sociology chapter 14
According to Herrnstein and Murray's The Bell Curve, a. the distribution of intelligence closely approximates a normal distribution. b. the majority of intelligence is environmental. c. family background has almost no influence in predicting intelligence. d. genetics and environment play equal roles in determining intelligence.
a
According to the perspective, the fundamental problem of the health care system is that it produces some problems that contribute to disharmony in society. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist
a
According to the perspective, the positive functions of the health care system are the prevention and treatment of disease. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist
a
Comparing the health care system of the U.S. with those of other industrialized countries, the text notes that a. the U.S. spends more money and coverage is less comprehensive than in other industrialized countries. b. the U.S. has the indisputably best health care delivery system among industrialized countries. c. it is not possible to provide health coverage for the majority of the population for less than 13% of the gross domestic product. d. the U.S. leads in cost-efficient management of health care.
a
Health care is . a. a matter of science and an elaborate social structure b. a social system of behaviors and a for-profit only business c. a cultural reflection and a social structure d. a medical matter and a flawed enterprise
a
How is access to health care in the U.S. distributed throughout the population? a. Health care is more available in urban and suburban areas than in rural areas. b. Native American reservations have more health clinics for the population than most other areas of the country. c. Women are seen as needing more help and receive far more attention than men. d. Health care is one thing that members of minority groups and Whites have fairly equal access to.
a
If the Joneses need palliative care such as hospice the current healthcare system . a. does not cover it because of an emphasis on treatment b. covers the cost c. provides support from the medical community d. none of the above
a
Immunization against childhood diseases is widely taken for granted. In reality, how is immunization distributed throughout the U.S.? a. Many inner city and rural residents are suspicious of or don't understand the importance of immunizations for children. b. Government health care programs have been particularly effective in reaching children in urban areas. c. Special attention is always given to the Appalachian region of the U.S. where a larger percentage of children are vaccinated than in other parts of the country. d. Childhood immunizations are the one type of health care service that is not extremely stratified in terms of its distribution.
a
Jeff wants to home school his children. Statistically he . a. is average in income and a minority b. has an advanced college degree c. has a low to median income and is white d. is from a wealthy neighborhood
a
John has diabetes. The cost of treating it is . a. more expensive than preventing it b. less expensive than preventing it c. unrelated to preventing it d. more important than preventing it
a
Level of formal education achieved is strongly correlated with . a. occupational prestige b. income c. wealth d. life satisfaction
a
Research on gender and health finds that a. older women are more likely than older men to suffer from stress, hypertension and chronic illness. b. as women age, health status improves so they are less likely to contract disease. c. men and women now have about the same average life expectancy. d. throughout their life span men are more likely to be overweight than women.
a
Research on the relationship of social class to health care finds that a. people with lower incomes do not generally rate their health as excellent. b. those in lower social classes have rates of infant mortality and stillbirths roughly equal to those of upper- class people. c. lower income people are less likely to smoke than upper-class people. d. those using Medicaid are healthier than those not using Medicaid.
a
Standardized ability tests are intended to measure . a. potential b. skill c. intelligence d. performance
a
The United States is no longer the world leader in student math and science achievement scores. According to the text, what explains this decline in the nation's standing? a. inequality within the education system b. poorly trained teachers c. No Child Left Behind d. shorter school years
a
The four types of education in the U.S. are parochial, public, private and home schooling. How does home schooling compare with other forms of education? a. Ninety-five percent of the elementary aged children who were home schooled in 2000 were White. b. Almost all home-schooled children are Catholic and Mormon. c. Children who are home-schooled score lower on standardized subject tests than children from public schools. d. Lower income students tend to be home-schooled more than upper-income students.
a
The health care crisis in the United States is largely a question of . a. cost b. quality c. education d. discrimination
a
The study of all the factors associated with disease in society is called . a. epidemiology b. etiology c. entomology d. social gerontology
a
What do England's Eleven Plus test, the German test called Arbitur, and the U.S. SAT standardized test have in common? a. The results of all three exams have a similar impact on directing the futures of the young people who take them. b. Students from all social classes achieve equally well on these types of tests. c. They have all been discontinued having been found to be too discriminatory. d. They are all the main method for predicting future occupation.
a
What is a standardized ability test? a. a test intended to measure a person's potential b. a test of what one has learned over time c. a test to determine what occupations a person is best suited for d. a test of physical fitness and development
a
What is the relationship between income, gender, and education? a. At every level of education the average income of men is higher than the average income of women. b. When a woman has more education than a man she can be expected to earn more than he does. c. Women with a bachelor's degree consistently earn more than men with only a high school diploma. d. There is no relationship between income, gender, and education.
a
Which of the following is not a criticism of using standardized testing to measure cognitive ability? a. The tests measure ability in too many different areas, such as creativity and musical ability. b. The tests have at least some degree of cultural and gender bias. c. The SATs do not predict school performance very well. d. Only a limited range of abilities is measured by the tests.
a
are intended to measure what has actually been learned. a. Achievement tests b. Standardized tests c. Predictive tests d. Placement tests
a
emphasizes that education unifies and stabilizes society. a. Functionalist theory b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Feminist theory
a
emphasizes the way in which government, science, and health care are all interrelated and contribute to the stable nature of society. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionism d. Exchange theory
a
the teacher expectancy effect occurs independently of a student's actual ability. What explains this effect? a. the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy b. teachers' greater ability than testing to predict academic success c. the type of students the teacher has d. the economic environment of the school district
a
. A poor community in the U.S. wants to increase the life chances of its best students. It must contend most with school _____________ . a. curriculum b. funding c. unresponsive teachers d. socialization
b
. Symbolic interactionists who have studied the meanings conveyed during interaction between health care providers and the poor have found that a. the poor are more likely to be given careful, accurate health care information. b. the poor are treated as if they should be happy with whatever care they get. c. relationships between health care workers and the poor are more positive than those with higher income patients. d. the poor have more options than middle-income people about where to go for care.
b
. are most likely to believe that health care reflects the inequalities in society. a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interaction theory d. Social exchange theory
b
4. Which of the following is true regarding graduation rates? a. Since 1940, Hispanic students have had the highest graduation rates. b. Since 1940, White students have had the highest graduation rates. c. Since 1940, Black students have had the highest graduation rates. d. Since 1940, Hispanic, White, and Black students have had equal graduation rates.
b
According to , education supports the needs of a capitalist economy. a. functionalists b. conflict theorists c. symbolic interactionists d. feminists
b
According to functionalist schools provide along with learning skills. a. stratification b. social control c. labeling d. equality
b
According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) what has been the impact of the No Child Left Behind legislation? a. Although a gap in achievement scores still exists between students of color and White students, the gap has decreased some. b. A gap between the achievement scores of students of color and White students not only still exists, but has gotten wider. c. The gap in achievement scores for students of color and White students in secondary school has virtually disappeared. d. There has been no change in relative achievement scores for more than 10 years.
b
According to the perspective, excessive bureaucratization of the health care system and privatization has lead to excessive cost. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist
b
According to the perspective, structural inequality is a major source of problems within the health care system. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. interpretivist
b
As medicine became a profession in the late 19th century, it also developed into a stratified system. How was medicine stratified in terms of race and class? a. Only white women of all classes were taken seriously as physicians. b. Folk medicine, including midwifery, became identified with rural and lower social classes. c. Black men were recruited to be trained as physicians to serve in rural areas. d. Attending medical school was widely used by men of all classes to raise their social status.
b
From a(n) perspective unequal education is used to separate different groups and benefit those in the middle and upper classes. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. interpretivist
b
From the perspective, the inequality inherent in our society is responsible for the unequal access to medical care. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist
b
High school and college graduation rates are not the same for all racial-ethnic groups. In fact, a. Blacks have the lowest graduation rates compared with Whites and Hispanics. b. Hispanics have the lowest graduation rates, compared with Whites and Blacks. c. Hispanics have graduation rates that are equal to those of Whites. d. Blacks have graduation rates that are equal to those of Whites.
b
How are occupation, class, and education related? a. One's social class is heavily influenced by level of formal education. b. One's occupation is heavily influenced by social class background and formal education. c. Elite boarding schools that prepare students for elite occupations are attended by members of all social classes in equal proportions. d. Education provides upward social mobility for all, regardless of class.
b
One of the major goals of No Child Left Behind was a. to limit racial segregation in schools. b. to narrow the racial achievement gap. c. to increase funding to minority schools. d. to rewrite curricula to be more racially diverse.
b
Recently, obesity has become a. a minimized problem. b. defined as a public health problem. c. an individual issue. d. largely solved
b
Schooling refers to a. informal education. b. formal, institutionalized education. c. mandatory education. d. luxury education.
b
Separating students according to some measure of cognitive ability (ability grouping) is most commonly called . a. cognitive differentiation b. tracking c. classroom stratification d. student leveling
b
Sociologists believe that the most important factor in reducing the incidence of AIDS is a. new drug protocols for treatment. b. understanding the social networks and social norms for transmission of the disease. c. a great deal more funding for health care clinics worldwide. d. education for protection against the disease.
b
The impact on an individual's social identity when they are devalued due to an identifiable characteristic is termed . a. disability b. stigma c. minority d. accommodation
b
The increased prestige of medicine and status of physicians coincided with a. the founding of the U.S. as an independent nation. b. the establishment of medicine as a science. c. the immigration of physicians to the U.S. from other countries. d. the discovery of penicillin.
b
The program begun in 1938 under the Franklin Roosevelt administration that provides medical care for the poor, those on welfare, and for the disabled is called . a. Medicare b. Medicaid c. Health Maintenance Organization d. Social Security
b
The research that The Bell Curve by Hernstein and Murray was based on is considered flawed by many because a. the studied included only fraternal twins, not identical twins. b. twins raised in similar social environments were more similar than those raised in very different social environments. c. the twins that were studied were too diverse in terms of sex and racial or ethnic background. d. only White, middle-class twins were studied.
b
What has been the outcome of No Child Left Behind? a. The racial achievement gap has narrowed. b. The racial achievement gap has widened. c. Test scores have improved for most students. d. There has been no change in test scores.
b
What is the relationship between educational test scores (e.g. SAT and ACT) and social class? a. There is no relationship between educational test scores and income. b. As average family income goes up, so do SAT scores. c. SAT scores are unpredictable, regardless of parents' social class and income. d. Social class does not have much effect on SAT and ACT scores.
b
What is the relationship between formal education and occupational status? a. There is none; many people are "selftaught" and work their way up the corporate ladder. b. The higher one's occupational status, the greater the likelihood that person has a great deal of formal education. c. Many years of formal education virtually guarantees one will have a high prestige job. d. Many high prestige jobs require little formal education.
b
When germ theory first became established as the foundation of medicine, a. there were still no American physicians. b. the practice of medicine was transformed into a science. c. more people could help prevent illness so doctors become less important. d. the American Medical Association took credit.
b
Which of the following is most true about a college student entering a college today? a. They come from high schools that are less segregated than in 1980s. b. They come from high schools that are more segregated than in the 1980s. c. They come from high schools that have mixed classes. d. They come from schools where busing continues to integrate students.
b
Which of the following would a student likely focus on if they are interested in reforming the U.S. approach to healthcare? a. A lack of specialist for surgery b. A lack of preventive health care c. A lack of medicine for disease d. None of the above
b
he extent to which standardized tests accurately predict future college grades is called the of the tests. a. reliability b. predictive validity c. assessment capacity d. analytical viability
b
reast cancer is most likely to afflict a. African American women. b. White women. c. Latina women. d. Asian women.
b
. According to the text, the U.S. currently spends about of its gross domestic product on health care. a. 5 percent b. 10 percent c. 15 percent d. 20 percent
c
A major criticism of standardized ability tests is of what they consider "standardized" knowledge. In fact, research indicates that they a. predict future school performance for African Americans better than for Whites. b. predict future school performance for women better than for men. c. predict future school performance for White males better than for others. d. are not able to predict future school performance for people with any particular social trait.
c
A teacher believes that Latinos are poor at math. Interaction between a Latino student and the teacher has the affect of encouraging the Latino student to fail. This phenomenon is called . a. sorting b. a latent function c. the expectancy effect d. tracking
c
According to the text, which of the following would be considered a latent function of education? a. socialization b. occupational training c. social control d. credentialism
c
According to the text, which of these groups is least likely to utilize health services? a. Whites b. African Americans c. Hispanics d. Native Americans
c
As the practice of medicine became an upper-class profession, a. it attracted African American and Hispanic students. b. more women became doctors. c. it also became white and male. d. it embraced folk medicine.
c
Bob is going to a private school. He is most likely attending a . a. a secular school b. a school for alternative students c. a religious or parochial school d. homes school
c
Comparing the health status of high income people and lower income people is used by the text to demonstrate that a. illness and disease may strike anyone from any particular social class. b. the effects of social class are less dramatic in the area of health than in other areas. c. social circumstances have an effect on health. d. poor people do not care about taking care of themselves.
c
Education in the U.S. was made compulsory in . a. 1778 b. 1860 c. 1900 d. 1920
c
In the U.S., one's SAT score may be used is a "proxy" measure of one's social class. What does this mean? a. The SAT score is a more realistic measure of social class than income or education. b. SAT scores are the best predictors of how well a student will do in college. c. Family income is strongly correlated with scores on the SAT exam. d. SAT scores are more related to race than income.
c
Increasing diversity in society creates new challenges for the health care system. The text notes that immigrants to the U.S. a. are generally treated better than native born Americans. b. tend to feel most satisfied with their health care when their physician is White. c. experience social distance from health care providers that makes them reluctant to seek care. d. seek out medical professionals from their home countries.
c
Most women who acquire AIDS do so a. through intravenous drug use. b. through same-sex sexual contact. c. through heterosexual contact. d. through blood transfusions.
c
Natural differences in ability between people do exist. The general pattern is that differences in natural ability exist a. between racial-ethnic groups. b. between men and women. c. among the members of any particular group; they are not connected with group membership. d. between the U.S. population and other industrialized countries.
c
Since education became mandatory, a. education has had no influence on inequalities in society. b. education has increased inequality in society. c. education has reduced many inequalities in society. d. education has been the primary cause of inequality in society.
c
The Affordable Health Care for America Act of 2010 does all of the following, except: a. require all people to purchase a health insurance plan. b. prohibit insurers from rejecting customers based on preexisting conditions. c. provide free health coverage for all children under the age of 18. d. require employers to provide health insurance for employees.
c
The SAT and IQ tests a. were meant to measure achievement, not potential. b. are not used much within the U.S. education system. c. were designed by middle-class White males. d. have had an equalizing effect on education for women and minorities.
c
The perspective focuses on the process of how expectations are created as students and teachers interact. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. postmodern
c
The perspective highlights a number of socially constructed problems in the health care system. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist
c
The process of labeling a student a "good student," the attention the teacher pays to that student, and the adjustment of a student's behavior to meet expectations is explained by theory. a. functionalist b. conflict c. symbolic interactionist d. feminist
c
The relationship between health care providers and patients, for example the patronizing use of "we" by some nurses, and calling patients by their first names, is most likely to be studied by the perspective. a. functionalist b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist d. social control
c
When a student takes a standardized ability test administrators learn . a. about their political and creativity b. about their spatial ability c. about their aptitude ability d. about their athletic ability
c
When expectations are converted into reality or actual performance, this is called . a. reality tracking b. performance prophecy c. a self-fulfilling prophecy d. predicted expectations
c
When the American Medical Association was established in 1847, a. women who worked as midwives were some of the first members. b. it competed with several other organizations to influence medicine in the U.S. c. the organization worked to outlaw or delegitimize any alternative therapies. d. it influence on medicine in the U.S. was minimal.
c
When the SAT was first introduced in the late 1940s, it was supposed to be an objective predictor of academic ability. How well does the SAT predict future achievement? a. High school grades are much better at predicting future performance than results of the SAT. b. The SAT has proved to be a good predictor of future academic achievement. c. Results of the SAT are a better reflection of class and social environment than academic ability. d. The SAT, while not perfect, is much more accurate and objective than high school grades as a predictor of future achievement.
c
Which of the following conclusions is accurate regarding social mobility and education? a. Education is the strongest predictor of social mobility. b. Education is unrelated to social mobility. c. Education is related to some social mobility. d. Education is related to social mobility for those in the middle class only.
c
Which of the following countries spends the highest proportion of their gross national product on health care? a. Canada b. Greece c. Italy d. United States
c
Which perspective is most likely to believe that illness is partly socially constructed? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interaction theory d. social exchange theory
c
Which theoretical perspective is the concept of the teacher expectancy effect associated with? a. functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. feminist theory
c
for middleclass Whites, education improves one's chance of getting a middleclass job, but entering the upper class is unlikely.
c
. According to functionalists, education accomplishes all of the following, except: a. socialization. b. occupational training. c. social control. d. teacher expectancy.
d
1. The types of education in the U.S. include all of the following except . a. charter schools b. home schooling c. private education d. vocational education
d
According to the text, which of these is a not major contributor to skyrocketing health-care costs in the U.S.? a. increasing costs of hospital care b. the costs of malpractice insurance c. third party payment system d. high rates of uninsured
d
An overall assessment of the impact of compulsory education in the U.S. since inception in the 19th century would be that it a. deepened inequality between African Americans, Latinos and Whites. b. increased the amount of inequality between men and women. c. has equalized circumstances for women, and members of all groups in society. d. has reduced many inequalities in society.
d
Critics of tracking argue that a. students in the higher tracks do not learn as much as others. b. the tracks are not properly divided; there should be different categories used. c. the lower track students get most of the teachers' attention. d. the students in the lower tracks learn less because they are taught less.
d
Group differences in IQ tests and SAT scores are related to all of the following, except: a. parental education b. childhood socialization c. social class status d. peer groups
d
In The Bell Curve, Herrnstein and Murray estimate that intelligence is about percent genetically heritable. a. 30 b. 60 c. 40 d. 70
d
In the past, state laws in the South and West prohibited education for . a. female children b. young children c. disabled children d. minority children
d
Medicare provides all of the following, except: a. medical insurance b. prescription drug plans c. hospital care d. dental care
d
Research on tracking has found all of the following, except: a. students in the lower tracks learn less because they are taught less. b. even students with the same test scores are put into different tracks according to their race and social class. c. less is expected of lower track students and so their academic performance is lower. d. detracking penalizes high achieving students.
d
Social conditions have a significant effect on health. In fact, a. male occupational roles put them at greater risk than women of infectious disease. b. perceived discrimination against oneself is related to psychological and physical health. c. housewives have higher rates of illness than women who work outside the home. d. All of these choices are true.
d
The Americans with Disabilities Act requires employers and schools to provide . a. "rational aid" b. "equitable assistance" c. "practical help" d. "reasonable accommodations"
d
The stratification function of schools includes . a. drawing on existing stratification b. sorting people into different categories c. sorting people into existing social categories d. all of the above
d
Which geographic region of the United States has the highest obesity rates? a. Northeast b. Northwest c. Southwest d. Mid-South
d
Which of the following does is true about the Affordable Care Act? a. It is designed to include doctors in care. b. It is based on the idea that healthcare cannot be provided to everyone c. It provides support for the medical community. d. It extends coverage to the uninsured.
d
Which of these is not a problem within the U.S. health care system, as discussed by the text? a. unequal distribution of health care by race/ethnicity, social class, or gender b. unequal distribution of health care by geographic region c. inadequate health education of inner-city and rural parents d. inadequate health care for the elderly
d
obesity was first included in the Medicare Program as a disease in . a. 1920 b. 1965 c. 1996 d. 2004
d
In 1964, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education that a. separate but equal was unconstitutional. b. segregation within schools was legal. c. racial segregation was illegal, but social class was legal. d. resegregation is constitutional.
s