Social Psych Exam 3

Mark and Cynthia are writing out checks to donate to their alma mater. First, Mark says he's going to donate $5,000, and then Cynthia indicates she might be able to donate more than that. Mark then decides he too could contribute more than$5,000. What is this called?

Competitive Altruism

As the number of bystanders who are present at an emergency increases, the probability that any one bystander will help ________, and the length of time that passes before help occurs ________.

Decreases; Increases

What are the three distinct components of empathy?

Emotional empathy, empathic accuracy, empathic concern.

The empathic joy hypothesis requires people to not only provide help but also be presented with an opportunity to ____.

Know that helping produced a positive impact.

That aggression springs mainly from an inherited fighting instinct, which ensures that only the strongest males will obtain mates and pass their genes onto the next generation.

Lorenz on aggression

When participants were faced with resisting the temptation of a delicious looking donut, they were ____ than those in a control condition.

More aggressive.

The first step involved in deciding whether or not to offer assistance in an emergency is to ________.

Notice that something unusual is happening.

Participants were told they were likely to spend much of their future alone, they then read a story about someone and were asked to rate this person, finally they were asked if this person was suitable to work as a research assistant. Findings show that participants

Rated the applicant quite negatively.

The tendency to respond to a threat to one's self-concept by focusing on something one is competent at in another domain is referred to as ________.

Self-Affirmation

Two aspects of empathy are ________ and ________.

Taking another's perspective; Sympathizing with another person.

What are the current trends with regard to empathy?

U.S. college students are showing less empathy than in previous decades.

Empathic responses to the needs of others are more common in children who have ________.

a secure attachment style

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man ________.

acted as a pro-social model

Ron and Elaine are walking down the street when they see someone helping an old man across the road. On the next block, they see a woman having difficulty in trying to get across the street. Elaine says, "We'd better give her a hand." The woman who initially helped the old man

acted as a prosocial model

Social exchange theory argues that true _____ does not exist

altruism

People with _____ personalities have qualities that could cause them to help others in a wide variety of situations

altruistic

The idea that some people may be more helpful than others is at the essence of the ________ personality.

altruistic

The prisoners dilemma involves a situation in which

cooperation between two people results in large gains but if they both compete they both lose

According to Zajonc's drive theory of social facilitation, an audience will

d.improve the performance of highly skilled individuals and interfere with the performance of less skillful individuals

The loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can't be identified is called

deindividuation

Wayne and Cheryl were at a restaurant eating dinner when he noticed a faint smell of smoke coming from the air conditioning vent. No one else in the busy restaurant seemed to be concerned about the odor, and Wayne was not sure if it was the result of an electrical problem or of food scorching in the kitchen. Wayne's uncertainty, combined with the observation that others were not taking action,means that Wayne will probably ________.

do nothing

The concept of empathy is defined by all of the following except

does not include a cognitive component

Which involves sharing the feelings and emotions of others?

emotional empathy

Karen knows that her neighbors often struggle to make ends meet. She sometimes offers to babysit for free because she can easily afford to do so and feels good that she can help in this small way. This example most clearly illustrates the

empathetic joy hypothesis

A cognitive component, which involves perceiving others thoughts and feelings accurately

empathic accuracy

Involves feelings of concern for another's well-being.

empathic concern

____ can get in the way of good group decision making

group cohesiveness

The empathetic joy hypothesis suggests we

help others because of the positive emotions we anticipate experiencing as a result of our helping behaviors

The consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol _____ the probability that people will try to help in an emergency because

increases; alcohol reduces anxiety about the reactions of others

Gillian and Evelyn go out to dinner and for no reason Evelyn decides to pay the full bill rather than split the bill. Gillian is likely to feel

indebted and make future plans to repay this kindness

People join groups and seek out group affiliation for a number of reasons. Which of the following is not a reason people seek to join groups?

independence

The need to belong to a group is

innate

Helping behavior is adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint if

it helps to secure propagation of an individual's genes.

The principle of kin selection is based on the assumption that

it is the survival of genes that matters most from an evolutionary perspective.

Social exchange theory argues that altruistic behavior is rooted in a person's need to

maximize rewards and minimize costs

Stimulus overload would interfere with potential helping behavior at which step of Latané and Darley's (1970) five-step model of helping?

noticing the event

Latané and Darley's (1968) "smoke-filled room" study demonstrated the concept of

pluralistic ignorance

The belief that one's own thoughts and feelings differ from those of others, even though everyone is behaving in the same way, is called

pluralistic ignorance

Volunteerism and community service are forms of

prosocial behavior

Which of the following increases the likelihood that a person will feel empathy toward others?

recent inclusion in a group

The negative state relief model suggests that people may be especially likely to help when they feel ________ .

sadness

If you are involved in an accident in a public place and need help, the best way to get help is to

single out one person and ask will you please call 911

Jason, Paul, and Mark are working on a group project for their social psychology class. Jason believes that Paul is not doing as much work on the project as he and Mark are doing. If Jason is accurate in his perception, Paul is engaging in

social loafing

If you are showing behavior consistent with socially approved and disapproved behavior, then you are showing ________ .

social norms

A reason for any gender differences in conformity involves a difference in _____ between men and women.

status

Social loafing is reduced when

the apparent value of the task is maximized

When there are many bystanders during an emergency, the probability of receiving help is reduced. This is because of

the diffusion of responsibility that occurs

We help our family and our friends more than strangers. We tend to be more helpful when we are empathic toward the plight of others. Diffusion of responsibility is reduced if we anticipate making the acquaintance of someone who needs help. All of these examples illustrate

the underlying human need for social connections

Many different factors contribute to the bystander effect. Which of the following is not one of them?

time pressure

In one study students were made to experience social exclusion or social inclusion by being told they would likely be alone in later life or that they would have a future rich in personal relationships. Results indicate participants who were

told they would be alone were less willing to help a fellow student

Diffusion of responsibility implies that ________ .

we tend to believe that others will or should intervene in an emergency

During the Nazi Holocaust, it was more likely for non-Jewish German ________ to help rescue Jews. This fact is ________ with contemporary gender differences of empathy.

women; consistent

Latane and Darley's (1971) 5 essential steps to a prosocial response in an emergency

(1)Noticing, or Failing to notice, that something unusual is happening. (2)Correctly interpreting an event as an emergency. (3) Deciding that it is your responsibility to provide help. (4) Deciding that you have the knowledge and/or skills to act. (5) Making the final decision to provide help.

In one study, students from one school were asked to help students at another school. When the school to be helped had scored higher than the school of students asked to help, students offered more help to the school that was doing better than they were. This is called _______.

Defensive Helping

According to the social learning perspective, people learn ________.

Different ways of inflicting harm on others and what situations tolerate or encourage aggressive behavior.

Kin selection refers to the idea that ________.

Natural selection applies to behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes.

The idea that we sometimes engage in helping behaviors to reduce negative emotions that we might be experiencing from any cause is known as ________.

The negative-state relief model

The idea that someone may be less likely to help another if one feels that the person can be blamed for their situation highlights the relevance of ________ .

attribution of responsibility

____ leaders set clear short term goals and reward people who meet them

transactional

Which of the following is true regarding playing pro-social video games?

Players show long lasting effects such that even several months after playing such a game players are more likely to have helped another person.