Sociology - 2nd Exam

What is Conflict "critical conflict or critical theory or critical race theory?"

"Culture is influenced and crafted by the socially powerful in order to control members of the subordinate classes being influenced and managed through impressions of social order. Each different social class has its own distinctive "class culture" thus the social class system tends to be self-perpetuating. "The idea is that the people in power engineer things to manipulate and deceive us instead of "this is how it is".

Sanctions are split into?

(1.) Formal Sanctions - Institutional source (tickets, arrest, etc). (2.) Informal Sanctions - Not institutional source (you look weird, for example using a brief case and not a backpack in school).

What is a population, sample and random sample?

(1.) Population - Entire group of research interest. (2.) Sample - Those selected for inclusion in the study. (3.) Random Sample - Every member of a population has a chance for inclusion, having an equal opportunity.

What are the three dimensions of social equality, and what status did he establish?

(1.) Status - Variable level of regard, respect, and prestige affected by one peer and the community. (2.) Class - Material inequality. (3.) Party - Degree of political influence. Establishing a socioeconomic status, a combined measure of education, occupation, and income used to determine a person's social class location. Following Weber's motion of social inequality is multi-dimensional.

What are the the 3 "psyche."

(1.) The "ID" involves newborns and is the pleasurable and secured gratification to animal desire. (2.) The "Ego" component is what counters the ID with Super Ego. (3.) The "Super Ego" is a component that contains cultural inhibitions, ID begins to shrink and be balanced by this. Super Ego is needed for babies to learn, an equal balance of Super Ego creates a good person.

What is a dyad?

A Dyad is made up of two actors: (1.) Each actor is communicating with only one other person (2.) Each actor is designing and delivers their performance exclusively for an audience of one (3.) The dyad is the only interactive form in which intimacy can be fostered (4.) Due to the "intimacy-dynamic", the dyad is the interactive form in wherein which conflict can be most intense. (5.) Each actor has "ultimate" power, therefore the dyad is the most unstable of interactive forms Stage where people can better understand each other.

What is a party?

A Party is made up of four or more persons (1.) The Party tends to break down into rapidly forming, disintegrating and reforming Dyads (2.) Performance by actors one another are "fleeting," as a civility requires spreading one's attention to all present (3.) To be civil, Actors must necessarily distribute their attention (and between) as many present as possible (4.) Serious or meaningful communication at a "Party" is difficult-to-impossible The idea is like a double date, one couple and another couple, the first person will speak and they will all divert attention to that person and the second person will speak then the attention is diverted. As soon as the third person is trying to speak, all of them will try to speak. The idea is that people at parties are constantly and continuously giving quick interacting and communicating with them.

Who is Robert Merton?

A Sociologist in American Structural Functionalism, standardizing conceptual definition of structural functionalism.

What is a functional and dysfunctional society?

A functional society is contributing to balance, order, and stability in society to the survivability as a whole. A dysfunctional society is diminishing or detracting from balance, order, and social stability, and lessening the survival of the whole society.

What is Cultural Universal?

A natural phenomenon that is found in all settings and must be functional. According to Durkheim, the family should replace dying members, teach children socialization, and must serve society's needs such as norms.

Who is Tallcot Parsons?

A sociologist is referred to as the father of the structural functionalism paradigm. Parsons would establish the Structural Functionalism paradigm after his unsuccessful attempt at the Grand or System Theory, a theory that explains how institutes function similarly on all levels.

Who is Erving Goffman?

A sociologist who founded Dramaturgical Analysis. Wrote the book of Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, allowing him to gain wealth. His book was a guide of modifying yourself, and if someone is trying to deceive you. His analysis was built off of Simmel's work.

Who is Georg Simmel?

A sociologist who is the first contributor to the Symbolic Interactionist theory. Simmel looked at the micro level of analysis, stating it's also imperative to look at micro than macro. Despite being mocked, he conducted his analysis at the lowest level.

What is Counter Culture?

A subculture group that runs in opposition to a larger group in a society. (Every Counterculture must be a Subculture, but a Subculture cannot be a Counterculture). Terrorist groups are an example.

What is a triad?

A triad is made up of three actors (1.) Each actor is attempting to communicate with two other persons (2.) Each actor must design and deliver their performance with regard and sensibility to both of the other actors (3.) In the context of civility, no actor can give undivided attention to any other actor without ignoring the third (4.) Hence, at any given moment, at least one of the three actors is partially excluded from the interaction (dyad/solo). If one member tries to disband the group, or leave, it'll go from a dyad to a triad again, as the members will introduce another third, making it unwishawayable. (5.) The potential for intense conflict is typically either reduced or buffered by the Triadic form (6.) In a triad, no actor has "ultimate power" Simmel states that society begins at the tree because it becomes unwishawayable.

What is an achieved and Master status?

Achieved status brought partially by one's own effort. An example is choosing to be a doctor, or lawyer, free will over careers. Master status consists of one status to define themselves and what other defines them. Mainly occupation, and should be used to communicate others so they can interpret. An example is a student when greeting someone, you should tell them you're a student that sparks the curiosity of what degree, year graduation, etc.

What was Marx's idea about social class and how are they determined?

All societies are characterized by social inequality, identifying large groups have different economic interests. A person's social class is determined by their "relationship to the means of production" that is whether or not they own "income-producing property" which happens to be Capital. Social Class: A large group of persons bound by similar economic interests Bourgeoisie: own the means of production (capitalist class, ownership class).

What is Altruistic Suicide?

Altruistic Suicide is someone who makes sacrifices for other people, it is people who commit suicide for those with high social cohesion in a group. For example, a soldier jumps on a grenade to save his teammates.

What is subculture?

Any large group in a society that subscribes to distinctive (different or slightly different) norms, values, and practices of those in a larger society. Example is like the Amish people.

What is Bureaucracy?

Application of rational principal and procedures to an organization in order to increase efficiency, allowing it to be self-perpetuating.

What was August's Comte's nickname and what was his development?

August Comte was referred to as the father of modern povitism, and the pope of sociology, for establishing a new academic study Sociology.

What is the college student experiment?

Before Ethics and the gay experiment made by a Sociologist, it would offer free academic counseling in an advertisement section of a newspaper. (1.) Ask yes/no questions (2.) Intercom in a small room (3.) No counselors (they cannot be seen) and were grad students, read yes/no answers list (4.) Students received inconsistent answers (5.) Students turned the inconsistent answers into their own understanding

What is an assign meaning in Sociology?

Belief and values of one's culture especially its common interpretation of symbols, rituals, etc.

What did August Comte develop the new academic study, and why?

Comte created Sociology because: (1.) Academy - Identified that universities need a different type of academic study, thus "Socio - Society, and Olgy - Study of " would create Sociology, the study of society. He advocated for the natural science model in the study of society. (2.) Belief - Viewed Philosophy and Theology to not be useful, s they didn't apply research methods to back up their views. (3.) Positivism - This is the most dominant doctrine and philosophy in the Academy and Universities today. Positivism is the belief that the world can only be accurately understood through scientific investigation. It cannot be speculated and only observed. (4.) Co-existence - Established social dynamic (force for conflict and change), and social statics (force for order and stability).

What was Comte's view on religion?

Comte's view on religion was the Social Dimension of Positivism is that all Religion and superstition must be rejected . This was because they are not measurable and observable and lie outside of the objective realm and not worth studying. Comte called this Philosophy Positivism because scholarship can be about what we can determine is positive. Despite that, Comte viewed religion imperative to society because of morality and ethics it produces.

What is Paradox culture, and what goes into a culture change?

Culture Paradox is we both create a culture and we are created by it. Culture is always changing, yet it is our source of continuity with our past Cultural change is influenced by: Discoveries When new things are discovered it causes Culture to change Inventions Causes art to change in some way affecting a change in culture Diffusion (Cultural Imperialism) Makes reference that evidence of one culture finds its way into another culture

What is Structural Functionalism paradigm of Culture?

Culture enables people to meet their needs in society. (example, the need to support oneself, reproduce and cared for by others) Culture is a "toolkit" for survival.

What is culture?

Culture is the material objects, knowledge, beliefs, values, customs and practices passed from person to person, and from one generation to the next in a society. Having material and non-material culture.

What is a descriptive research?

Descriptive research is inductive, aiming to accurately and systematically describe a population. Using a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables.

What is ideal culture versus real culture?

Ideal Culture - Values that people claim to hold, for instance, the idea of Democracy. Real Culture - Norms and values that people actually subscribe to, the reality of the world.

After the research, what are the results?

Informed - Successful, and informed to the public. Debunked - False, and has failed. Debunked can also be used to falsify statements.

What is an informer and shill?

Informers are those that leak backstage information to the front stage, this may be unintentional or intentional. For instance, you need money to go to the beach and tell your little sister not to tell. She doesn't tell but brings you a beach ball in front of them. Shills covertly assist the performance by giving it apparent validity. Off the books. For instance, a professor tells you out of class to ask this question when he comes to a particular subject, although it's not in the course, he may answer it since you asked.

What are inhibitions, and sublimation?

Inhibitions are things that animals won't do, essentially human activity. Culture's job is to inhibit us, like potty training, etc. Sublimation is the redirection of erotic energy to do our work, using our hormones or sex drive to workout, go to work, etc.

What is Symbolic Interactionist theory?

Newest paradigm Culture is emergent, created, maintained, and modified by people in their day-to-day life. Culture changes as our collectively shared meaning of social phenomena changes.

What is the normative and empirical approach?

Normative Approach: World view informed by legend, religions, superstitions, common sense, customs, habits, traditions, tales, learned from our friends, relatives, peers, televisions, newspapers and the internet, etc Empirical Approach: World view informed by science that is systematic observation, collection of data, and analysis of data to draw verifiable conclusions (Positivist) Common sense is not based on a systematic observation, making it incorrect.

What was Parsons belief on adulthood for men and woman?

Parson was believed to be very conservative and Republican, believing that women shouldn't be employed and should stay home moms. Men should go into the workforce and make income to support the family. Boys would be men as soon as they enter the workforce, and girls would be women as soon as they were married.

Sanctions can be positive and negative how?

Positively they are good like you look good, a Nobel prize, etc. Negatively they are bad like under arrest, insults, etc.

What is Symbolic Interactionist theory (formerly social psychology).

Principal Issues / Concerns: Meaning and subjectivity, thy self. Frames society through meaning negotiation. Units of Analysis: language and expression. Level of Analysis: Micro (sometimes macro). Typical State of Society: Emergent .Social Change is initiated: By modifying world views. Social Change is viewed as shifts in shared meanings. Status Quo determined by: Widely shared impressions. Temporal Orientation: Present - synthesis of pre-acquired and new information.

What is the Functionalism paradigm?

Principal Issues / Concerns: Order and stability survivability Frames society through Organic analogy. Units of Analysis: Institution. Level of Analysis: Macro. Typical State of Society: Equilibrium. Social Change is initiated: Externally Social Change is viewed as Negative. Status Quo determined by: Survivability for the "whole" of society. Temporal Orientation: Past - backwards looking.

What is the Conflict Theory of Sociology?

Principal Issues / Concerns: Social inequality; pursuit of Social Justice. Frames society through dominance and subordination. Units of Analysis: Social class (large group). Level of Analysis: Marco. Typical State of Society: Competition and Conflict. Social Change is initiated: Internally by necessity. Social Change is viewed as inevitable. Status Quo is determined by: Successful domination of certain groups over others. Temporal Orientation: Future - progressive.

What is qualitative research, and what is the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

Qualitative Research is using the interpretive description of social "reality" so field research, is done by forming and using relationships. The Institutional Review Board is all research pertaining to humans having to be reviewed and approved, mainly in university institutes. Also determines the ethicalities of research.

What is a representation and adjusted sample, and how is adjusted sample viewed?

Represenative Sample - One that has all main characteristics. Adjusted Sample - Altered after the fact to be representative, allowing it to manipulate a sample. Adjusted Samples aren't good, and are used to adjust and manipulate a sample.

Who was Hebert Spencer, and his ideas?

Spencer was a Sociology, and developed the organic analogy theory to the structural theory, functionalism. Organic Analogy addresses society-like organisms explained as different institutions that have a function for society and all rely on one another. The body needs vital organs like the lungs, heart, and more to function, each organ having a specialized task.

What is the use of social structure?

Stable pattern of interaction that imposes order and stability to our society. Enables us to interpret, and determine who is an insider and outsider of a group.

What is a status and an ascribed status?

Status is a socially defined position that has a specific associated set of responsibilities linked to it. This may or may not be achieved through the methods of ascribed and achieved statuses. Ascribed is born into it beyond our choices.

What are the three paradigms of culture?

Structural Functionalism, Conflict or "Critical Theory," and Symbolic Interactionist theory.

What is studying nonobservance and civil inattention?

Studied Non-Observance is intentionally overlooking a flaw in an actor to maintain face and consensus. For example, a guy's zipper is down but you don't tell them. Civil inattention is ignoring a person in proximity to give personal space and give autonomy, like a subway train.

What was Rockerfeller's quote despite it being credited to someone else?

Survival of the fittest; however, it would be given to Charles Darwin because he found the theory of evolution, and used the quote. The result of Rockerfeller's quote and Comet's theory of General Evolution made the wealthy give donations and money to Sociology, despite the theory of General Evolution theory wrong, it allowed Sociology to apply empirical research methods.

What was Parson's idea of maintaining youth and youth rebellion?

Youth Rebellion: (1.) Family Orientation vs Family Procreation. Parsons argued this because it allows people to leave the family of orientation (mom, dad, and siblings) providing security and no need to pay for housing, etc, to a family of procreation (your own designed family where you are parents). He says that Youth Rebellion is necessary to engage in behavior, taste, preferences, etc that are distinctively different from their parents to break from their family of orientation. Idea is that if youth did not rebel against their parents to a degree, it would be difficult to leave those parents to create your own. (2.) Maintaining Youth: Go to college, go to graduate school and become a professor. The idea is that people in schooling have child-like freedom, compared to those in the workforce who have to get up at 6AM and work till 5 PM.

How did the West view Karl Marx, and what is a proletariat?

The West and NATO viewed Karl Marx as an enemy because he created Communism. Proletariat - Does not own the means of production, and thus must sell their labor to get income to survive. The means of production are capitalistic, and social class is determined by production.

What was Durkheim's research method on Suicide?

Dukrheim's research theory had a hypothesis, research, finding, and assumption: (1.) Hypothesis - Hypothesized that suicide is not a matter of "ultimate" deviance; however, a symptom of social disconnectedness. Suspected the lower the social cohesion, the opportunity for suicide increases. (2.) Research - Durkheim analyzes data from death certificates for indications of social cohesion. (3.) Findings - The likelihood of suicide is increasingly related to an individual's degree of social cohesion (except altruistic suicide). (4.) Assumption - People assumed that suicide was the form of ultimate immortality and the ultimate form of deviance.

What book did Durkheim make, and what are the two theories surrounding it?

Durkheim created the Division of Labor book, having two theories: organic solidarity and mechanical solidarity. (1.) Organic Solidarity - Modern period, a social cohesion based on the economic independence necessitated by the extreme "division of labor." People were made more self-sufficient. Specializations are required to perform a specific occupation in the "industrial period," requiring most of the individual's personal time and providing them with income. Income must then be distributed to a wide variety of others who are involved in the production and delivery of goods. (2.) Mechanical Solidarity - Pre-industrial period, based on the widely shared and agreed upon world view, clearly defined by highly specified values and a homogenized perspective. Limited division of labor that required greater self-sustenance and the hegemony of the Roman Catholic Church during the pre-industrialist period. Allowing people to believe the same, and to accept the same perspective. Regardless, people are still reliant on labor, efforts, and activities of large people that they don't know personally in order to survive, these being engineers, etc.

What did Durkheim study on death certificates to check social cohesion?

Durkheim studied marital status, survivor, employment status, professional guild, and religion: (1.) Marital status - Those that are married or dating has the highest social cohesion, the widow being the second highest, and divorced, single, or broken up have the lowest. (2.) Survivors - If they have any relatives, etc. Those don't have the lowest. (3.) Employment Status - Those that are employed have the highest social cohesion because of coworkers, bosses, etc. Those that are unemployed have the lowest. (4.) Professional Guilds - These being the ASA, AHA, BAR, etc. Those not in it have the lowest. (5.) Religion - The highest being the Jewish, Catholics, protestants, and A-religious. A - Religious isn't necessarily an atheist, they are religious; however, do not attend church.

What was Simmel's Operational Assumption for social interaction?

Each person is an actor with an audience member in the day to day interaction People want others to pay attention to them (that is, no one wants to be ignored) Civility requires that people pay attention to one another The dynamics of interaction remain consistent (only) with the context of civility Society consists of "webs of interaction" between real people and is not abstract.

What is epistemology, and Weltanschauung?

Epistemology is our ways of understanding the world, and weltanschauung is world view.

What is Formal Sociology?

Established a difference between the form and content of the interaction. The form is how many people are in the interaction, and the content is how it works. Having the quote, "Cogito Ergo Sum" (comes from Rene Descartes) (I think therefore I am).

Who is Pierre Bourdieu?

Established the Capital Culture theory, a theory that states your knowledge periodically can be included in high culture, driven by conflict theory.

What are ethnocentrism, xenophobia, and cultural relativism?

Ethnocentrism - The belief that one's own culture and way of life are superior and formed measures of which others should be judged. Countries that have a history of colonial power run the deepest with Ethnocentrism. Xenophobia - Fear and distaste for foreigners or outsiders. Cultural Relativist - Judging and assessing another culture on the basis of their own norms, values, and practices.

What are the types of performances?

Everyone has a multitude of performances like son, uncle, driver, student, etc. (1.) Sincere Performance - Believes in the act they're playing (2.) Insincere Performance - Performance of self to deceive others, a con. (3.) Cynical Performance - When an actor tries to distance themselves, trying to avoid. Like a person who hates their job. Sign equipment or vehicle is any and everything that we use to give information about ourselves to others. A status symbol is our clothes, cars, something to show off.

What is Expression Given and Given off?

Expression Given is which the actor claims to be true about themselves, others will deceive each other, try to listen to the tone of their voice. An example is a girl saying "I'm fine." Expression Given Off is all other information that can be gleaned off. Region is any area.

Who is Sigmund Freud?

Father of psychology, believed sex to be our justification for work. Also wrote Civilization and its Discontent, being about the modern people that are fundamentally unhappy.

Why was Comte's wrong theory debunked, however, would benefit Sociology?

For the racism part, he believed that whites were more evolved and fundamentally better than the colored, stating they were more evolved. After the Civil War, African Americans were given political freedom, debunking that theory. For the sexism part, he believed that men are always evolved and are fundamentally better than a woman. This would be debunked after the WomanSuffragee movement in the 1920s. Rich people enjoyed the idea of how social hierarchy is due to evolution, the theory was that richer people were more evolved than poorer people. Rich people enjoyed this theory and this evolution gave the idea that rich people can't help poor people because they are not on the same evolutionary level. This resulted in the funding of Sociology,

Who is Emile Durkheim?

Frenchman who is credited as the "Father of Sociology." Disbelieved the General Evolution Theory, applying it as a social fact and not a biological one. First Sociologist to utilize povitism in his research on suicide, being a landmark study for Sociology and him.

What is Front Stage and Back Stage Region?

Front Stage is in character, mainly for the primary audience. Backstage is out of character, and has a different audience. An example is a waiter, in the front stage she is nice, backstage her true self comes out. Tries to maintain face for front stage.

What is Garfinkel's explanation and what does ethnomethodology demonstrate?

Garfinkel explains that meaning isn't intrinsic and is individually and subjectively assigned, but recognized the need to develop a technique to illustrate "meaning-assignment." We demonstrate Precognitive Templates, applied to common situations allowing us to ignore less important functions but focus on attention more effectively. Ethnomethodology demonstrates how a person's pre-existing background expectation influences their interpretation of a phenomenon.

Who is Max Weber?

German Sociologist who advanced the Conflict Theorist and author of the Protestant Sociology book. Believes that Social equality is multi-dimensional and created 3 dimensions of social equality.

What was George Mead's theory, and who is he?

Geroge's theory is about the social self, and he is a symbolic interactionist theorist. Believing that social self develops from role-taking. Generalized Others are set expectations and beliefs of how one should behave

How can happiness be achieved in production, and how does it result in a social change, status quo, and what is a materialist analysis?

Happiness can be achieved through contact with the production of one's own labor. Social change is driven by the struggles between groups with different economic interests, and then it is internally initiated and inevitable. Status quo is an existing set of power relations. Material Analysis is an undimensioned analysis that only considers material inequality.

What is popular and high culture?

High Culture is the phenomenon that contains entertainment and foods of the high class. Popular Culture is what the average citizens enjoy with types of entertainment, food, art, etc.

What was Durkheim's Social facts?

His social facts had 3 concepts: (1.) Culturally specific - Extent conditions that serve to enhance or inhibit a person's ability to realize their potential, (free will,). (2.) Condition - External to the individual that shapes their identity and "worldview" beyond their control, (morality, ethics, values, customs, etc). (3.) Limitations - Manifestation of the individual potential is socially and not biologically based.

What is an independent variable, a dependent, and a hypothesis?

Hypothesis - A testable proposition of a definite relationship between two or more variables. All hypothesizes are quantitative research, evidence that can be summarized numerically. Independent variable - Considered the cause, not the dependent of another variable. Dependent variable - Considered the effect, dependent of another variable.

What is tactfulness?

Intentionally directing another actor's intention away from a flaw in another actor's performance, for instance there's an overweight guy but you compliment his shirt.

What is intimacy?

Intimacy - means closeness and while it does mean sexual the idea under Simmel is it means closeness. The more intimate the people in the Dyad are, the more vulnerable the other party is. Intimacy allows vulnerability which allows conflict to be the most intense. The more emotionally involved and intimate you are in a relationship, the more upset you will be because the other actor in the interaction has exercised their unilateral power.

What is an explanatory research, and what does it consist of?

It attempts to explain the cause-and-effect relationship. It must be quantitative, relying on mathematics, and having to be deductive.

What is the Structural Functionalist Paradigm?

It is the integration and refined idea of Comte, Spencer, and Durkheim to explain society and from which to deduce a hypothesis. Wanted Sociology to be guided by povitism, doing an institutional analysis of society, incorporating the organic analogy into world views, and being attentive to the issue of social cohesion and social structure.

What is the three necessary prerequisites for cause-and-effect?

It must have 3 things: (1.) Correlation - Variables, must occur together more frequently than expected b chance. A perfect Correlation is a one-unit increase in one dimension. This being 1.0, a .04 connection is weak, and .03 is no correlation. (2.) Ordering - The independent variable must precede the dependent variable. Absence of "spurious" relationships (A causes C A is correlated with B which causes C) The concept with measurable traits. (3.) Variable - Concept with measurable traits.

Who is Karl Marx?

Karl Marx is a German philosopher that created the Communist Manifesto, and the Des Kapta. Karl Marx was the creator of the Conflict Theory paradigm of Sociology and believed in social class.

What is the idea of socialization?

Life long learning process that takes place during interaction through which we take and require the skills necessary to survive in culture, and self-concept. Self Concept is the totality of the beliefs of one's self When we are born, we are on a blank slate Interaction directly or indirectly is Socialization Humans kept in social isolation will not develop properly.

What is a longitude research?

Longitude research is prolonged research that uses the same subjects every few years frequently.

What theory did Charles Kooley add?

Looking Glass Self-theory, he says that when people look at themselves in the mirror, we are attempting to envision what the people will see. Dividing the theory into 3 steps: (1.) Look at yourself in the mirror, our minds will imagine what we look like in a good way. (2.) We go out in the world and interact with people. (3.) How people interact with us, enhancing our subconscious.

What is a losing face and what does it break down?

Losing Face is falling out of character, having the credibility or legitimacy of the character fall into doubt. Consensus is a shared definition of the situation and can be broken down by embarrassment.

What is latent and manifest function?

Manifest functions are overt, openly stated, and clearly intended for an institute. For instance, school is an example of manifest function as it provides literacy and general education to children. The latent function is obscure, often unnoticed but an important function of the institution. For instance, kindergarten teaches children discipline, compliance with elders, and instructions.

What is material and non-material culture?

Material Culture - Tangible artifacts that people in society produce, utilize, and share (Art, architecture, fashion, technology, and all man-made goods and products). Non-Material Culture - Abstract, intangible human creations that influence and affect people's behavior ("Socially constructed" meanings, rules, regulations, formal and informal, shaping our lives).

What is role-taking, and what are the 3 different stages in it?

Role Taking is mentally assuming the role of others to better understand the world through that person's point of view. (1.) Preparatory Stage Birth to 2.5 years, idea that it is the first stage of role taking and this is when they crudely imitate others (Role Taking) (2.) Play "Pretend" Stage Acquisition of language skills, ends around 5-6 (although some theorize it continues) this will allow imaginations (3.) Game "Generalized and Sports" Stage Happens in school, competitive sport teams and the reason for this is the forced use of imagination. Babies' significant other are parents.

What is a role, role strain, and role conflict?

Roles are a set of behavioral expectations linked to a particular status Role Strain are roles that are linked to a single status that becomes incompatible. Student socializing and studying. Role Conflicts are roles linked to separate statuses that become incompatible. Work and student.

What is Secondary Analysis, ultimate, and how does social cohesion affect macro and micro levels?

Second Analysis is research with someone else's analysis. Ultimate means final. Social cohesion holds together (Macro how it affects us) and micro (how it many people).

What is a significant other, and what is the Ying Yang concept?

Significant other is those whom we most wish to impress. The ying yang represents the Social Say. For instance, you have 2 voices in your mind, the awareness (good) and the The eye represents "I" or you're unique. The I is subjective like preference, taste, beliefs, drives, and being spontaneous. The "me" is objective like your responsibilities to others, your ability to navigate the social world and give the "awareness" to the generalized other.

What is social marginality?

Social Mariginity is being expected to fulfill the full range of group membership but not being afforded the full range of privileges. An example of this is, 18 year old males in the United States, 18 year old males are expected to fight but cannot drink alcohol.

What is social cohesion based on, what orientation does society have, and what is Neophyte?

Social cohesion was based on the collective conscience, having a collectivist orientation. Neophyte - New to a particular area.

How does social strain lead to the increasing crime rate or deviance?

Social strain gives the idea that it is important to get money regardless of morality, establishing: (1.) Anomie - When normal social control begins to break down and deviance (rule-breaking) People are encouraged to break rules and it becomes common (2.) Guidance - Condition where society gives little to no moral guidance to individuals, people are encouraged to moral guidance. (3.) Range - Reduced range of social range bond between the individual and the community. (4.) Normlessness - Coexistence of the many competing set of norms, being useless as a guide to behavior. Anomie is also known as rule breaking.

What is social strian, and how can it be generated?

Social strain is the tension experienced by members of modern society, being generated by: (1.) Breaking - Progressive breakdown of one widely shared beliefs, values, and norms. (2.) Values - A socially instilled value linking self-esteem to material success, sometimes causing the suspension of conventional manners, leading to deviance. An example of this is college, a guy who was very successful in high school cannot go to college because of funding.

Who is Peter Berger?

Sociologists defined "reality" as something that is subjectively held in each of our consciousness. We assign meaning to the world individually and subjectively in a social context. Ways we assign meaning to certain phenomena are symbols or gestures, that is socially constructed or culturally specific. Thumbs up is good in America, it means needing a ride in Sweden.

Who is Harold Garfinkel?

Sociologists who established Ethnomethodology. Ethnomethodology is a technique for discovering and illuminating processes where meaning is assigned based on our phenomenon.

What is Dramaturgical analysis, and why is it compared to a theater?

The application of the term and concept of the theater to the analysis day to day life. Inspection Management - Argues that all of us are actors, however, in a presence of another actor, we are engaged in. Everyone plays a performance and has many roles like a student taking notes, etc. Each status is like a different "theatre of action" with a different "audience" requiring a different type of performance. An example is a waiter, friendly to customers, but rude when she's alone.

What is the breaching experiment, and how is it related to the elementary school teacher experiment?

The breaching experiment is researchers ignoring or pretending not to be aware of the particular norms, systematically violating them to see its reaction. It is correlated to the elementary school experiment because Teachers were misinformed of the status of their students, neither parents or students were informed of being gifted. Teachers would have a change of reality from the children leading to a precognitive template. Regardless 9 out of 10 were getting better grades.

What is the motivation for action?

The capitalist class is "profit." Profit is the exploited excess value of labor. The labor class is for survival and must keep working to get income to stay alive. As a result, it becomes alienation, the feeling of disorientation or a feeling of being out of control of one's own life, "separation from the products of one's labor." (A normal feeling to feel and dislike the work or product).

What is multiculturism?

The coexisten of a number of distinctive subcultures may be more or less "egalitarian." Egalitarian = power equally distributed to groups

What's the most powerful force of a social factor, and the other three supporting factors?

The family is the most important socialization, Followed by the school system which educates people in the workforce. Peer Groups also give a sense of belonging and concept outside of family, being a negativity because it demands conformity. Religion also does it with the reason being that all people do it passively, those who celebrate Christmas are passively following Christianity. Mass Media informs the world where people rely exclusively on it.

What is Culture Shock?

The feeling of disorientation, disempowerment, and where individuals find themselves in a culture that is distinctively different from their own. This may lead to ineffectiveness and to anger, individuals may feel disorientated or disempowered because they don't know the social norms.

What is Class Culture?

The people born into the working class, the ethos is equality, and resources should be shared The people born into the middle class, the ethos is competition The people born into the high class, the ethos is superiority and feel as if they shouldn't affiliate with classes different to theirs This all perpetuates social inequality

What is premise and scientifically debunked?

The premise is a foundation to accept a thesis. Debunked is scientifically proven wrong.

What was Comte's view on Sociology?

Viewing Sociology as high secular priest, he believed that Sociology will soon displace religion. Holding high hopes for sociology as a tool for effective social planning and order, believing it would be reintegrated to reorganize society during the industrial period.

What theory did Spencer believe in, and why would it be disproved overtime?

The theory of General Evolution tried to take Darwin's analysis and Natural Selection Book to explain social power hierarchy and social inequality. Meaning that humans are more evolved than other humans which is the reason why people are wealthier than others and why people are poorer than others. (1.) Classism - Those with greater social power has disdain for those with less social power, and have no feel collective responsibility for the well-being of the less fortunate. (2.) Sexism - Women are denied full political participation because they are the less evolved gender. (3.) Racism - Belief that a certain sub-category of a person based upon similar external appearance is superior or more evolved than others (white being the most dominant).

What is the Research Process?

There are 6 steps in the research process: (1.) Choose and explore a general topic - Find a general topic you choose, and examine the existing research to learn the findings of previous studies. (2.) Identify a specific research question - Narrow it to a specific research question of a manageable size. (3.) Design the research study and specify the data to be collected - Devise your sampling strategy, and determine who will be the independent and dependent variable. Determine whom to give the survey to. (4.) Consider the ethical dimensions of your research, and get approval from your school's IRB - Be approved by the IRB, and ensure that everything is reviewed by the IRB. (5.) Collect, analyze, and interpret the data - Administer the survey, and analyze the response that is given from the variables. (6.) Report the results - Write a report of the study.

What is the diagram of the non-material cultural diagram?

There are 7 types of non-material culture: (1.) Symbols - Culturally specific and have different meanings, a thumbs up in the US means good, but in Sweden it means needing a ride. (2.) Language - Complex set of symbols used to think and express ourselves to others, enabling though and differences like American and British English. (3.) Beliefs - A statement about the fact that may be, by definition, not correct. Immorality like murder, robbing, etc. (4.) Values - Widely shared values and ideas appropriate or inappropriate in a particular culture. (5.) Norms - Shared expectations for behavior that are culturally or situationally specific. (6.) More(ays) and Folk(ays) - Folkways govern day-to-day life and Mores are governed by a moral component. (7.) Laws - Norm legislated into code, any violations are met with specific formal sanctions.

What is the law of the Three stages?

There are three stages of law: (1.) Theological stage - Kingship, the explanation of the human condition was based on the supernatural and religion. Disasters were happening around them and they could not explain this and would give God-like behavior to inanimate objects. (2.) Metaphysical stage - The state, explanation based on human conditions on "abstract philosophical speculation." Essentially pseudo-science like alchemy. (Animism) is giving God-like traits and behavior to inanimate objects. Totemism is when humans are descendants of a specific animal. I am a Totemist from an eagle, bear, etc. (3.) Rational or Positive Stage "Science Development Stage", - Industry, an explanation that is based on systematic observation, experimentation, collection and analysis of that data.

What is the two sides of good performance?

There is a good and a bad team player, requiring a great deal of teamwork and cooperation. (1.) Good player - Upholds the validity of their teammate's performance. (2.) Bad player - Reduces or diminishes the validity of their teammate's performance. For instance if your friend lies about Florida, as a good team player you stay quiet, bad team player questions the validity of it.

What is Transvaluation culture versus Cultural Lag time?

Trans-valuation - A typical phenomenon valued negative and overtime will be viewed positively (vice versa as well) positive values can go negative as well, the idea of smoking. Cultural Lag Time - Makes reference to the period when material culture changes and related non material culture changes, the idea of North Korea, in some parts of Korea it seems modern; however, in other parts it's not.