sociology chapter 11
symbolic ethnicity
an ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions
structural functionlism
groups serve functions that are manifest and latent and also have dysfunctions however they work together to provide an equilibrium to society; opposite of conflict theory
approaches to sociology
helps analyze different aspects of society: symbolic interactionism, social constructionism, rational choice theory; conflict theory, structural functionalism; feminist
kinsey scale
scale of sexuality
gender segregation
separating individuals based on gender
sex vs gender
sex is biologically determined; gender is based on social norms and expected behaviors of each biologically determined sex
rational choice theory
social exchange theory; everything is a transaction with a cost and benefit and we decide to participate in social interactions that we view allows us to maximize social benefit; doesn't explain altruistic behavior
social institutions
social structures that are established and accepted and dictate social patterns: education, family, government and economy, religion, healthcare and medicine
demographics
statistics of populations
ethnicity
groupings based on culture
race
groupings based on phenotypic similarities
social constructionism
reality is what humans cognitively construct based on ideas accepted by society
4 tenets of medical ethics
beneficience, nonmaleficience, respect for patients autonomy; justice
dependency ratio
burden that working population (15-65) feel in supporting the nonworking population; based upon youth ratio and age dependency ratio
demographic shift
changes in the makeup of a population over time
social movement
demand to promote or resist social change (proactive or reactive) usually in response to a relative deprivation
a population is stable when
fertility and mortality rate remain relativeily stable over time
symbolic interactionism
humans act on symbols based on their interpreted meaning; the meaning of symbols comes from social interaction; humans first personally interpret the meaning of symbols and then this interpretation influences action; emphasizes the fact that humans first interpret symbols on a personal level and respond; downside = doesn't explain macro-level interactions
gender stratification
inequilaity in accessing resources due to gender
feminist theory
institutional structures disadvantage women; glass ceiling and glass esclaator
conflict theory
macro theory; the powerful tend to strive to maintain their power by altering laws and shaping the structure of society; the powerless strive to change their status by collaborating through interest groups to perform revolutions through social disruption; negative is that it doesn;t explain social cooperation and micro phenomena
malthusian theory
mass starvation (malthusian catastrophe) will inevitably result from the expontnetial growth of a population due to limits in food supply
globalization
merging of nations
micro vs meso vs macro
micro = individuals, families, local communities, meso = organizations, insittutions, ethnic subcultures; macro = national and international systems
fertility rate
number of children per woman; above 2 means that fertility rates are contributing to population growth
morality rate
number of deaths per thousand per unit of time
sociology
study of society
life course perspective
taking into account an individual's age and life experiences
demographic transition
transition from preindustrial to industrial economic system; follows common pattern - 1) preindustrial = high birth rates and high death rates; relatively stable population 2) improvign economy improves healthcare and death rates decrease 3) improving gender equality; contraception; women's rights and industrialization from agriculture decreases birth rates; 4)as an industrial society, birth rates and death rates are low and population is stable
