in the upper respiratory tract - Tears

Definitions and examples of a gamete:

- Sperm cell - Cell produced by meiosis

Which of the following are signs of inflammation

- Swelling - Heat

Examples of chemical barriers to infection in the human body:

- The acidic surface of the skin prevents bacterial growth - Enzymes in the saliva break down pathogens entering the mouth - The low pH in the stomach kills pathogens entering the digestive system.

What is an autoimmune disease?

A disease caused by an inappropriate immune response to antigens made normally by the body.

What is a pathogen?

A microorganism or virus that infects a host organism and is capable of causing a disease in the host organism

What is an antibody?

A protein produced by the immune system's B cells that is tailored to bind to a specific foreign substance

What is the definition of a vaccine?

A substance made from a pathogen that increases immunity against that pathogen

What are interferons

A type of cytokine produced by infected cells in response to viral infections.

What are homologous chromosomes?

Chromosomes with the same genes but different parental origin

Which statement describes a genotype?

The pair of DNA sequences an organism has for a trait.

Definitions and examples of a zygote:

- Diploid cell resulting from fertilization - A fertilized egg

An organism has 28 pairs of chromosomes in its diploid somatic cells. How many chromosomes are in its gametes?

28

Which statement describes dominant alleles

Any allele that can hide the presence of a different allele

Which statement describes recessive alleles?

Any allele whose presence can be masked by another allele

What is an antigen?

Any molecule that triggers the Immune System's lymphocytes to mount a specific response to that molecule.