sociology chapter 11

symbolic ethnicity

an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions

structural functionlism

groups serve functions that are manifest and latent and also have dysfunctions however they work together to provide an equilibrium to society; opposite of conflict theory

approaches to sociology

helps analyze different aspects of society: symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, rational choice theory; conflict theory, structural functionalism; feminist

kinsey scale

scale of sexuality

gender segregation

separating individuals based on gender

sex vs gender

sex is biologically determined; gender is based on social norms and expected behaviors of each biologically determined sex

rational choice theory

social exchange theory; everything is a transaction with a cost and benefit and we decide to participate in social interactions that we view allows us to maximize social benefit; doesn't explain altruistic behavior

social institutions

social structures that are established and accepted and dictate social patterns: education, family, government and economy, religion, healthcare and medicine

demographics

statistics of populations

ethnicity

groupings based on culture

race

groupings based on phenotypic similarities

social constructionism

reality is what humans cognitively construct based on ideas accepted by society

4 tenets of medical ethics

beneficience, nonmaleficience, respect for patients autonomy; justice

dependency ratio

burden that working population (15-65) feel in supporting the nonworking population; based upon youth ratio and age dependency ratio

demographic shift

changes in the makeup of a population over time

social movement

demand to promote or resist social change (proactive or reactive) usually in response to a relative deprivation

a population is stable when

fertility and mortality rate remain relativeily stable over time

symbolic interactionism

humans act on symbols based on their interpreted meaning; the meaning of symbols comes from social interaction; humans first personally interpret the meaning of symbols and then this interpretation influences action; emphasizes the fact that humans first interpret symbols on a personal level and respond; downside = doesn't explain macro-level interactions

gender stratification

inequilaity in accessing resources due to gender

feminist theory

institutional structures disadvantage women; glass ceiling and glass esclaator

conflict theory

macro theory; the powerful tend to strive to maintain their power by altering laws and shaping the structure of society; the powerless strive to change their status by collaborating through interest groups to perform revolutions through social disruption; negative is that it doesn;t explain social cooperation and micro phenomena

malthusian theory

mass starvation (malthusian catastrophe) will inevitably result from the expontnetial growth of a population due to limits in food supply

globalization

merging of nations

micro vs meso vs macro

micro = individuals, families, local communities, meso = organizations, insittutions, ethnic subcultures; macro = national and international systems

fertility rate

number of children per woman; above 2 means that fertility rates are contributing to population growth

morality rate

number of deaths per thousand per unit of time

sociology

study of society

life course perspective

taking into account an individual's age and life experiences

demographic transition

transition from preindustrial to industrial economic system; follows common pattern - 1) preindustrial = high birth rates and high death rates; relatively stable population 2) improvign economy improves healthcare and death rates decrease 3) improving gender equality; contraception; women's rights and industrialization from agriculture decreases birth rates; 4)as an industrial society, birth rates and death rates are low and population is stable