AXIAL SKELETAL SYSTEM
function of intervertebral discs
- absorb shock - support weight - bind vertebrae
allow for nerves and arteries to pass in the sacrum
- anterior sacral foramina - posterior sacral foramina
distinctive features of cervical vertebrae
- bifid spinous process - transverse foramen
What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?
- cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacrum - coccyx
conditions of abnormal spinal curvatures
- kyphosis - scoliosis - lordosis
components of the sternum?
- manubrium - sternal angle - body (gladiolus) - xyphoid process
what makes up the appendicular skeletal system?
- pectoral/pelvic girdles - upper/lower limbs
what 3 components make up the thoracic cage?
- sternum - thoracic vertebrae - ribs
main functions of the vertebral column
- support skull and trunk - enables movement - absorbs stress produced by movement
what makes up the axial skeletal system?
- the skull - vertebral column - thoracic cage
components of the thoracic cage?
- thoracic vertebrae - sternum - ribs
where do thoracic vertebrae attach to ribs at?
- transverse costal facet - superior articular costal facet - inferior articular costal facet
which ribs are true ribs?
1-7
which ribs are floating ribs?
11-12
which ribs do not have tubercles?
11-12
how many pairs of ribs are there?
12
how many pairs of ribs originate on the vertebral column?
12
how many vertebrae are in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
12
which ribs articulate with the sternal angle?
2
what age does the coccyx fully fuse?
20 to 30
how many bones are in an adult skeleton?
206
about what age are the bones of the sacrum fully fused?
26
how many vertebrae and intervertebral discs are there?
26
how many points do thoracic vertebrae connect to ribs at?
3
how many fused vertebrae form the coccyx?
4
how many fused vertebrae make up the coccyx?
4
how many fused vertebrae form the sacrum?
5
how many fused vertebrae make up the scarum?
5
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
how many regions does the vertebral column contain?
5
how many vertebrae are in the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
5
how many vertebrae are in the cervical region of the vertebral column?
7
which ribs are false ribs?
8-10
which thoracic vertebrae do not have transverse costal facet?
T11 and T12
what can determine the variation in number of bones?
absence or presences of sesamoid bones and wormian bones
what are the wing-like extensions of the sacrum?
alae
which structure forms most of the superior surface of the sacrum?
alae
- forms atlantooccipital joint - large vertebral foramen - no body - no spinous process - anterior and posterior arches and tubercles
atlas
which cervical vertebrae supports the head?
atlas (C1)
what is the ear-shaped surface on either side of the sacrum?
auricular surface
what two structures articulate to form the sacroiliac joint?
auricular surface and ossa coxae
what are the two regions skeletons are divided into?
axial and appendicular
what is the central and longest portion of the sternum?
body
what is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae called?
body
what features are shared between vertebrae?
body and vertebral foramen
how is primary curvature described?
c shaped
- crush bodies or arches of vertebrae - vertebrae dislocation - one vertebra slips below - sudden flexion of the neck
cervical vertebrae fracture (whiplash)
which bone is the "tail bone"?
coccyx
which is the "tail bone"?
coccyx
which region of the vertebral column is articulate with the inferior region of the sacrum?
coccyx
what is the rounded knob of a bone called?
condyle
how are ribs attached to the sternum (anteriorly)?
costal cartilage
how are false ribs indirectly attached to the sternum?
costal cartilage connects to the rib above
what structure runs along the inferior margin of the shaft of the rib?
costal groove
how are true ribs connected to the sternum?
directly by costal cartilage
which ribs have thoracic vertebrae attached to them? a. T1-T7 b. T7-T12 c. T1-T2 d. T11-T12 e. T1-T12
e
why are there more bones present at birth?
epiphyses are not fused yet
what is the articulate surface of a bone called?
facet
true or false - more bones are present in adults as complete development
false
what is the hole through a bone called?
foramen
what is a shallow pit on a bone called?
fossa
what is the body of the sternum also known as?
gladiolus
- it is a "slipped" or "reuptured" disc - it is occurs when there is a cracking of the annulus fibrosis - the nucleus pulposus oozes out and puts pressure on a spinal nerve root or spinal cord - it is common between C5 and C6, C6 and C7, and L4 and L5
herniated disc
what causes abnormal narrowing of the vertebral canal or intervertebral foramina (spinal stenosis)?
hypertrophy of vertebral bone
swayback
lordosis
which type of abnormal spine curvature is caused by osteoporosis, pregnancy, or obesity?
lordosis
which type of abnormal spine curvature is described as an exaggerated lumbar curvature?
lordosis
which is the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
lower back
- they are characterized by thick, stout bodies - their inferior articular facet is lateral - their articular surfaces are large and interlocked - numbered L1-L5
lumbar vertebrae
what two structures form the jugular notch?
manubrium and clavicular notch
what are the fused spinous processes of the sacrum called?
median sacral crest
which is the cervical region of the vertebral column?
neck
what are intervertebral discs composed of?
nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus
what shape spine does a newborn baby have?
primary curvature
what is a bony prominence part of a bone called?
process
which is the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
ribs
how is secondary curvature described?
s shaped
which feature of the sacrum contains spinal nerve roots?
sacral canal
where does the sacral canal end?
sacral hiatus
what is the triangular-shaped structure that connects to the ossa coxae?
sacrum
which region of the vertebral column is articulate with the inferior region of the lumbar region?
sacrum
- it results during development when vertebral arch and body fail to form or form incompletely - most frequent in thoracic regions - more common in females than males - most common spinal deformity
scoiliosis
which type of abnormal spine curvature is described as an abnormal lateral curvature?
scoliosis
- abnormal narrowing of the vertebral canal or intervertebral foramina - may compress spinal nerves (cause lower back pain) - common in middle-aged or older people
spinal stenosis
which structure of the vertebra sticks out posteriorly and downwards?
spinous process
which structure of vertebrae are fused into a dorsal ridge in the sacrum?
spinous process
- marks the junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum - aortic arch starts and ends - bifurcation of the trachea - marks the inferior border of superior mediastinum
sternal angle
which is the "breast bone"?
sternum
what can cause the jugular notch to appear?
struggle to breathe
which structures of the vertebra form joints between vertebrae?
superior and inferior articular processes
which part of the atlas articulates with the occipital condyle of the skull?
superior articular facet
which structures articulate to form the atlantoocciptal joint?
superior articular facet and occipital condyle
which structure of the sacrum articulates with L5?
superior articular process
what is the jugular notch also known as?
suprasternal notch
which region of the skeletal system is the supporting axis of the body?
the axial skeletal system
what is a distinctive feature of the axis?
the dens or odontoid process
which point of the rib is considered the origin on the vertebral column?
the head
which part of the rib is the flat part that curves anteriorly?
the shaft
where are wormian (sutural) bones?
the skull
where are sesamoid bones developed?
the tendons
ribs curve around and articulates with __________ at the end of each transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
the transverse costal facet
how are floating ribs connected to the sternum?
they aren't
which vertebral region is associated with the thoracic cage?
thoracic region
- characterized by spinous processes that point sharply inferior - characterized by heart shaped vertebral bodies
thoracic vertebrae
which structure of the vertebra extends laterally?
transverse process
which structure of vertebrae are fused to form lateral sacral crests?
transverse process
true or false - the dens/odontoid process protrudes and rotates within the vertebral foramen of the atlas to form the atlantoaxial joint
true
what is the prominent bump on the proximal part of ribs 1-10?
tubercle
which structure of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of the thoracic vertebrae?
tubercle
where do the posterior ends of ribs originate?
vertebral column
which part of the vertebrae allows passage of the spinal cord?
vertebral foramen
what can cause cracking of the annulus fibrosis, leading to a herniated disc?
violent extension of vertebral column or heavy lifting
when does secondary curvature take place?
when children begin to their heads
how are holes of the intervertebral foramen formed?
when two vertebrae are joined, a hole between the pedicles is formed
what is the small pointed tip (inferior) of the sternum called?
xyphoid process
atlas
C1
which vertebrae do not share certain features commonly shared between vertebrae?
C1 and C2
axis
C2
hunchback
kyphosis
which type of abnormal spine curvature is described as an exaggerated posterior thoracic curvature?
kyphosis
which type of abnormal spine curvature is most frequently caused by osteoporosis?
kyphosis
what are vertebral arches consisted of?
lamina and pedicle
how are false ribs connected to the sternum?
indirectly by costal cartilage
which structures of the atlas articulate with the axis?
inferior articular surface
what bind adjacent vertebrae together?
intervertebral discs
what structure do spinal nerves pass through?
intervertebral foramen
what are the two notches associated with the manubrium?
jugular notch and clavicular notch