SBI172 Fluid balance

Which of the following is the initial H+ regulatory mechanism in the body? A. Lactic acid production B. Chemical buffers C. Brain stem respiratory centers D. Renal excretion

B. Chemical buffers

Potassium, magnesium and phosphate ions are the predominant electrolytes in A. Lymph B. Intracellular fluid C. Interstitial fluid D. Plasma

B. Intracellular fluid

In an individual with metabolic acidosis, a clue that the respiratory system is compensating is provided by A. High blood bicarbonate levels B. Rapid deep breathing C. Slow, shallow breathing D. Low blood bicarbonate levels

B. Rapid deep breathing

If the blood pH lowers, what change would you expect from the respiratory system? A. The respiration rate would remain unchanged. B. The respiration rate would increase. C. The respiration rate would be erratic. D. The respiration rate would decrease.

B. The respiration rate would increase.

An overheated marathon runner accepts cups of plain water at each refreshment area. When the race ends, the runner is very disoriented and collapses. What is the best explanation for her condition? A. The runner needs more water because she is dehydrated. B. The runner is suffering from hypotonic hydration and her cell fluids are overdiluted. C. The runner overexerted herself. D. The runner's ICF is hypotonic to her ECF.

B. The runner is suffering from hypotonic hydration and her cell fluids are over diluted.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between the sodium content of fluids and water movement? A. Salt follows water. B. Water follows salt. C. Water equals salt. D. Water solubilizes salt.

B. Water follows salt.

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A. erythropoietin B. aldosterone C. antidiuretic hormone D. renin

B. aldosterone

When ADH levels are low, the kidneys produce ________ urine. A. concentrated B. dilute C. isotonic D. a low volume of

B. dilute

Which of the following is a cause of respiratory acidosis? A. increased blood ketones B. emphysema C. increased aldosterone D. low blood K+

B. emphysema

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. A. comparatively low metabolic rates B. inefficient kidneys C. low rate of insensible water loss D. low daily rate of fluid exchange

B. inefficient kidneys

The two main fluid compartments within the body are ________ and ________. A. blood; cytoplasm B. intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid C. adipose; skeletal muscle D. plasma; interstitial fluid

B. intracellular fluid; extracellular fluid

Interstitial fluid (IF) is ________. A. the fluid component of blood B. the fluid that bathes all of the body s cells except for blood cells C. the intracellular fluids found between membranes D. the fluid in the cytosol of the cells

B. the fluid that bathes all of the body s cells except for blood cells

An increase in the ECF solute content causes ________. A. both a and b B. water to move out of the cell C. water to move into the cell D. solute to move out of the cell

B. water to move out of the cell

Which is the most potent stimulus for thirst? A. Dry mouth B. An increase in blood volume C. An increase in plasma osmolality D. The sight of a cold drink

C. An increase in plasma osmolality

Which of the following accounts for the most water loss, second only to urine output? A. Defecation B. Sweating C. Insensible perspiration D. Tears

C. Insensible perspiration

The most abundant cation of the ECF is _______, and the most abundant anion in the ECF is _______. A. Ca2+; SO42 B. K+; HPO42 C. Na+; Cl D. Mg2+; HCO3

C. Na+; Cl

Which of the following statements best summarizes the relationship between the sodium content of fluids and water movement? A. Water solubilizes salt. B. Salt follows water. C. Water follows salt. D. Water equals salt

C. Water follows salt.

The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A. phosphate B. protein C. bicarbonate D. hemoglobin

C. bicarbonate

The major cation in intracellular fluid is ________. A. bicarbonate B. chloride C. potassium D. sodium

C. potassium

Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone? A. calcium and phosphate B. sodium and phosphate C. sodium and potassium D. chloride and bicarbonate

C. sodium and potassium

Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone? A. chloride and bicarbonate B. calcium and phosphate C. sodium and potassium D. sodium and phosphate

C. sodium and potassium

An increase in the ECF solute content causes ________. A. solute to move out of the cell B. water to move into the cell C. water to move out of the cell D. both a and b

C. water to move out of the cell

Which is the most potent stimulus for thirst? A. The sight of a cold drink B. An increase in blood volume C. Dry mouth D. An increase in plasma osmolality

D. An increase in plasma osmolality

The percentage of water content of the body is greatest in A. Young adults B. Teenagers C. Elderly adults D. Infants

D. Infants

How might the pH of the intracellular fluid change when cells increase their rate of metabolism? A. The pH would increase. B. The pH would change proportionately to the amount of bicarbonate produced. C. The pH would remain unchanged. D. The pH would decrease.

D. The pH would decrease.

The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A. the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor B. the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion C. a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment D. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

D. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water

Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A. antidiuretic hormone B. renin C. erythropoietin D. aldosterone

D. aldosterone

Which of the following is a cause of metabolic acidosis? A, excessive HCl loss B. prolonged use of diuretics C. increased aldosterone D. diarrhoea

D. diarrhoea

Which of the following is the most important buffer inside red blood cells? A. bicarbonate: carbonic acid buffer B. plasma proteins C. phosphate buffers D. hemoglobin

D. hemoglobin

Which of the following is characterized as metabolic alkalosis? A. decreased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3 B. decreased pH, decreased pCO2, decreased HCO3 C. increased pH, decreased pCO2, decreased HCO3 D. increased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3

D. increased pH, increased pCO2, increased HCO3

Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. A. low rate of insensible water loss B. comparatively low metabolic rates C. low daily rate of fluid exchange D. inefficient kidneys

D. inefficient kidneys

The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A. requires active transport B. requires ATP for the transport to take place C. involves filtration D. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

D. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces

A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A. respiratory alkalosis B. metabolic acidosis C. metabolic alkalosis D. respiratory acidosis

D. respiratory acidosis

Insensible water loss is water lost via ________. A. vomiting or diarrhea B. urine C. excessive sweating D. skin evaporation and in air from the lungs

D. skin evaporation and in air from the lungs

Which two ions are most affected by aldosterone? A. sodium and phosphate B. calcium and phosphate C. chloride and bicarbonate D. sodium and potassium

D. sodium and potassium

Dehydration cannot be caused by endocrine disturbances.

False

In acidosis, the hydrogen ions in the urine would decrease.

False

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

False

Loss of skin elasticity is a sign of overhydration.

False

The largest volume of water in the body is blood plasma.

False

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

False

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

True

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

True

Respiratory acidosis can be the result of hypoventilation.

True

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

True

The pH range for blood is 7.35-7.45

True

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

True

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

True

What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A. ADH B. atrial natriuretic peptide C. thyroxine D. aldosterone

A. ADH

What is a probable explanation for an intense craving for heavily salted food? A. Addison's disease, in which insufficient aldosterone is available B. Diabetes mellitus, which causes excessive urine output C. Hypersecretion of aldosterone D. Diabetes insipidus, which is manifested by hyposecretion of ADH

A. Addison's disease, in which insufficient aldosterone is available

The pH of blood varies directly with A. HCO3- B. PCO2 C. H+ D. None of these

A. HCO3-

The percentage of water content of the body is greatest in A. Infants B. Elderly adults C. Young adults D. Teenagers

A. Infants

In an individual with metabolic acidosis, a clue that the respiratory system is compensating is provided by A. Rapid deep breathing B. High blood bicarbonate levels C. Low blood bicarbonate levels D. Slow, shallow breathing

A. Rapid deep breathing

Blood sodium levels are indirectly assessed by ________. A. baroreceptors B. pH receptors C. sodium chemoreceptors D. chloride chemoreceptors

A. baroreceptors

Abnormally increased blood levels of sodium are termed ________. A. hypernatremia B. hyperkalemia C. hypercalcemia D. hyperchloremia

A. hypernatremia

The largest amount of water leaves the body via ________. A. urine B. expiration C. the GI tract D. the skin as sweat

A. urine

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood increases.

False