Sociology Chapter 7-

Charlotte can afford to take a vacation to Paris, France, but Karl can only afford a vacation to Paris, Texas. This distribution of income and wealth is called ______. wealth dichotomy economic inequality income divide income disparity

economic inequality

Charles is a retired, 72-year-old man who has lung cancer. He chooses not to see a doctor for his condition and continues to smoke a pack of cigarettes daily. According to Talcott Parsons's theory, Charles is performing the "sick role" correctly. True False

false

Compulsory diversity training programs to reduce bias in firms on the job and in hiring practices have been highly successful. True False

false

Fordism is the practice of buying American cars so you can show how patriotic you are. True False

false

Health care in the United States is affordable for everyone who has health insurance. True False

false

In the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson wrote that "Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed," he was basing this on John Locke's writings about "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."

false

In the United States, people base determination of their own race on what their parents' races are. Nothing else really matters. True False

false

When Andrew started preschool, he quickly learned what was acceptable behavior for a boy versus what was acceptable for a girl. This is known as the ______. hidden curriculum academic quandary social purpose of education functional agenda

hidden curriculum

Which of these was included in Weber's view of class position? location age human capital race

human capital

Which of these would most likely be considered medicalized? hyperactivity skin rash strep throat cancer

hyperactivity

What do sociologists believe to be true about health and illness? Who gets sick is random. Illness is socially patterned. Illness is strictly a medical problem. Illness and social relationships are not correlated.

illness is socially patterned

What happened in the 1970s and 1980s that allowed U.S. manufacturing to move to countries with cheaper labor? higher transportation costs tax increases liberal trade policies decreased knowledge-based work

liberal trade policies

When Latosha was younger, her heavy drinking was considered to be a bad habit. But now that she's older, she is getting treatment for alcoholism and her family is more supportive. This demonstrates the effect of ______. social learning dysfunction medicalization socialization

medicalization

Emma Lee was raised by parents who were alcoholics and drug users and who also sold drugs to support their habits. She was a good student, however, and after years of setbacks she managed to graduate from nursing school and gain employment as a home health nurse. This story demonstrates how society is a(n) ______ that rewards hard work and effort. meritocracy theocracy democracy autocracy

meritocracy

Many sociologists who study education believe that effective educational policies ______. should focus on international standards more must be accountable to the community in which they exist must give ample amount of homework each night should have more parents volunteering in the classroom

must be accountable to the community in which they exist

Research demonstrates that boys today are ______ in children's books. underrepresented represented equally to girls represented as villains overrepresented

overrepresented

Members of the House of Representatives have several constituencies they would like to please, including the people who voted for them, their donors, and other members of their political party. This illustrates how ______ makes it difficult to meet everyone's expectations. pluralism diversity conflict bureaucracy

pluralism

C. Wright Mills defines the power elite as encompassed by which of these groups? cultural elite political elite scholarly elite social elite

political elite

Maxine refuses to go to a certain grocery store because it is where all the Black people shop and it makes her nervous. This best demonstrates ______. stereotypes racism prejudice discrimination

prejudice

Research has made the case that the institution of education needs to prepare citizens to ______. teach the fundamentals of spelling become healthier prepare for work in a global marketplace develop better infrastructure

prepare for work in a global marketplace

Karl Marx believed that ______ determines the distribution of rewards. social class education hard work merit

social class

The scenario at the beginning of the chapter describes Friends of Downtown Ellsville, which includes residents who want to preserve the Puerto Rican heritage of the town. This is an example of a(n) ______. social movement protest organization environmental program Instagram group

social movement

Company A has a parental leave rule that allows both new fathers and new mothers to take paid time off for 8 weeks. This is a ______ that provides gender equality. social policy social interaction gender policy gender exception

social policy

Which of these programs was part of Roosevelt's New Deal in the 1930s? social security disability insurance Medicare Medicaid

social security

Women tend to live longer than men because ________. they are more likely to seek healthcare and have higher quality relationships they get fewer illnesses they wired differently than men because they are able to better handle life threatening events like reckless driving

they are more likely to seek healthcare and have higher quality relationships

The key characteristic of people in the bottom half of the income structure is ______. they have trouble paying their monthly expenses they live below the poverty level their income goes up and down so they can't budget they are on Medicaid

they have trouble paying their monthly expenses

Match the term with its brief description. traditional domination rational-legal domination charismatic domination

traditional domination - based on custom rational-legal domination - legally define charismatic domination - inspiring personal qualities

Mike is a high school student who was assigned female at birth. He has always felt like a boy and prefers to dress masculine. Mike is ______. transgender cisgender intersex bisexual

transgender

Education is essential to a democratic society. True False

true

Elementary and middle school teachers are 80% women, which perpetuates the idea that women are nurturers and should not be in leadership positions. True False

true

Gender is a socially constructed concept that exists in some form in all societies. True False

true

Hypotrichosis was only considered a medical problem after a drug was discovered to treat it. True False

true

Ignoring the issue of racism does not reduce racism in societies that have a racial hierarchy. True False

true

Lower class Black and Hispanic students are overrepresented in vocational tracks. True False

true

Most people who file sexual harassment claims are fired or demoted. True False

true

Some advocates now argue that we should apply market-based models to public education. True False

true

Symbolic interactionists believe that gender is chosen by individuals, but that choice is constrained by cultural norms. True False

true

The Women's March that occurred in 2017 right after Trump was elected took place worldwide and included millions of people speaking out in favor of women's rights. It was repeated in 2018 and included complaints against the Trump administration's policies. This is an example of a protest. True False

true

The theory of fundamental cause argues that socioeconomic status is the most important factor that explains disparities in health. True False

true

The women's movement is an example of an identity-based social movement. True False

true

Today, 18- to 34-year-olds are less likely to be sexually active than they have been for three decades. True False

true

Today, more women than men attain a college degree. True False

true

Using Weber's definition, Fidel Castro was an example of the routinization of charisma. True False

true

Weber described the state in terms of its use of physical force. True False

true

When did the Supreme Court rule to allow same-sex couples to marry? 2015 2005 2010 1995

true

When people participate in social movements, they are more likely to take part in other protests and to be politically active in the future. True False

true

Katerina has health insurance, but her co-pays and deductibles are so high that she doesn't go to the doctor when she is ill unless she absolutely has to. This demonstrates the problem of ______. overcharging by health service providers overcharging by insurance companies the uninsured underinsurance

underinsurance

Carlos's parents, who didn't finish high school, worked extra jobs to be able to afford to send him to college. After he graduated, he made more money than his father did and was quickly promoted several times. Carlos experienced ______ mobility. educational downward opportunity upward

upward

Conflict theory offers which perspective on gender? Gender socialization is a highly variable process depending upon content. Women often have less power because men outnumber them. Gender is a category that is used to privilege men and oppress women. Men symbolize the absence of gender while women perform what gender is.

Gender is a category that is used to privilege men and oppress women.

The wealth gap in the United States is more significant than the income gap. True False

True

Mothers Against Drunk Drivers sends out mailings, lobbies government, and sponsors a walk to raise funds. These are all ______ that are used to raise awareness and build constituents. resources movements rallies actions

actions

Which of these racial categories was included on the 2020 Census? North African Asian Middle Eastern Hispanic or Latino

asian

The number of teens and young adults who have had sex ______ over the past two decades. varied widely increased stayed the same decreased

decreased

In Country C, the state controls public utilities and provides taxpayer-supported welfare for citizens, which reduced inequality. What is this economic system? democratic socialist individualist capitalist socialist

democratic socialist

What was the Athenian style of democracy in the sixth century BCE? representative democracy citizen democracy direct democracy plutocracy

direct democracy

The more money you have, the better your health will be and the longer you are likely to live. True False

True

Activists with benefits are those who stand to gain from the social change they are seeking. True False

false

The Covid-19 pandemic forced more lower-income students to drop out of college. True False

True

According to fundamental cause theory, which person has the best chance of avoiding heart disease or diabetes? Alma, who lives in an apartment in the city and works in a factory for low wages. Betty, who is a middle manager in a small company and lives in a house with her husband in a suburban neighborhood. Karl, who lives in a shelter and attends community college while working part-time in a minimum wage job. Diego, who emigrated from Mexico and lives in Chicago in a house with 12 family members, none of whom are citizens of the United States.

Betty, who is a middle manager in a small company and lives in a house with her husband in a suburban neighborhood.

Which is an example of structural mobility? A daughter of immigrants becomes the first in her family to earn a college degree. High medical expenses in the United States make poor people poorer. Members of the upper class ensure that their children maintain their status. It is possible for a person to have low status and high income or low income and high status.

High medical expenses in the United States make poor people poorer.

Which country had a caste system in the 20th century? United Kingdom New Zealand India China

India

What happens if education doesn't change to meet the needs of production? It creates instability and harms the economy. Production needs change to meet the workforce's education. The society will slowly revert to a preindustrial mindset. The working class will rise up and challenge the owners of production.

It creates instability and harms the economy.

Most Americans live at least one year in poverty. True False

True

What effect has Bonilla-Silva's concept of minimization had on U.S. society in recent years? Opposition to interracial marriage has declined. The contributions of Black people have been ignored. Race has become more divisive in college admissions and employment. Hate crimes against minorities have risen.

Opposition to interracial marriage has declined.

President Trump's economic policies were closest to which former American president's economic policies? Barack Obama Bill Clinton Harry Truman Ronald Reagan

Ronald Reagan

What was the finding of A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform? The accountability that was expected led to teachers "teaching to the test." Schools were relying too much on federal aid. Schools were relying too much on taxes to fund them. Schools were underperforming and not producing globally competitive workers.

Schools were underperforming and not producing globally competitive workers.

Which statement about the U.S. public school system today is true? Students don't gain the critical thinking skills they need to succeed in white collar professions. Public schools do a good job of helping students develop their creative skills. Vocational students gain skills needed to get entry-level manufacturing jobs. A shop-based high school curriculum teaches students the basic technological knowledge they need for manufacturing jobs.

Students don't gain the critical thinking skills they need to succeed in white collar professions.

A politician says that the fall of the Soviet Union is proof that communism does not work. How would a sociologist evaluate this statement? The central component of communism is militarism, and militarism is what caused the fall of the Soviet Union. The conditions of communism eliminate the need for the state itself. The Soviet Union was actually an example of socialism. The Soviet Union practiced free-market capitalism paired with strict moral rules and severe punishments for petty crimes.

The conditions of communism eliminate the need for the state itself.

According to recent data, how does gender influence sexual identity in college hookup culture? Hooking up is a rare experience with more men admitting to it than women. Women most commonly engage in hookup culture to increase their popularity among peers. Most men who hookup with other men are more likely to report identifying as heterosexual. Women in same-sex hookups are less likely than men in same-sex hookups to identify as gay.

Women in same-sex hookups are less likely than men in same-sex hookups to identify as gay.

In Hobbes' version of a civil society, the right to engage in violence was given to ______. a sovereign who would use violence to protect people from each other a select few who would make the laws and enforce them all of the people when needed, but it would seldom be needed those who had a need to defend themselves against others

a sovereign who would use violence to protect people from each other

Which of Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's frames of the colorblind perspective on race occurs when a person agrees that everyone should have the same rights but opposes policies toward achieving this goal? abstract liberalism minimization culturalization naturalization

abstract liberalism

An acute illness is particularly disruptive to the affected individual, as acute illnesses last for several months, years, or even persist until death. True False

false

Students who go to ______ have the least likely chance of graduation. the military four-year universities or colleges graduate school community colleges

community colleges

Charlotte was raised in Georgia. Her high school history instructor presented the Civil War as a fight for states' rights. Pamela was raised in New York. Her high school history instructor taught her that the Civil War was all about freeing people who were enslaved. Which perspective would argue that schools teach different versions of history based on the dominant ideologies of those in power, as in this example? conflict symbolic interactionism functionalism feminism

conflict

Which of Robert Park's steps in the assimilation process involves competing for goods and power? conflict assimilation accommodation contact

conflict

What is the correct order of Robert Park's four-step assimilation process?

contact, conflict, accommodation, assimilation

A company implements mandatory diversity training for all employees. The human resource officer explains how people can report racism in the office and disciplinary action will be swiftly taken against perpetrators. How would an effective diversity program consultant evaluate the company's diversity initiative? including hiring tests and performance ratings could improve the initiative asking someone from an oppressed group within the organization to lead the training is necessary making the training mandatory demonstrates a commitment to diversity emphasizing infractions and sanctions will create adversarial relations among workers and managers

emphasizing infractions and sanctions will create adversarial relations among workers and managers

Mercedes is a medical sociologist exploring health disparities. On which topic is she most likely to focus? U.S. expenditures on health care how personalities change during an illness coping with a chronic illness environmental racism

environmental racism

Ken and Tiffani both live in a low-income area. Ken lives in a neighborhood where most parents work, including both of his, and he spends his time with his elderly grandmother who lets him watch television for hours at a time. Tiffani's mother doesn't work and she reads often to Tiffani and takes her on excursions to free exhibits at museums. Their upbringing is very different, but when they enter the same public school, they will have an equal chance at success. True False

false

Medicine is the one occupation in which there is no gender wage gap. True False

false

The idea that "sisterhood is global" is a slogan that demonstrates intersectionality. True False

false

The majority of Americans who have to deal with debt collectors is from spending too much on consumer items. True False

false

The term used by health experts to measure the number of deaths of children under 13 months of age for every 1,000 live births is the infant death rate.

false

There is no real benefit in having the role of the marginalized to be the strongest or the center of the movement. True False

false

____ economies tend to be anti-liberal, anti-communist, and militaristic. Fascist Capitalist Democratic socialist Socialist

fascist

Which perspective posits that public schools help children gain essential skills for future employment? functionalism symbolic interactionism feminism conflict

functionalism

Janice has a lot of friends, and they would do anything for each other. Kareem has few friends, and he usually spends his time with them eating fast food and engaging in extreme sports. These descriptions of Janice and Kareen are examples of ______. prejudice gender scripts gender confirmation sexual discrimination

gender scripts

Lucille's great grandmother made all her own clothes in the mid-18th century, but her grandmother was able to purchase clothes made in a factory and ordered through a catalog. This was due to the process of ______. the manufacturing economy piece work mass automation industrialization

industrialization

If a White person and a Black person both apply for a mortgage at the same bank, and both have the same credit histories, the White person is much more likely to be approved. The banks may justify this by saying that historically, White people have a better history of making payments, but according to the text, it is really ______. institutional discrimination financial racism a company policy an ethnic stereotype

institutional discrimination

Courts found the Trump administration's immigration ban unconstitutional because ______. it was clearly intended to focus on Muslim majority nations it was too broad in scope it included too many nations traditionally considered allies of the United States the president doesn't have the right to impose a ban on immigration

it was clearly intended to focus on Muslim majority nations

Christopher and Carey transferred their children to a Christian school because they weren't happy with the liberal attitudes at the public school. They were most concerned with the ______ of the school. manifest functions curriculum social functions latent functions

latent functions

The mayor of Chicago has the authority to appoint the school superintendent. This is called ______. legitimate power reward power illegitimate power expert power

legitimate power

One of the reasons White Americans make up 60% of public but 77% of the members of congress is ______. voter fraud The Voting Rights Act racial gerrymandering gaslighting

racial gerrymandering

Lian is Chinese American and Aiko is Japanese. They share the same ______. racial label heritage culture ethnic group

racial label

Fabio's wife has been asking him to stop drinking for years, but he hasn't been able to do it on his own so he is joining Alcoholics Anonymous. This is an example of a(n) ______ social movement because it asks members to change their behavior. revolutionary redemptive alternative reformative

redemptive

The political system in the United States is a ______. plutocracy representative democracy direct democracy citizen democracy

representative democracy

Maurice was born a boy, but since an early age he has identified as a girl in his preference for dress and traditionally female activities. Maurice's ______ is male. intersex gender sex cisgender

sex

Donar was raised by two parents who paid for his college and graduate school. He is now a successful entrepreneur in the technology field. Ali and his parents emigrated to the United States when he was in school, and they own a small grocery in an underdeveloped neighborhood. Ali works there part time. These two men have different social statuses due to their circumstances. This is called ______ social prejudice status inequality divergent opportunity social stratification

social stratification

What medical specialty tends to have more men than women, which reflects gender roles in society and contributes to the wage gap? surgery family medicine obstetrics pediatrics

surgery

What law prohibited landlords and property owners from discriminating against people based on race or national origin? the Fair Housing Act the Rehabilitation Act the Civil Rights Act the Mortgage and Loan Protection Act

the fair housing act