SOC 101 Exam #1 Review

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George Herbert Mead

Developed Symbolic Interactionism. Believed development of individual was a social process as were the meanings individuals assigned to things (Looking-Glass Self).

Idealism

The belief that ideas create or are behind reality (Weber).

Materialist interpretation

The belief that matter (objective social relations) determine reality (Marx).

Structural-Functional Analysis

A major theoretical perspective that concerns how the different parts of society work together. (Example: parts of a machine working together)

The Agents of Socialization

Agents such as family, neighborhoods, religion, day-care, school/peer groups, and the workplace.

Protestant Ethic

The belief that the spirit of capitalism stems from the motivation of protestant values. Protestantism is composed of individualism and the satisfaction of God with one's work.

Social Dysfunction

any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society

Symbols

anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

Metaphysical Stage

human behavior governed by natural, biological instincts

Calvinism

overcome cultural obstacles which tell you not to pursue your own well-being. One should follow their calling (work) and serve God in such a way.

Values

the ideas, beliefs, and attitudes about what is important that help guide the way you live

high-income countries

the nations with the highest overall standards of living

Cultural Transmission

the process by which one generation passes culture to the next

Manifest Functions

the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

Interpretive Sociology

the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world.

Critical Sociology

the study of society that focuses on the need for social change

Sociology

the systematic study of human society

Latent Function

the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

Symbolic Interactionism

A major theoretical perspective and idea that there are symbols in everyday life that have been defined by society and affect the way it works.

Real Culture

The way that people actually act within a society.

Charles Cooley and George Mead

These two Sociologists are the founders of symbolic interactionism.

Superego

This is based on what one has learned from the groups they grew up in. It is a social conscience.

Ego

This is the balance between ID and Superego. This balance creates your personality.

Public Sociology

This is the middle ground between Basic and Applied sociology.

Sapir-Whorf theory

This theory states that it is not our environment that shapes the way we see, but our language.

Closed-ended questions

questions that are multiple choice and easily quantifiable.

ID

(Inborn Drives) are the various needs your body naturally craves.

Degradation Ceremony

A ceremony meant to detach one from their identity so they may be humiliated and/drafted into a new society.

More

A core value that is very important to a society.

Counterculture

A culture that conflicts with the dominant culture.

Subculture

A culture that exists within another but does not conflict with the dominant culture.

Language

A method of communication that allows for cumulative human experience. It has specific connotations and therefore ways of viewing the world.

Deviance

A neutral term that describes one differing from societal norms.

Folkway

A norm that is not enforced, but still expected of members of society.

Multiculturalism

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions

Harry Harlow

A sociologist that observed the isolation of juvenile monkeys and saw that they crave physical comfort more than they do food or water. He also observed that after six months of isolation, socialization becomes more difficult to achieve.

William Ogburn

A sociologist who coined the term "Cultural Lag".

Dysfunction

An issue within society that disrupts the way it works.

Negative Sanction

Any sort of punishment for breaking a norm.

Positive Sanction

Any sort of reward for maintaining societal norms.

Isolated Children

Children who are given limited human interaction and therefore have dampened abilities. (Example: Genie)

Auguste Comte

Coined the term "Sociology". He was a functionalist (utilized the analogy that society is like the human body).

Karl Marx

Conflict theorist. He theorized that the Proletariats would overthrow the Bourgeoisie.

Superstructure

Education, Family, Religion, Mass Media, and Politics.

Who argued that suicide rates are affected by society?

Emile Durkheim. He studied the ways and frequency that races and genders commit suicide. The more isolated an individual is the more at risk they are.

The 10 social institutions

Family, religion, education, economy, medicine, politics, the law, science, the military, mass media.

Theological stage

Focus on society being stratified by God's will.

Max Weber

He believed that RELIGION was the driving force behind social change. He defined the "protestant ethic". He said that sociology should be "value-free".

Sigmund Freud

He said that personality is composed of ID, ego, and super ego. He claimed that as the mind and self developed so did a personality.

Robert Merton

He said that there are latent and manifest functions of different aspects of society.

Erving Goffman

He studied total institutions and recognized the frequent use of degradation ceremonies in these institutions.

Emile Durkheim

He was responsible for getting sociology recognized as a separate discipline.He was a functionalist who said that all parts of society operate separately.

Factors of Cultural Change

Inventions, Discoveries, and DIffusion

Unobtrusive measures

Methods that one uses to observe that does not disrupt the environment they are studying.

Opened-ended questions

Questions that allow free response answers.

Gerhard Lenski

Said that society is defined by level of technology

What is Communism's major flaw?

Since everyone receives equal resources there is no motivation for people to work hard and make new technological advancements. Communist societies are behind the rest of the world technologically.

How does Social Marginality affect one's ability to utilize the sociological perspective?

Social Marginality augments one's ability to use the Sociological Perspective.

What spurred the creation of Sociology?

Social upheaval in England, imperealism in France, and the emergence of the scientific method. Also, the industrial revolution.

Taboo

Something which is considered disgusting or irredeemable by society if committed.

Secondary Analysis

Studying another individual's findings.

Micro-analysis

Studying society's more specific functions (case studies for example). This perspective is associated with symbolic interactionism.

Macro-analysis

The broad study of society that includes ideas from the functionalist and conflict perspectives.

Ideal culture

The desirable values of a society.

Culture

The language, beliefs, values, norms, and material objects of a group of people.

Basic Sociology

The observation of society for the sole purpose of learning and not intervention.

Structure

The opposing force of Agency (free-will).

"I" and "Me"

The parts of the self, according to Mead, one more active and spontaneous (I), the other more a product of socialization (Me).

The enclosure movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Resocialization

The process of learning new norms, attitudes, and behaviors. It occurs each time we learn something different from previous experiences (example: middle school to high school or high school to college).

Cultural Relativism

The process of understanding other cultures on their own terms. (Note: it is impossible to adopt a completely unbiased view)

Cultural Diffusion

The spread of a culture's values to different societies. This process has been augmented by the advancement of technology.

Social Conflict Paradigm

The theoretical perspective that explains the struggle between the upper and lower classes. Karl Marx is the founder of this perspective.

Applied Sociology

The use of sociology to fix what is wrong with society. EX. the NAACP.

Ethnocentrism

Using one's own culture as a lens to view others with.

Global Perspective

Viewing a society's place in the world.

Field Work

When one studies a natural setting in society.

The Enlightenment

a philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasizes the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions.

The Communist Manifesto

a political statement and a summation of history from Marx's point of view

Positivism

a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation

Looking-Glass Self

an image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you

Theoretical Perspectives

basic sociology, applied sociology, and public sociology.

Alexis de Toqueville

claimed that the french revolution amounted to "nothing short of the regeneration of the whole human race,".

high Culture

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

C. Wright Mills

defined sociology as the intersection of society and how we see ourselves. He urged social reform and feared that powerful businesses would infringe on peoples' freedom.

Lenore Weitzman

discovered that women who leave marriages typically experience a dramatic loss of income. This made states pass laws that have increased women's claims.

Socialization

experiences by which individuals develop human potential and culture

Theory

explains why facts are related to various outcomes.

Which agent of socialization is most important?

family

sociological perspective

helps us to assess "common sense", enacts involvement in society, lets us see opportunities and constraints, helps us live in a diverse world

Ethnocentrism

judging another based on your own culture rather than their own.

Rationalization

labors are free but they are also subjected to the market in order to use their freedom.

Scientific Stage

modern physics, chemistry, sociology

middle-income countries

nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole

Culture shock

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

paradigm

sets of assumptions that guide thinking and research or assumptions which aid in the development of theory.

agency

the ability to think, act, and make choices independently

Historical Materialism

the assumption that material forces are the prime movers of history and politics; a key philosophy of Marxism

Cultural integration

the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system

Generalized other

the common behavioral expectations of general society


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