Sociology - Chapter 16

Critics of unidimensional evolutionary theories argued that:

"Civilized" and "primitive" do not have clear definitions.

The trend toward more and more of the population entering the 65 and over age bracket is called _____.

"Graying of America"

The 2000 U.S. census is estimated to have undercounted approximately two percent of the country's population. The estimated undercount for Hispanics is as high as ______ percent.

25 %

The 2010 Census allowed individuals to self-select their race. Approximately _____ percent of Americans identified themselves as "mixed race" in 2010.

3.3 %

Using data from the 2010 Census, the current population of the United States is estimated to be about _____.

311 Million

In the U.S. today, life expectancy for the overall population is about _____ years of age.

78

In the United State, the sex ratio is _____, which indicates _____.

94; There are more females than males.

What is necessary in order for a social movement to begin?

A preexisting communication network.

According to Tönnies, gemeinschaft is characterized by:

A sense of fellow feeling and strong personal ties.

Among Hispanics, migration patterns are closely linked to:

Agriculture.

According to Marcuse, one of the most pressing problems today, brought on by increasing technology and modernization is _____.

Alienation

A cohort consists of:

All persons born within a given period.

Among different racial/ethnic groups in the United States, the group with the highest birthrate is _____.

Asian Americans

A large portion of the pollutants released into the air in the U.S. come from:

Automobiles.

Despite the revolutionary developments that have forestalled his predictions, Malthus made an important contribution by:

Bringing attention to the limitations on subsistence and natural resources.

The number of people the planet can support on a sustained basis is called the _____.

Carrying capacity

The most serious nuclear power plant accident to date occurred at _____.

Chernobyl (in the Ukraine)

In general, when people create new norms and organizational structures in response to emerging situations sociologists term this _____.

Collective behavior

According to _____ theory, society changes from class-based to a classless society.

Conflict

According to _____ theory, the primary cause of social change is a change in the structure of economic classes.

Conflict

The _____ is defined as the number of births each year for every 1000 people in the population

Crude birth rate

Which of the following is not a condition under which revolutions are likely to occur?

Cultural diffusion

_____ is the spread of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another.

Cultural diffusion

The delay between the time that social conditions change and the time that cultural adjustments are made is called _____.

Culture lag

The use of cellular phones, and the lack of agreement about the proper manners to use with cellular phones, would be an example of _____.

Culture lag

_____ theories of social change invoke patterns of structure and culture that are believed to recur at more or less regular intervals.

Cyclical

According to _____ theory, populations go through predictable stages from high birth and death rates to a stable population with low birth and death rates.

Demographic transition

According to _____, the most successful nations control and even prevent the development of less powerful nations.

Dependency theory

According to Georg Simmel, urban dwellers avoid _____, which is more likely found in rural communities.

Emotional involvement

The pattern of disproportionate dumping of toxic waste and other forms of pollution in neighborhoods where the poor and people of color live is called _____.

Environmental racism

People who live in Chinatown, Little Italy, and Little Havana are all examples of what Gans termed _____.

Ethnic villagers

According to Malthusian theory, population growth tends to be _____.

Exponential

An example of a resource that is not renewable, regardless of how well we manage it, is _____.

Fossil fuels

The 1924 National Origins Quota law encouraged immigration from _____ and discouraged immigration from _____.

France; Italy

Evolutionary theories of social change are a branch of _____.

Functionalism

According to _____ theorists, societies move from being structurally simple and homogeneous to complex and heterogeneous, in which there is an extensive division of labor.

Functionalist

Which of the following is not a factor in determining the total number of people in a society?

Gender

The United States since the 1940s has become a _____.

Gesellschaft

Stage two of the demographic transition is characterized by:

High birth rates and a declining death rate.

The scientific study of the interdependence between humans and their physical environment is called _____.

Human ecology

Within the cyclical theory of social change of Sorokin and Caplow, the New Age spirituality movement which stresses a journey toward self-fulfillment and spiritual peace would be considered an example of _____ culture.

Ideational

For those opposed to permitting the self-selection of more than one race in the U.S. Census, an important argument is that:

Identifying as multiracial reduces the strength of numbers of already underrepresented minority groups.

According to Marx and Habermas, the personal feelings of powerlessness that accompany modernization are the result of:

Inequality.

The direction of social change:

Is established by a society's history.

What is the major criticism of demographic transition theory?

It is ethnocentric.

According to the Census Bureau, as of 2008 the country with the lowest birthrate is _____.

Japan

Among industrialized countries, the country with both the highest life expectancy and the lowest infant mortality rate is _____.

Japan

The all-time high rate of births in the United States was 27 per 1000 people. When was the U.S. birthrate this high?

Just following World War II.

70. Antipollution laws have been resisted by the industry because:

Laws require expensive adaptations of the manufacturing process.

In the 1930s, _____ wrote that the city was a center of distant, cold interpersonal interaction, and that as a result, the urban dweller experienced alienation.

Louis Wirth

Gradual transformations that affect many aspects of society are called _____.

Macrochanges

According to _____ theory, a population grows faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it.

Malthusian

According to _____ theory, societies become more homogenized as they are affected by technological change.

Modernization

Which type of theory is interested in how a personal identity is socially constructed through participation in social movement activity?

New social movement.

By mid-century, it is estimated that the U.S. population will be:

Older than today.

The Baby Boom cohort now comprises about _____of the entire population of the United States.

One-third

The U.S. consumed approximately _____ of the world's energy, but is home to only 5% of the world's population.

One-third

The infant mortality rate measures the number of deaths each year of infants under the age of one. This measure is also a reflection of:

Overall quality of life for a group of people.

The upper atmosphere shield that blocks dangerous ultraviolet light, protecting humans from sunburn and skin cancer is called the _____.

Ozone layer

Organized Latino groups used the aftermath of the Loma Prieta earthquake in California to mobilize for better housing and other services. This example supports which type of social movement theory?

Political process

Collective behavior is:

Predictable

Malthus considered sexual abstinence to be a _____ on population growth.

Preventive check

Compared with other industrialized nations in terms of infant mortality and life expectancy, the U.S.:

Ranks near the bottom, having relatively high infant mortality and lower life expectancy.

The Sierra Club is a classic _____ movement that lobbies within the existing political system to promote legislation protecting the environment.

Reform

According to functionalists, _____ over time.

Simple societies become more complex

Which of these types of collective behavior tends to persist over time longer than the others?

Social movements

The crude death rate, the number of deaths per 1000 people, is a good indicator of _____.

Standard of living

How is technology related to social change?

Technological innovations may be catalysts for social change.

According to functionalists, _____ is the primary cause of social change.

Technology

Lenski's multidimensional evolutionary theory formulation gives a central role to _____ arguing that it stimulates the changes that follow in other areas.

Technology

According to modernization theory, the primary causes of social change are:

Technology and global development.

World War II contributed to social change in the United States in all of the following ways, except:

Technology improved working conditions.

Some groups of people are likely to be undercounted by the Census for various reasons. Why does this matter?

The Census is used to apportion representation in government as fairly as possible.

Paul Ehrlich predicted that world population growth was largely effected by:

The Government

Which federal document requires a national census to be conducted every ten years?

The U.S. Constitution

The actual shape of an age-sex pyramid is a reflection of:

The birth rate of a society.

Government programs that advocate for contraceptive use are only successful when:

The cultural supports it.

In the United States, historically the most significant social movements have been those associated with _____.

The diversity of the population.

Sociologists use the term demographic divide to refer to:

The fact that most immigrants today settle in a few major cities on the east and west coasts of the U.S.

Cohorts are useful for analyzing all of the following, except:

The gender ration within a population.

In Census 2000, the undercount for the entire U.S. population of the United States was 2 percent. Which of these groups is most like to be undercounted by the Census?

The homeless

Research on environmental racism indicates that:

The location of hazardous wastes near minority neighborhoods is too frequent to be occurring by chance.

Urban sociologist Gideon Sjøberg (1965) referred to those structural and cultural differences that exist as a consequence of differing degrees of urbanization as _____.

The rural-urban continuum

Which of these statements best describes current increases in the world's population?

The world's population increases exponentially.

Dependency theorists believe that while highly industrialized countries advance:

They prevent less industrialized nations from developing.

How do social movements differ from other types of social organization?

Unlike other social organizations, social movements thrive on spontaneity.

Under which condition are rumors most likely to occur?

When there is inadequate information to interpret a problematic situation or event.

In the United States, stage three of the demographic transition applies primarily to _____.

Whites

"Culture lag" is a term originally coined by _____.

William Ogburn

In The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich argues that:

Worldwide population growth has outgrown food production and that massive starvation must inevitably follow.