SOC101- Exam 2

which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy?

formal organization, division of labor, written rules

Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?

violation of social norms

If group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?

virtual community

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective?

Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic principles of social stratification?

Low-level groups often have access to all the rewards and privileges of higher level groups.

what term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

McDonaldization

What is the relationship between social class and race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today?

Strictly speaking, social class is determined by socioeconomic status, but there is often overlap between class and these other variables.

If you decided that you could never get into a good school and so could never get a good job, you might decide to sell crack cocaine instead as a way to make a living. According to Robert Merton, what sort of deviant would you be?

an innovator

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

anomie, or normlessness.

In the 1960s Timothy Leary famously advised everyone to "turn on, tune in, and drop out," and, although he insisted that it meant more, most people assumed he was telling them to "get stoned and abandon all constructive activity." How would Robert Merton's structural strain theory classify someone who took this advice?

as a retreatist

What do sociologists call awareness of our own and others' class statuses?

class consciousness

Because laws represent the interests of those in power, crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes. This argument is consistent with:

conflict theory

Traditionally most of the sociological literature on deviance focuses on:

crime

Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, as there simply isn't enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so, which means that most of America has to:

deal with bureaucracies

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called:

group cohesion

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?

group dynamics

Which of the following statements is not true about in-groups?

in-group membership is often temporary

According to Robert Putnam, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate?

increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds

What did Robert Merton call a prediction that came true only because the prediction was made?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:

the personal qualities of the leader

According to the structural strain theory of deviance as articulated by Robert Merton, what is one of the principal reasons that people turn to deviant behavior in the United States?

The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means to achieve that goal.

If an upper-middle-class white college student is sentenced to rehab for the same drug crime that a lower-class black man is sentenced to jail for committing, what might a conflict theorist conclude about deviance?

The rules are applied unequally, and those with power or influence are punished much less harshly.

What sort of social mobility is possible in a caste system?

There is little or no chance of social mobility.

Which of the following is true of the upper class in the United States today?

They are a largely self-sustaining group and rarely add new members.

The parents of a deviant child often want to find some way to excuse their offspring's behavior, and it's common to hear them say, "He just fell in with a bad crowd." Which symbolic interactionist theory of deviance does this explanation most closely resemble?

differential association

Expecting Rain is a website devoted to the life and work of Bob Dylan, and it includes a bulletin board where fans can have conversations with one another about their favorite albums. The website has rules prohibiting illegally copied materials and pornographic or provocative content. What are these rules called?

netiquette

Which kinds of departures from the norm can have a stigmatizing effect on an individual's identity?

physical disability alcohol addiction mental illness having served time in jail

which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships?

primary groups

When people attend high school class reunions, they often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures to those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n):

reference group

What system of stratification is commonly used in capitalist societies?

social class

Robert Putnam's research can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns are overblown?

the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support

Many people, especially young women, worry about maintaining a tan. Sometimes, if they don't have the time to tan naturally, they go to a tanning salon or use chemicals to simulate a tan. In some cultures, this might seem bizarre, which can help us to realize that:

the line between beauty and deviance is fluid and changes across time and place.

which of the following is NOT true regarding the nature of bureaucracies?

they are organized in a way that breaks down hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another.

Imagine that a powerful and influential person decided to heavily tattoo her own face with symbols and images that told parts of her life story. Would she be treated as a deviant?

Yes, it would be in the United States, although there are other cultures that would consider it normal or desirable.

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd?

a crowd doesn't necessarily feel a shared identity

which of the following would not be considered an aggregate?

a primary group

The definition of what constitutes a group is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Information Revolution. Which of the following is evidence of this?

electronic communities, chat rooms, online interaction, "virtual" relationships

Member of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other?

group

Before the Second Gulf War, many in the U.S. government believed that Iraq possessed significant stores of weapons of mass destruction. In part, this belief was supported by CIA intelligence reports that later turned out to be wrong. Some have blamed the intense need for group cohesion and loyalty for driving out anyone who disagreed with the analysis. What is this called?

groupthink

."The Saints and the Roughnecks" by William Chambliss followed two groups of boys over the course of several years. Both groups did many deviant things. The Saints, eight young men from "white upper-middle-class families" potentially presented the greater danger to their community by driving drunk and vandalizing stop signs. However it was the Roughnecks, six "lower-class white boys" who were "constantly in trouble with the police." Very different backgrounds and very similar actions produced very different expectations. Those expectations, or prophecies, had real consequences. All but one of the Saints went on to college and then to professional positions. Only two of the Roughnecks went on to college, both on athletic scholarships, while several of the rest adopted deviant lifestyles and careers, also known as:

secondary deviance

What criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members?

wealth, property, power, and prestige

Although branding is no longer used as a form of punishment in the United States, some subcultures have adopted it as a form of body art. This demonstrates that:

what is considered deviant changes overtime