Section 12

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Inversion

A chromosomal mutation that occurs if a broken piece of a chromosome is reattached backwards

Translocation

A chromosomal mutation that occurs if a broken piece of a chromosome reattached to another chromosome

Frameshift mutation

A gene mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide is added or deleted and causes a shift in how the codons are reas

DNA

A long molecule in the shape of a double helix and made up of nucleotides; contains genetic instructions

Carcinogen

A mutagen that is directly involved in causing cancer

Chromosomal mutation

A mutation caused when a chromosome or a part of a chromosome is duplicated deleted or attached incorrectly

Gene mutation

A mutation that changes one gene

Gene

A section of DNA that carries the information on how to make one protein

Stop codon

A sequence of three nucleotide bases that indicates the end of protein synthesis

Codon

A sequence of three nucleotides bases that represents he code for one amino acid

Chromosome

A single strand of DNA tightly coiled around special proteins

RNA

A single strand of nucleotides

DNA fingerprinting

A technique that uses gel electrophoresis to analyze a persons unique pattern of DNA

Gel electrophoresis

A technology that separates DNA fragments so that they can be analyzed

Transgenic

A term used to describe an organism that contains DNA from a different organism

Nondisjunction

A term used when a chromosome doesn't separate correctly during meiosis

Transfer RNA

A type of RNA that carries an amino acid and tr

Transfer RNA

A type of RNA that carries an amino acid and transfers it to the protein chain being assembled in the ribosome

Ribosomal RNA

A type of RNA that reads the codons from messenger RNA

Messenger RNA

A type of RNA that transfer the code from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Point mutation

A type of new mutation that occurs if a nucleotide is added deleted or changed Ina. Nucleotide sequence

Plasmids

Circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria cells

Recombinant DNA

DNA that is formed by joining a short piece of DNA from one organism to the DNA of another organism

Restriction enzymes

Enzymes used to cut DNA into pieces

Mutagen

External things that can change DNA such as radiation or chemicals

Central dogma of molecular biology

Information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins but once the info is in the form of a protein the transfer cannot be reversed

Mutations

Mistakes made in the DNA

Genetic engineering

The field of manipulating and changing an organisms DNA

Nucleotide sequence

The order of nucleotides that determines which protein is made

Translation

The process occurring in the cytoplasm of a cell that builds proteins

Transcription

The process occurring in the nucleus of the cell that copies the instructions from a part of DNA into a strand of messenger RNA

DNA replication

The process of copying a strand of DNA

Reproductive cloning

The process of creating an organism that is genetically identical to a donor organism

DNA extraction

The process of separating DNA from the rest of the cell

Transformation

The process used to place recombinant DNA back into a living cell

Molecular genetics

The study of DNA

Crick and Watson

The two scientists who discovered the structure and shape of DNA

Nucleotide

The type of molecule that makes up DNA and RNA; contains sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base


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