Social Psychology

Political and other messages should be simple so that the audience can focus on and understand the content without distractions. This example is assuming which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model? Classic route Central route Under route Peripheral route

Central route

Which one of the following activities will not reduce cognitive dissonance? Changing the behavior to match the attitude Continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts Changing the thought to justify the behavior Developing new thoughts to justify the behavior

Continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for intimate partner violence? Marrying at a young age Low self-esteem Listening to music with violent lyrics Experiencing abuse as a child

Experiencing abuse as a child

Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Social categorization is a relatively new phenomenon. It is deliberate and conscious. People who do it tend to be young and naïve. It occurs without conscious awareness. 1 attempt used

It occurs without conscious awareness.

How long does it typically take a person to formulate a judgment about the trustworthiness of a stranger? 10 seconds Less than 1 second 1 minute 10 minutes

Less than 1 second

Jeremy and Monique were working on a group project with their classmate Steve. Jeremy complained "I can't believe Steve didn't show up again. He is such a slacker." Monique responds, "Actually, I think his mom has been really sick and he has been trying to help her as much as he can." How would a social psychologist describe this situation? Monique was making a situational attribution; Jeremy was making a dispositional attribution. Both individuals were making situational attributions. Both individuals were making dispositional attributions. Monique was making a dispositional attribution; Jeremy was making a situational attribution.

Monique was making a situational attribution; Jeremy was making a dispositional attribution.

A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they are customers of the company. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing? Secondary route Central route Tertiary route Peripheral route

Peripheral route

Ellie lost a swim race to Matt. When they were each interviewed afterward, Ellie expressed that she would have won had she not had a cramp in her side. Matt expressed that he won because he trained hard and is lucky to be naturally fast. Both Ellie's and Matt's beliefs could be the result of: Fundamental attribution error Actor-interviewer bias Actor-observer bias Self-serving bias

Self-serving bias

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social-psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? Social influence Social facilitation Social loafing Conformity

Social loafing

You are playing baseball and miss catching a ball that should have been easy to catch. Others watching you are likely to think you aren't good at playing baseball, whereas you are likely to point out that the sun was in your eyes. This is an example of which type of attribution? The fundamental attribution error The self-serving bias The actor-observer bias The just-world hypothesis

The actor-observer bias

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition? Actions based on emotions Objective thinking Thinking about others Obedience to authority

Thinking about others

All of the following are decision points in helping behavior except ____________. noticing the event interpreting the event as an emergency knowing what to do in the situation diffusion of responsibility

diffusion of responsibility

Mental shortcuts used to reduce complex information from the world around us are called _______. biases implicit associations embodied cognitions heuristics

heuristics

All of the following are Sternberg's components of love except ________________. commitment intimacy loyalty passion

loyalty

Garrett has a tendency to take credit for his good actions, but he attributes his mistakes to factors beyond his control. This is an example of the _____. actor-observer bias self-serving bias just-world hypothesis fundamental attribution error

self-serving bias

People are more likely to be obedient to authority if _______. no one else is around to see them they see other people behaving in disobedient ways they are unsure of how to behave the authority figure is perceived as an expert

the authority figure is perceived as an expert

In what way is compliance different from conformity? Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female. Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands.

Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of attitudes? Behaviors Goals Thoughts Feelings

Goals

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time. one-fifth one-half three-fourths one-third

one-third

Which message is likely to be the most persuasive? A message that presents only one side of the argument and where it is obvious that it is meant to persuade A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is obvious that it is meant to persuade A message that presents only one side of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade

A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade

For months, you have been thinking that you need to lose weight to be healthier, yet you are still eating fast food every day. Which of the following approaches will reduce the cognitive dissonance you are experiencing? Stop eating fast food Deciding that rather than losing weight, you need to work on being happy with your body the way it is All three approaches would reduce cognitive dissonance. Telling yourself that this is a particularly stressful time and you'll cut back on fast food next month

All three approaches would reduce cognitive dissonance.

Which of the following explains why a person may become aggressive? Alcohol All three factors can lead to aggressive behavior. Genetic predisposition Excessive heat

All three factors can lead to aggressive behavior.

Intimate partner violence refers to aggressive behavior between which groups of people? Men and their male intimate partners Women and their female intimate partners All three groups Men and their female intimate partners

All three groups

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive? An attractive person who has moderate expertise. A moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise. An attractive person who is an expert. A moderately attractive person who is an expert.

An attractive person who is an expert.

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. Bea feels good about herself when she recycles. Bill struggles to understand the arguments presented by both sides in a debate over a new manufacturing plant. Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home.

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

John Gottman has studied relationships for more than 40 years. Which of the following has he identified as an important predictor of a successful marriage? Making sure that every negative interaction is followed by a positive interaction Rarely having conflicts about money The amount of money you spend on your wedding Having five times more positive interactions than negative ones

Having five times more positive interactions than negative ones

Which of the following increased the likelihood that participants would disobey in Milgram's obedience study? Having two experimenters issuing the same commands Having only one teacher Having the experimenter in the room with the teacher Having the experimenter be an ordinary man

Having the experimenter be an ordinary man

What is the difference between obedience and conformity? Obedience is an indirect request, whereas conformity is a direct request. In conformity, there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules, whereas obedience does not.

In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

Jim absolutely hates cats. His new girlfriend has two cats that she adores, and Jim has been spending a lot of time at her apartment. Which of the following activities will NOT reduce his cognitive dissonance? Jim continues to date his girlfriend, but his feelings about cats do not change. Jim notes that he actually only dislikes cats who are unfriendly, and his girlfriend's cats are quite social. Jim breaks up with his girlfriend. Jim decides that cats aren't that bad after all.

Jim continues to date his girlfriend, but his feelings about cats do not change.

Megan is experiencing cognitive dissonance regarding her attitudes and behaviors about poverty. Which of the following provides an accurate example of cognitive dissonance in this situation? Megan believes in the importance of helping people in poverty and she volunteers and donates to poverty-related causes. Megan believes in the importance of helping people in poverty. She does not believe that people are entirely responsible for their own situations. Megan does not believe it is her responsibility to help people in poverty. As a result, she has never donated to any poverty-related cause. Megan believes in the importance of helping people in poverty but she does not volunteer or donate to any poverty-related causes.

Megan believes in the importance of helping people in poverty but she does not volunteer or donate to any poverty-related causes.

Which method of compliance was at work during Milgram's obedience study? The low-ball technique The door-in-the-face technique The obedience request The foot-in-the-door technique

The foot-in-the-door technique

______________ refers to the tendency to overestimate dispositional influences (and underestimate situational influences) when explaining another person's behavior. Cognitive dissonance Diffusion of responsibility Deindividuation The fundamental attribution error

The fundamental attribution error

Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory? Personal insights Unconscious motives for aggressive behavior Objective ideas about maladaptive behavior The set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits

The set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? Paid groups said the task was less boring than nonpaid groups. Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. Women performed the tasks for less money than men. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. Violent video games can promote violence; I let my 7-year-old play video games. Orange juice is healthy; I drink orange juice. Dresses are feminine; Kim Kardashian wears dresses.

Violent video games can promote violence; I let my 7-year-old play video games.

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. Her trust of the candidate represents the ___________________ component of her attitude toward him. affective cognitive situational behavioral

affective

Tristan became aware that a fellow student had become a victim of bullying. Tristan did all he could to help his classmate, even though he didn't know him well and didn't expect any reward in return. Tristan's behavior is an example of _______. role playing altruism observational learning diffusion of responsibility

altruism

Prejudice is to discrimination as ________. stereotype is to feeling attitude is to behavior neutral is to negative behavior is to attitude

attitude is to behavior

Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________. attitude; behavior behavior; attitude hatred; dislike dislike; hatred

attitude; behavior

Nate thinks Republicans and Democrats almost never work together in Congress. The reason he believes this is that he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not working together than to think of examples of them working together. It is likely that the ______________ has caused Nate to underestimate how frequently Democrats and Republicans work together. confirmation bias social categorization framing effect availability heuristic

availability heuristic

Social _______________ refers to the role of our thoughts and interpretations in social interactions. psychology attribution dissonance cognition

cognition

Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions. Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behavior. She is most likely experiencing_______. the fundamental attribution error the just-world hypothesis cognitive resolution cognitive dissonance

cognitive dissonance

Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________. competition over scarce resources social categorization learned behavior self-fulfilling prophecies

competition over scarce resources

Behavior initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______. obedience persuasion conformity compliance

compliance

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________. compliance conformity persuasion obedience

conformity

Cyberbullying is a common form of aggression among adolescents. The concept of _____________ would explain the high prevalence of cyberbullying in terms of the presence of anonymity within a group situation. scapegoating diffusion of responsibility groupthink deindividuation

deindividuation

Research has shown that males tend to exhibit more ____________ aggression, whereas females tend to display more ____________ aggression. verbal; physical indirect; direct emotional; verbal direct; indirect

direct; indirect

The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating ___________________ influences when explaining another person's behavior. situational dispositional external unconscious

dispositional

While stuck in a traffic jam, Yani notices a frustrated driver frequently honking his horn. Yani thinks to himself, "That driver is a real jerk!" This is an example of a _______________ attribution. self-serving prejudiced situational dispositional

dispositional

The self-serving bias involves making ______________ attributions for your success and ____________ attributions for your failures. situational; dispositional dispositional; dispositional situational; situational dispositional; situational

dispositional; situational

A person asks you to volunteer to counsel delinquent youth at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks if you could supervise them during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique. bait-and-switch door-in-the-face foot-in-the-door lowball

door-in-the-face

Rhianna works in a retail clothing store. Her boss pointed out that she rarely offers help to the overweight customers. When asked about this, Rhianna denied having any negative attitudes toward people who are overweight. Rhianna is verbally expressing a(n) _____________ attitude, but her behavior suggests that her _____________ attitude may be different. self-serving; real explicit; private implicit; explicit explicit; implicit

explicit; implicit

The mere exposure effect is the tendency of people to _______. be unable to distinguish between actual experiences and what they have been told feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus that they have seen often believe that a statement is true simply because it has been repeated a number of times overestimate their abilities to have predicted an event once the outcome is known

feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus that they have seen often

Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon. door-in-the-face risky shift foot-in-the-door polarization

foot-in-the-door

Jen was watching Corby dance wildly at a party and thought to herself, "He is so obnoxious." As she is leaving the party, she stumbles out the door. Her friend Patrick says, "You are such a klutz" and Jen responds, "No, the floor was slippery!" Jen engaged in the ___________ regarding Corby's dancing, and the __________ describes the interaction between Jen and Patrick. fundamental attribution error; actor-observer bias actor-observer bias; fundamental attribution error actor-observer bias; actor-observer bias fundamental attribution error; fundamental attribution error

fundamental attribution error; actor-observer bias

When members of a group discuss similar opinions about a topic, their views on the topic tend to become even more extreme. This phenomenon is referred to as _______. group polarization the all-or-nothing law the risky shift groupthink

group polarization

Person perception involves the study of_______. the factors that influence perceptions of a group of people how impressions of other people are formed the behaviors con artists use to manipulate people why people act differently in different situations

how impressions of other people are formed

In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic study on cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those who were paid $1 for doing the same task, ________. were more likely to tell their friends to do the task liked the task equally as much liked the task less liked the task more

liked the task less

You love to travel but never seem to have enough money. One summer you worked a second job and now have booked a trip to Mexico. In this scenario, _________________ is the attitude and _______________ is the behavior not having enough money; booking a trip to Mexico working a summer job; loving to travel loving to travel; not having enough money to travel loving to travel; booking a trip to Mexico

loving to travel; booking a trip to Mexico

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. foot-in-the-door lowball that's not all door-in-the-face

lowball

Graycen was walking alone through the mall and suddenly experienced an epileptic seizure. She would be most likely helped if ___________________ . one person was in the area a dozen people were in the area the place was crowded with more than 25 people four to five people were in the area

one person was in the area

Increased contact between two warring groups has a tendency to ________. prevent prejudicial beliefs from worsening solidify preexisting stereotypes and prejudice reinforce the belief that the out-group is homogenous showcase similarities between the groups and reduce prejudice

showcase similarities between the groups and reduce prejudice

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______. conformity to social norms obedience to authority the bystander effect pluralistic compliance

the bystander effect

Conformity may result from normative social influence, which involves _________________ and/or informational social influence, which refers to ________________. the desire to be part of a group and gain approval; presenting information that can change an opinion presenting information about the most common response; the overall number of people sharing the same opinion the overall number of people sharing the same opinion; presenting information about the most common response presenting information that can change an opinion; the desire to be part of a group and gain approval

the desire to be part of a group and gain approval; presenting information that can change an opinion