SOCI- Exam 3
Sometimes prejudice results from
Ethnocentrism
what is genocide?
deliberate, systematic killing of entire people or nation
What is institutional discrimination?
denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from normal operations of a society
what is discrimination?
denial of opportunities and equal rights to people on an arbitrary basis
in the conflict perspective, One way for the powerful to maintain the status quo is to define and disseminate the society's _______________ ______________
dominant ideology
a plumber whose father was a physician provides an example of
downward intergenerational mobility
A man who becomes a taxicab driver after his accounting firm goes bankrupt undergoes
downward intragenerational mobility.
In the United States, Puerto Ricans, Jews, and Polish Americans are all categorized as
ethnic groups
Inteactionist Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
everyday contact contributes to tolerance or hostility
what are gender roles?
expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females
According to Marx, ________________ of the proletariat will inevitably lead to the destruction of the capitalist system, because the workers will revolt.
exploitation
A sociologist argues that the capitalist ruling class is willing to tolerate high rates of illegal immigration because these immigrants serve as a cheap labor pool. This sociologist is most likely drawing upon
exploitation theory
T/F: Distinction between racial and ethnic groups are not socially significant
false
In Gender role socialization, girls are viewed as
feminine
soft, emotional, sweet, and submissive are all terms to describe
feminine
In 2000 Congress passed Trafficking Victims Protection Act for what purpose?
for the purpose of : Monitoring other countries' efforts to investigate, prosecute, and convict those participating in trafficking
what is colonialism?
foreign power maintains political, social, economic, and cultural domination for an extended period of time
Mobility patterns in ______________ countries are usually associated with both intergenerational and intragenerational mobility
industrialized
Similar to the systems of slavery and caste, __________ __ _____ _______________ largely defined the estate system
inheritance of one's position
Which sociological perspective notes that among those elderly who decline in their mental capacities, deterioration is most rapid in old people who withdraw from social relationships and activities?
interactionist perspective
What are the two types of vertical mobility?
intergenerational and intragenerational mobility
Max Weber saw class as closely related to people's
life chances
which class disproportionately consists of Black and Hispanic people, single mothers with young children, and people who cannot find regular work or must make do with low-paying work
lower class
which type of middle class includes less affluent professionals, such as elementary school teachers, and nurses, owners of small businesses, and a sizable number of clerical workers?
lower middle class
In Gender-Role Socialization, Boys are viewed as
masculine
what are stereotypes?
unreliable generalizations about all members of a group that do not recognize individual differences with the group
Of the five classes, which class is declining noticeably in size
working class
Upper class makes up ________% of U.S. and consist of great wealth and political power
1-2%
Upper middle class makes up ___ % of the U.S
10-15%
T/F: Distinction between racial and ethnic groups is always clear
False
T/F: Terms such as "her" are an example of gender neutral pronouns.
False
movement within the same range of prestige is called
Horizontal mobility
negative attitude toward an entire category of people is known as
Prejudice
Caste is an _______________ status
ascribed
Those at the top of the social hierarchy may purchase more automobiles than they can reasonably use, or build homes with more rooms than they can possibly occupy. This example represents what?
conspicuous consumption
purchasing goods not to survive but to flaunt superior wealth and social standing is known as
conspicuous consumption
symbolic ethnicity is the
emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage
what is Amalgamation?
happens when majority group and minority group combine to form a new group United States as "melting pot" does not adequately describe dominant-subordinate relations
Life chances are reflected in measures such as
housing, education, and health
active, aggressive, tough, daring, and dominant are all terms to describe
masculine
Beginning at birth women face
sex discrimination
Marx focused on the two classes that began to emerge as the feudal estate system declined, the ________________ and the ________________
the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
what are the 5 basic properties of a minority group
1. Unequal treatment 2. Distinguishing cultural characteristics 3. Involuntary membership 4. strong sense of group Solidarity 5. In-group marriage
what is the five-class model that is used to describe the U.S. class system?
1. Upper 2. Lower Classes 3. middle class 4.Working Class 5.Class Warfare
lower class makes up ______% of the U.S
20-25%
lower middle class makes up ___ % of the U.S
30-35%
social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts describes what?
Achieved status
positive efforts to recruit minority members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities is known as
Affirmative action
Which is not a way in which racial and ethnic groups can relate to one another? Genocide segregation Amalgamation Assimilation Pluralism?
All are ways in which racial and ethnic groups can relate to one another
The social position assigned to person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics. such as biological like female or male, describes what?
Ascribed status
Past and present discrimination heightens these problems for those low-income urban residents who are
Black or Hispanic
capitalist class; owners of the means of production, such as factories and machinery describes which of Marx's classes
Bourgeoisie
___________ is generally associated with Hinduism in India.
Castes
hereditary ranks that are usually religiously dictated and that tend to be fixed and immobile, describes what
Castes
In the class system, __________ __________ is heavily dependent on family and ascribed factors such as race and ethnicity
Class standing
in which system is social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility?
Class system
This system allows little or no possibility of moving up. in such societies with this system, social placement is based on ascribed statuses, such as race or family background, which cannot be changed
Closed system
which perspective believes that Multinational corporations exploit local workers to maximize profits
Conflict Perspective
which perspective do the following statements fall under? Social stratification facilitates exploitation Social inequality is excessive and growing Wealthy use dominant ideology to further their own interests
Conflict Perspective
In the dependency theory, Industrialized nations exploit developing nations through colonialism and multinational corporations. this relates to what perspective?
Conflict perspective
in which perspective are Human beings prone to conflict over scarce resources such as wealth, status, and power?
Conflict perspective
What is the conflict explanation for the existence and necessity of social stratification?
Conflict theorists argue that competition for scarce resources results in significant political, economic, and social inequality.
In the Interactionist Perspective, _______________ hypothesis describes the interracial contact between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances will cause them to become less prejudiced and to abandon old stereotypes
Contact hypothesis
even as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations and corporations. this theory is known as
Dependency theory
An elementary school teacher who becomes a bank teller moves from one social position to another of the same rank. what form of mobility is being described?
Downward Vertical Mobility
who predicted "the color line" foremost problem of 20th century?
DuBois
The Impact of ____________, in social mobility, plays a critical role, especially in intergenerational mobility
Education
which system required peasants to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services?
Estate system (also called feudalism)
reputation a specific person has earned within an occupation, is known as
Esteem
group set apart from others primarily because of its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns, is known as
Ethnic group
T/F: The most extreme form of legalized social any quality for individuals or groups is a castle system
False Correct answer is Slavery
which perspective believes that Multinational corporations help developing nations
Functionalist Perspective
in which perspective is Social inequality necessary so people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions?
Functionalist perspective
which perspective do the following statements fall under? Social stratification facilitates filling of social positions Social inequality is necessary to some extent Talents and skills of the wealthy create opportunities for others
Functionalist perspective
which perspective does not explain the wide disparity between rich and poor
Functionalist perspective
What is the Functionalist explanation for the existence and necessity of social stratification?
Functionalists maintain that a differential system of rewards and punishments is necessary for the efficient operation of society.
Adults, older siblings, mass media, religious institutions, and educational institutions exert important influences for
Gender-Role Socialization
An invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals in work environment because of gender, race, or ethnicity, is referred to as
Glass ceiling
_____________is often blamed for the growing inequality, because it has forced less skilled workers to compete with lower-paid foreign-born workers
Globalization
An elementary school teacher who becomes a police officer moves from one social position to another of the same rank, what form of mobility is being described here?
Horizontal mobility
what is the "One-drop rule"
If a person had even a single drop of "Black blood," that person was defined and viewed as Black, even if he or she appeared to be white.
Racial and ethnic makeup of present-day society determined by three things, what are they?
Immigration Colonialism Slavery
In who's view does Poverty and the poor satisfy positive functions for many non-poor groups
In Gans view
Divides in global wealth emerged as result of the _____________ ______________ and rising ______________ productivity
Industrial Revolution / agricultural
which perspective do the following statements fall under? Social stratification influences people's lifestyles Social inequality influences intergroup relations Wealthy exhibit conspicuous consumption and conspicuous leisure
Interactionist Perspective
changes in children's position relative to their parents, describes what type of vertical mobility?
Intergenerational mobility
when the social position changes within person's adult life, this is ______________________ mobility
Intragenerational mobility
Who said this quote "of all classes the rich are the most noticed and the least studied." ?
John Kenneth Galbraith
No theorist stressed significance of class for society more strongly than
Karl Marx
lower class generally _______ wealth and income and are politically _______
Lack/ weak
who are the largest minority in the U.S. with more than 55 million?
Latinos
in who's viewpoint does the emergence of surplus resources expands possibilities for inequality?
Lenski's Viewpoint
people's opportunities to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences, is known as
Life chances
who argued stratification has many dimensions?
Max Weber
in _______ __________ view of stratification, No single characteristic totally defines a person's position within the stratification system
Max Weber's
One whose income falls between two-thirds and twice the nation's median household income is in which class?
Middle class
One contributor to why 11 - 15% in the United States live below the poverty line is that large number of workers are employed at
Minimum wage
A subordinate group whose members have significantly less control or power over their own lives, is referred to as
Minority group
the process by which peripheral nations move from traditional institutions to those characteristic of developed societies, is called
Modernization
In _______________ mobility, people who reach an occupational level above or below that of their parents usually advance or fall back only one or two out of a possible eight occupational levels. Example: the child of a laborer may become an artisan or a technician, but he or she is less likely to become a manager or professional.
Occupational Mobility
In _________________ mobility, the odds against reaching the top are extremely high unless one begins from a relatively privileged position
Occupational Mobility
In this system, the position of each individual is influenced by the person's achieved status. this system encourages competition among members of society.
Open system
who was the first sociologist to distinguish between horizontal and vertical mobility?
Pitirim Sorokin
a money income figure that is adjusted annually to reflect the consumption requirements of families based on their size and composition is known as
Poverty line
"My daughter, the physicist" connotes something very different from "my daughter, the waitress.". This is an example of what?
Prestige
respect and admiration an occupation holds in society, describes what?
Prestige
working class describes which of Marx's classes
Proletariat
group set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance, is called
Racial group
One important and widespread ideology that reinforces prejudice is
Racism
floating standard by which people at the bottom of society are judged as being disadvantaged in comparison to the nation as a whole., is known as
Relative poverty
The key to the objective method is that the ____________, not the person being classified, identifies the person's class position
Researcher
who used a five-class model to describe U.S. class system?
Rossides
what is an example of close system?
Slavery and caste systems
In the movie Maid in Manhattan, Jennifer Lopez plays the lead in a modern-day Cinderella story, rising from the lowly status of chambermaid in a big-city hotel to a company supervisor and the girlfriend of a well-to-do politician. This is an example of
Social mobility
The movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another, is called
Social mobility
Rose's four dysfunctions associated with racism include
Society that practices discrimination fails to use resources of all individuals Discrimination aggravates social problems Society must invest time and money to defend barriers to full participation Racial prejudice undercuts goodwill and diplomatic relations between nations
Gans has identified a number (5) of social, economic, and political functions that the poor perform for society. what are they?
Society's dirty work performed at low cost Creates jobs for occupations and professions that serve the poor Upholds conventional social norms and values Guarantees higher status of the more affluent Poor absorb costs of social change
Conflict theorists see ____________ as a major source of societal tension and see that this leads to instability and social change
Stratification
What can be said about the patterns of intergenerational mobility in industrial nations?
Structural factors influence opportunities for social mobility.
T/F: Each caste is quite sharply defined, and members are expected to marry within that caste
True
T/F: In the Social Construction of Race, Society labels those differences people consider important, while ignoring other characteristics
True
T/F: Ironically Asian Americans are often held up as unqualified success story
True
T/F: Majority of the poor live outside of urban slums
True
T/F: Most significant mobility is movement out of poverty
True
T/F: Occupational Mobility has been common among males
True
T/F: Occupying a higher social class in society improves your life chances and brings greater access to social rewards
True
T/F: Overall composition of the poor changes continually
True
T/F: Prejudiced attitudes are not the same as discriminatory behavior
True
T/F: Stratification is universal in that all societies maintain some form of social inequality among members.
True
T/F: The overwhelming majority of people begin with a definite sex and quickly receive societal messages about how to behave.
True
T/F: The working class tends to identify with manual workers and their long history of involvement in the labor movement.
True
T/F: Vertical mobility can also involve moving downward in a society's stratification system
True
T/F: in the class system the boundaries between classes are imprecisely defined, and one can move from one stratum, or level, of society to another
True
T/F: the minority group's sense of solidarity encourages marriage within the group and discourages marriage to outsiders
True
long-term poor who lack training and skills are called
Underclass
the management of an apartment complex may refuse to rent to African Americans, Hispanics, or Jews, is an example of
Unequal treatment
which type of middle class includes professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, and architects. these individuals participate extensively in politics and take leadership roles in voluntary associations?
Upper middle class
In India there are four major castes, called,
Varnas
An elementary school teacher who becomes a lawyer moves from one social position to another of the same rank. what form of mobility is being described here?
Vertical mobility
movement from one position to another of a different rank
Vertical mobility
who theorized the world systems analysis where interdependent global economy rests on unequal economic and political relationships
Wallerstein
____________ in the U.S. much more unevenly distributed than income
Wealth
___________, ___________, and ___________ provide additional ways of coping with problems and disappointments
Wealth, status, and power
________ households have 10 times median wealth of _________ households; 13 times that of _________
White; Latino; Blacks
What is modernization theory?
a functionalist perspective that modernization and development will gradually improve lives of people in developing nations
Asian Pacific Americans constitute a model minority. what is the meaning of model minority?
a group that, despite past prejudice and discrimination, succeeds economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political or violent confrontations with whites
which of the following is a correct statement based on the impact of gender: Clerical occupations open to women offer modest salaries and little advancement Women find it harder to secure financing for new business ventures Women unlikely to move into fathers' positions
all are correct: Clerical occupations open to women offer modest salaries and little advancement Women find it harder to secure financing for new business ventures Women unlikely to move into fathers' positions
What is racially profiling and what perspective does it fall under?
any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on person's behavior Labeling perspective
what is false consciousness?
attitude held by members of class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
what is Pluralism?
based on mutual respect among various groups in a society for one another's cultures
why is Estate system also called feudalism?
because it's associated with feudal societies during the Middle Ages
Conflict theorists generally agree that two major power sources are closely interrelated. What are they?
big business and government
For Marx, class consciousness was part of a collective process in which the proletariat comes to identify the _____________ as the source of its oppression.
bourgeoisie
In capitalist societies, the members of the _________________ maximize profit in competition with other firms
bourgeoisie
In both Europe and the New World, the rise of slavery was essential to the growth and development of
capitalism
A group of people who have similar level of wealth and income is known as a
class
certain workers in the United States try to support their families through minimum-wage jobs. According to Weber's definition, these wage earners constitute a _________ because they share the same economic position and fate.
class
Marx identified three distinct components of stratification:
class, status, and power
Multinational corporation is the
commercial organization headquartered in one country but doing business throughout the world
According to Veblen, the top of the social hierarchy typically convert part of their wealth into
conspicuous consumption
what is Neocolonialism?
continued dependence on more industrialized nations for managerial and technical expertise by former colonies
Conflict Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
economic structure is a central factor in the exploitation of minorities. Example is the Exploitation theory
what is Capitalism?
economic system in which means of production held largely in private hands, and main incentive for economic activity is accumulation of profits
T/F: Income in the United States is distributed evenly
false, it is distributed Unevenly
One commonly used measure of absolute poverty is the
federal government's poverty line
Girls develop a feminine self-image by identifying with
females and males in their families and neighborhoods and in the media
Inequality is a significant determinant of
human behavior
With the impact of ___________, Women more likely to leave the labor force if job skills exceed offered jobs
impact of gender
what is wealth?
inclusive term encompassing all a person's material assets
A Major factor in the feminization of poverty has been the:
increase in families with women as single heads of household
Sociologists use the terms open stratification system and closed stratification system to
indicate the degree of social mobility in a society
Sociologists and feminist sociologists have come up with new approaches to asses women's social class standing. One new approach focuses on the __________ rather than family or household
individual
what is socioeconomic status (SES)
measure of social class based on income, education, and occupation
in a status group, an individual gains status through
membership in a desirable group, such as the medical profession
what is absolute poverty?
minimum level of subsistence that no family should live below
Labeling theorists Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
minorities singled out for differential treatment by law enforcement
When sociologists define a ________ ___________, they are concerned primarily with the economic and political power, or powerlessness, of that group
minority group
Another complication in measuring social class is that advances in statistical methods and computer technology have
multiplied with advances in statistical methods and computer technology
Ethnic groups are set apart from others because of
national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
What distinguishes this oppressive system of stratification (slavery) is that enslaved individuals are ___________ by other people, who treat these human beings as ___________
owned/property
To determine the socioeconomic status of a young person, such as a college student under age 25, they use
parental income, education, and occupation
what is Redlining
pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority and racially changing neighborhoods
What is segregation?
physical separation of two groups of people in terms of residence
The ability to exercise one's will over others describes
power
if you immediately stereotype your roommate on the basis of such characteristics as race, ethnicity, or religion, that is a form of
prejudice
The ___________ ____________ of occupations has proved to be a useful indicator of a person's class position.
prestige ranking
what is Assimilation
process through which people forsake their cultural traditions to become part of a different culture Generally, practiced by a minority group member who wants to conform to the standards of the dominant group
Downward mobility is significantly higher with the impact of ______ and ___________
race and ethnicity
Whites, Black Americans, and Asian Americans are all considered _________ groups in the United States
racial
The creation of a reservation system for Native Americans in the late 1800s is one example of
racial formation
sociologists use the term _______ _________ to refer to those minorities
racial group
Functionalist Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity
racial prejudice and discrimination positive for dominant groups
what is Exploitation theory?
racism keeps minorities in low-paying jobs and supplies dominant group with cheap labor
What is Black Power?
rejected assimilation into White middle-class society
what is the objective method?
researchers assign individuals to classes on basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income, and place of residence
what is white privilege?
rights or immunities granted to people as a benefit or favor simply because they are White
What is income?
salaries and wages, earned interest, stock dividends, and rental income
what is Dominant ideology?
set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
Interactionists are interested in the importance of social class in
shaping a person's lifestyle
Universal Declaration of Human Rights prohibits _________ in all forms
slavery
What are the Four general systems of stratification?
slavery, castes, Estates social classes
Because race is a ___________ _______________, the process of defining races typically benefits those who have more power and privilege than others.
social construction
Stratification involves the ways in which one generation passes on ______________ ________________ to the next, producing groups of people arranged in rank order, from low to high
social inequalities
All societies demonstrate some degree of __________ _____________
social inequality
In Lenski's viewpoint, the Allocation of surplus goods and services by holders of power and wealth reinforces __________ ____________
social inequality
When researchers use multiple measures, they typically speak of
socioeconomic status (SES)
people who have the same prestige or lifestyle, is called
status group
Prejudice is also rooted in racial and ethnic
stereotypes
what is Stratification?
structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
According to the text, the global poor can be found in, choose one: a. sub-Sahara Africa and the West Bank. b. Eastern Europe. c. Japan and the Philippines. d. Latin America and South America.
sub-Sahara Africa and the West Bank.
What is class consciousness?
subjective awareness of common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about change
In Lenski's view, As a society advances _______________, it becomes capable of producing surplus of goods.
technologically
Conflict theorists and other observers trace the higher rates of poverty among women to three distinct factors, what are they?
the difficulty in finding affordable child care, sexual harassment, sex discrimination in the labor market
Three forces are particularly responsible for the long-term domination of the world marketplace by a few nations:
the legacy of colonialism, the advent of multinational corporations, modernization.
In Robert Atchley's conceptualization of the retirement process, the "near phase" refers to the:
the person establishes a specific departure date from his or her job
In Karl Marx's View of Class Differentiation, Social relations depend on who controls the
the primary mode of production
what is Social inequality?
the situation in which members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power
Racial formation is
the sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed
those with, - Limited educational opportunities - Greater exposure to crime and health risks - Reduced access to private investment - Higher prices for goods and services fall under
the underclass
what is Color-blind racism? also called Covert Racism
the use of principle of race neutrality to defend racially unequal status quo
Leonardo DiCaprio, who was raised by a single mother in a neighborhood frequented by drug dealers and prostitutes, illustrates
upward intergenerational mobility
A woman who begins work as a teacher's aide and eventually becomes superintendent of the school district experiences
upward intragenerational mobility.
Depending on its _________, a society may assign people to distinctive ranks based on their religious knowledge, skill in hunting, physical attractiveness, trading expertise, or ability to provide health care.
values
Past studies of social class tended to neglect occupations and incomes of _________ as determinants of social rank
women
Another feminist effort to measure the contribution of women to the economy is to give monetary value to __________ __________ _________
women's unpaid work
Since World War II, an increasing proportion of U.S. poor have been ________, this trend is known as ________________ ___ _____________
women/feminization of poverty
which class does this describe "Some may have income above those of the lower-middle class but identify with manual workers"
working class
which class makes up 40-45% of the U.S?
working class
What is globalization?
worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and exchange of ideas
