Sociology Cengage 4
What do most men consider to be their master status?
Occupation
Which of the following is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational?
In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student
When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.
a social script
__________ do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.
conflict theorists
Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her __________.
master status
Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
mechanical solidarity
Which of the following is not true about a postindustrial society?
the production of goods within a postindustrial society is mechanized.
When students who received low grades on a test make excuses for their low scores in an encounter with students who received high grades, the low-scoring students are engaged in __________.
face-saving behavior
Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages. The second stage is __________, in which people may step away from their existing roles.
a search for alternatives
Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls him, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have an emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________.
role conflict
A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
social institution
Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that __________.
social institutions are originally organized to meet the basic needs of society.
__________ is the process by which people act toward and respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.
social interaction
__________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.
social marginality
We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.
the definition of the situation
Which of the following is not generally considered a component of social structure?
values and beliefs
Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult." All of these are considered __________.
ascribed statuses
According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.
characterized by interdependence and practical considerations.
Sociologist Erving Goffman used the term __________ to refer to the ways in which an individual shows an awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.
civil inattention
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
feeling rules
__________ emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.
functional theorists
Which of the following is an example of an achieved status?
husband
A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.
postindustrial society
According to functionalist theorists, which of the following is one of the essential tasks that social institutions perform?
preserving social order
__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.
role ambiguity
When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.
role conflict
Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women.
role strain
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
social construction of reality
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ to refer to a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.
Gemeinschaft
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ to refer to a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values.
Gesellschaft
Which of the following questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?
How do we know how to interact in a given situation
A football coach who always plays the "tough guy" role in the presence of the players on his team feels comfortable showing emotional frailties when he is at home. This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior.
back stage
According to Emile Durkheim, organic solidarity is __________.
characterized by interdependence and practical considerations
From the __________, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.
conflict perspective
For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within his or her role.
Role performance
__________ maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.
conflict theorists
Amber is a first-grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.
Status set
Which of the following is the best example of a primary group?
The people working together in the same department.
According to Erving Goffman, social interaction can be compared to a theatrical presentation in that an individual is an actor, observers are audiences, and interactions are guided by social scripts. The study of social interaction in this context is referred to as __________.
a dramaturgical analysis
Which of the following characterizes a Gemeinschaft society?
a sense of community based on similarity
According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by __________.
a shared dependence established through a division of labor
Which of the following is the best example of a secondary group?
a sociology class
Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
secondary group
Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________.
secondary groups
The sociological term for a set of social relationships that links an individual to others is __________.
social network
Which of the following statements about social networks is false?
social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.
__________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.
social solidarity
Which of the following statements about social structure is false?
social structure creates relationships that are generally equal
Which of the following statements about personal space is false?
space is less important than other forms of communication, and violations of personal space are easily ignored.
A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.
status
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are socially defined positions characterized by certain expectations. These positions are examples of __________.
statuses
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.
stigma
A person who is socially devalued for being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, or having a visible physical disability is most likely experiencing __________.
stigmatization
Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.
studied behavior
Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.
the front stage
Social structure consists of all of these, except __________.
values
Which of the following questions was Emile Durkheim most interested in as a theorist?
what hold societies together?
Which of the following is a gender difference in nonverbal communication?
women are more likely to sustain eye contact during conversations to show involvement with others.
A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
formal organization
__________ emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.`
functionalist theorists
Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of the following is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?
homeless
Which of the following statements is true about industrial societies?
in industrial societies, a persons occupation is a key defining characteristic.
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.
interaction order
Which of the following is not part of the sociological definition of any group?
involves emotion-based interactions
Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless rather than on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the __________ of the situation.
macro view
At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.
macrolevel
Which of the following statements about emotional labor and emotion management is false?
middle and upper-class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions.
In the context of industrial societies, when individuals who work on specialized, interdependent tasks are bound together by mutual dependence and practical considerations rather than by morality or shared values, they are said to have __________.
organic solidarity
__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.
primary groups
Which of the following is not a characteristic of an industrial society?
relationships based primarily on an ascribed status.
The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.
role
It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________.
role ambiguity
Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox." This paradox is an example of __________.
role conflict
A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store to make ends meet. When working at the retail store, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________.
role distancing
__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.
role distancing
__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
role exit
A(n) __________ is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
achieved status
occupation is an example of an
achieved status
Brenda is a housekeeper who is supposed to stand in the presence of her employers as a sign of respect. Given this information, it can be said that Brenda is required to show __________.
deference
Both Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies __________.
developed typologies to explain changes in the social structure of societies