Section 12
Inversion
A chromosomal mutation that occurs if a broken piece of a chromosome is reattached backwards
Translocation
A chromosomal mutation that occurs if a broken piece of a chromosome reattached to another chromosome
Frameshift mutation
A gene mutation that occurs when a single nucleotide is added or deleted and causes a shift in how the codons are reas
DNA
A long molecule in the shape of a double helix and made up of nucleotides; contains genetic instructions
Carcinogen
A mutagen that is directly involved in causing cancer
Chromosomal mutation
A mutation caused when a chromosome or a part of a chromosome is duplicated deleted or attached incorrectly
Gene mutation
A mutation that changes one gene
Gene
A section of DNA that carries the information on how to make one protein
Stop codon
A sequence of three nucleotide bases that indicates the end of protein synthesis
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotides bases that represents he code for one amino acid
Chromosome
A single strand of DNA tightly coiled around special proteins
RNA
A single strand of nucleotides
DNA fingerprinting
A technique that uses gel electrophoresis to analyze a persons unique pattern of DNA
Gel electrophoresis
A technology that separates DNA fragments so that they can be analyzed
Transgenic
A term used to describe an organism that contains DNA from a different organism
Nondisjunction
A term used when a chromosome doesn't separate correctly during meiosis
Transfer RNA
A type of RNA that carries an amino acid and tr
Transfer RNA
A type of RNA that carries an amino acid and transfers it to the protein chain being assembled in the ribosome
Ribosomal RNA
A type of RNA that reads the codons from messenger RNA
Messenger RNA
A type of RNA that transfer the code from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Point mutation
A type of new mutation that occurs if a nucleotide is added deleted or changed Ina. Nucleotide sequence
Plasmids
Circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria cells
Recombinant DNA
DNA that is formed by joining a short piece of DNA from one organism to the DNA of another organism
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes used to cut DNA into pieces
Mutagen
External things that can change DNA such as radiation or chemicals
Central dogma of molecular biology
Information is transferred from DNA to RNA to proteins but once the info is in the form of a protein the transfer cannot be reversed
Mutations
Mistakes made in the DNA
Genetic engineering
The field of manipulating and changing an organisms DNA
Nucleotide sequence
The order of nucleotides that determines which protein is made
Translation
The process occurring in the cytoplasm of a cell that builds proteins
Transcription
The process occurring in the nucleus of the cell that copies the instructions from a part of DNA into a strand of messenger RNA
DNA replication
The process of copying a strand of DNA
Reproductive cloning
The process of creating an organism that is genetically identical to a donor organism
DNA extraction
The process of separating DNA from the rest of the cell
Transformation
The process used to place recombinant DNA back into a living cell
Molecular genetics
The study of DNA
Crick and Watson
The two scientists who discovered the structure and shape of DNA
Nucleotide
The type of molecule that makes up DNA and RNA; contains sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
