Skeletal Exam
Foramen
A hole in a bone
Cancellous bone
Also known as spongy bone because its light and spongy. Tiny "spicules" of bone, appear randomly arranged. Ends of long bones and flat bones. Usually the interior of bones
Diarthroses (synovial joints)
Articular cartilage. Fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule. Ligaments. (Fibrous connective tissue. Connect bone to bone)
Tibial tuberosity
Attachment site for patellar tendon
Osteoblasts
Baby bone cells. Cells that form bone.
Pelvic limb
Back leg of an animal
Ball-and-socket joints (spheroidal joints)
Can do all six joint movements. Shoulder (glenohumeral joint) hip (coxofemoral joint)
Volkmann's canals
Canals with blood vessals in them that come in at right angles to Haversian systems
Haversian canals
Canals with blood vessals in them that help bring nutrition to the octeocytes in the Haversian systems
Fossa
Depressed or sunken area on the surface of a bone
Epiphyses
Ends of bones, structure wise. Each bone has two, one proximal and one distal.
Red bone marrow
Forms blood cells. Makes up the majority of bone marrow in young animals. In older animals it's confined to ends of long bones and flat bones.
Thoracic limb
Front leg of an animal. Attached to the body by muscle.
Trochlea
Groove where patella rides
Epiphyseal plate
Growth plate
Os cordis
Heart bone. Supports the heart valve. Only in sheep and cattle
Compact bone
Heavy and dense. Tiny, tightly compacted cylinders of bones. Main part of the long bone and other bones in the body.
Hyoid bone
Holds the tongue, pharanx, and the laranx. Helps animals swallow.
Nutrient foramina
Large channels in large (and long) bones. They carry blood in and out of bone marrow. May resemble fracture of bone cortex in x-rays
Patella
Largest sesamoid bone. Formed in distal tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
Turbinates
Located in the nasal cavity. Warms and humidifies air that we breath in. Very thin. Catches debris we breath in.
Processes
Lumps, bumps, and other projections on a bone. Where muscle, tendons, and ligaments attach
Radius
Main weight bearing bone of the antebrachium?
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts surrounded by bone. Reside in lacuane, which are connected by canaliculi.
Endosteum
Membrane that lines the hollow interior surfaces of bones. Lines the central canal.
Circumduction
Movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circl (synovial joint movement)
Os rostri
Nose bone in pigs so they can dig
Pivot joints (trochoid joints)
One bone rotates on another. Rotation movement only (atlantoaxial joint)
Hinge joints (ginglymus joints)
One joint surface swivels around another. Flexion/extension (elbow, stifle, atlantooccipital joint)
Os penis
Penis bone
Calcaneal tuberosity
Point of attachment for the tendon of the gastrocnemius muscle
Yellow bone marrow
Primarily composed of fat. Majority of bone marrow in adults. Can revert to red marrow.
Osteoclasts
Remodel and remove bone. Eats away the callus that surrounds a broken or fractured bone that was fixed.
Gliding joints (arthrodial joints)
Rocking motion of one bone on another. Flexion/extension (carpus, some abduction and adduction possible)
Diaphysis
Shaft of the bone, structure wise.
Gelnoid cavity
Shoulder joint
Obturator foramina
The holes in the pelvis that make it lighter
Rotation
Twisting movement of a part on its own axis (synovial joint movement)
Fabellae
Two small sesamoid bones. Located in proximal gastrocnemius muscle tendons of cats and dogs. Not present in cattle or horses.
Amphiarthroses (cartilaginous joints)
Vetrebral joints in spine. Pubic symphysis and mandibular symphysis
Condyle, head, facet
What are the three articular surfaces (joint surfaces)?
Illium, ischium, pubis
What are the three bones of the pelvis?
Mallus, incus, stapes
What are the three ear bones from inner to outer?
Coronoid, condylar, and angular
What are the three processes of the ramus (vertical part of the mandible)?
7, 13, 6, 5, 18-21
What is a bovine's vetrebral formula? (Cervical to coccygeal)
7, 13, 7, 3, 20-23
What is a canine's vertebral formula? (Cervical to coccygeal)
7, 18, 6, 5, 15-21
What is a equine's vertebral formula? (Cervical to coccygeal)
7, 13, 7, 3, 5-23
What is a feline's vertebral formula (starting from cervical to coccygeal)?
Facet
What is the flattened portion of the radius (proximal radius) called?
Shaft/body
What is the horizontal part of the mandible called?
Ramus
What is the vertical part of the mandible called?
Olecranon fossa
What locks the arm in a straight position?
Synarthroses (fibrous joints)
What type of joint are sutures in the skull?
Distal
Where is the condyle surface on a bone?
Proximal
Where is the head surface on a bone?
Periosteum
Where osteoblasts are found. Membrane that covers the outer surfaces of bones.
Pterygoid bone
Which internal skull bone has the lateral pharynx?
Vomer bone
Which internal skull bone is a part of the nasal septum?
Sphenoid bone
Which internal skull bone is the base of the cranium? Also where the pituitary gland is.
Palatine bone
Which internal skull bone is the caudal hard palate?
Ethmoid bone
Which internal skull bone is the thin and delicate cribiform plate part of?
Synovial
Which joint classification is freely movable?
Fibrous
Which joint classification is immovable?
Cartilaginous
Which joint classification is slightly movable?
Hip joint
Which joint is the head of the femur?
Flexion
Which joint movement is when you decrease the angle between two bones?
Extension
Which joint movement is when you increase the angle between two bones?
Abduction
Which joint movement is when you move an extremity away from the medial plane?
Adduction
Which joint movement is when you move an extremity towards the medial plane?
Atlas
Which vertebrae is known as C1?
Axis
Which vertebrae is known as C2?
Lumbar
Which vertebral region is known as the abdomen?
Thoracic
Which vertebral region is known as the chest?
Cervical
Which vertebral region is known as the neck?
Sacral
Which vertebral region is known as the pelvis?
Coccygeal
Which vetrebral region is known as the tail?
