Sociology CLEP Test

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Roberts Michels Iron Law of Oligarchy

Democracy is antithetical to bureaucracy; people at the top of organization increase their power; people at the top become more interested in maintain power than interests of organization

Conflict Theory

Disagreement over distribution and power/resources

division of labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

George Herbert Mead

Each person has two sides: The "I" represents a person's individuality; the "me" side represents expectations an attitudes of others

George Simmel

"Formal Sociology": Led to research into ""Social Types"

cultural capital

"Proper" attitudes toward education, socially approved dress and manners, knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture are all examples of

preoperational stage

, in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

positive stage

Final stage in the development of a science where scientists search for general ideas or laws.

lower middle class

median income for us; white collar sales and clerical; some college; 33%

communication

members communicate information

interlocking directorships

members of one board of directors of a corporation sit on boards of other corporations

acculturation

minority accepts dominant culture but still experiences segregation

language

most important system of symbols

Herbert Spencer

most of his work has been discredited

migration

movement into out of an area

gestures

movements of body with socially agreed-upon meaning

mesomorphic

muscular and most prone to crime

labeling theory

no act is inherently deviant; deviance results from labeling specific act or person

cultural relativism

no cultural practice is inherently good or bad; each understood in terms of its place in larger cultural configuration

obstructive research

no interaction takes place between the researcher and subject under study. the research in no way attempts to influence the behavior or response of the subject.

laws

norms established and enforced by the political authority of the society

status

position within social system

rational-legal authority

power made legitimate by law

prejudice

prejudging according to race or ethnic group

total institution

prison or mental hospital, all aspects of an individual's life are controlled in order to strip down an rebuild the self.

comparative function

provide model to imitate

subordinate status

refer to the statuses one occupied that are not the master status.

patrilineal

relating to a social system in which family descent & inheritance rights are traced through the father

qualitative method

relaying on a personal observation and description of social life in order to explain behavior

Max Weber

religion powerful in creating economic system

signs

representations that stand for something else

democratic

representing or appealing to or adapted for the benefit of the people at large

quantitative methods

research in which the emphasis is placed on measurement, the use of statistics, and numbers

participant observation

researcher is active participant in study

detached observation

researcher remains outside what is being observed

Laboratory experiments

results may not work in the "real World"

step two

reviewing the literature

survey

sample population questioned

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

says that people think through language. language helps shape our thoughts

Sociology

scientific study of humans social behavior and human association, and results of social activities.

Sociology

scientific study of social behavior and arrangement.

structural functionalism

sees society as structure made out of pieces that function for the good of society

questionnaire

series of questions to respond to for study

stereotype

set of characteristics define entire group

culture

shared beliefs or values

density of social networks

shown to be health promoting, both mentally and physically, and a positive influence on self-concept. People reporting numerous friends that have better subjective and health ratings.

sampling

small cross-section of population for study

primary group

small, intimate endure groups (family, peer group)

endomorphic

soft and fat

kinship

state of relatedness or connection by blood or marriage or adoption

status hierarchies

statuses not always equal

altrustic suicide

strong attachments to group

social stratification

structured inequality is so vital to understand because every aspect of our lives is influenced by where we fall in the hierarchical system.

field experiments

study people in real-life situations

Emile Durkheim

suicide studies show suicide as function of social integration

genocide

systematic killing of one racial and or ethic group

controls

techniques to eliminate confusing factors

personality

the complex of all the attributes--behavioral, temperamental, emotional and mental--that characterize a unique individual

Conflict Theory

Constant change and conflict due to inequality among different groups

Structural Function

Society very stable and change occurs gradually

theodicy

a vindication of divine justice in the face of the existence of evil

power

ability to direct someone elses behavior

non material culture

abstract creations of society that are transmitted across generations

assimilation

accept minority into dominate culture; "melting pot"

crime

acts contrary to lefal code or laws

Edwin H sutherland

differential association

Positive Correlation

if two values increase.decrease simultaneously

group marriage

marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another; also called co-marriage

exogamy

marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group

endogamy

marriage within one's own tribe or group as required by custom or law

socialism

means of production collectively owned and regulated by government

Max Weber

Bureaucracy - division of labor-specialization -

poverty

13% of the US

August Comte

1798-1857

Karl Marx

1818-1883

Herbert Spencer

1820-1903

Emile Durkheim

1855-1917

George Simmel

1858-1918

Max Weber

1864-1920

C. Wright Mills

1959

extended family.

A family unit that is composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household is

communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

master status

A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life

class relationships involve inequality and exploitation

According to Karl Marx's theory of class relations

They own the means of production

According to Karl Marx, which of the following statements about capitalists is NOT true

Charismatic

According to Max Weber, power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities is what kind of authority

Structural Function

All society's parts are interdependent and function as an organism

capitalism

An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned and supply and demand answer the economic questions of what, when, why, and how to produce.

tracking

Assignment of students to specific courses and educational programs based on their test scores, previous grades, or both is

Symbolic Interaction

Attach meanings to behavior and actions and reactions influence behavior

inductive theory

Based on observations

monotheism

Belief in a single supreme being or God who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world

August Comte

Belief- need to understand society as it was, rather than what ought to be

Emile Durkheim

Bonds/functions hold society together (social integration)

Structural Function

Consensus among members on norms and values

theological stage

First stage in the development of a science where scientists look toward the supernatural realm of ideas for an explanation of what they observed.

Symbolic Interaction

Focus on identify issues, particularity the sense of self, which is a social product

Emile Durkheim

Groups influence our behavior

Karl Marx

Historical change occurs through class conflict between owners and workers

Exchange Theory

Interaction proceeds on a cost/benefit analysis

Ethnomethodology

Key proponents: Alfred Schutz

Symbolic Interaction

Key proponents: Erving Goofman

Structural Function

Key proponents: Talcott Parsons

Ethnomethodology

Key proponents:Harold Garkinkel

Symbolic Interaction

Key proponents:Herbert Blumer

Conflict Theory

Key proponents:Lewis Coser

Conflict Theory

Key proponents:Ralf Dahrendorf

Structural Function

Key proponents:Robert Merton

information technology

Large computer software corporations are representative of twenty-first century capitalism, which increasingly is based on

George Simmel

Society is an "intricate web of multiple relations between individuals who are in constant interactions with one another

Robert Michels

Oligarchy

Conflict Theory

Parts exist in tension/competition with each other

Positivism

Path to understanding world based on science

August Comte

Positivism- Path to understanding world based on science

authority

Power that people accept as legitimate rather than coercive is known as

Symbolic Interaction

Society is based on the ongoing interaction between people

Max Weber

Rationally more persuasive through development of bureaucratic structures

George Simmel

Rejected the organix analogy of Spencer

"Hawthorne Effect"

Research influenced by perception of subjects

Methodology

Review literature already researched

metaphysical stage

Second stage in the development of a science where scientists begin to look to the real world for an explanation of what they have observed.

Micro-sociology

Small group behavior

Herbert Spencer

Social Dwarinsium - Survival of the fittest - most intelligent, ambitious people rise to top

Exchange Theory

Social life is a process of bargaining and negotiation

Emile Durkheim

Society held together by mechanical solidarity (a social.moral consensus) and by organic solidarity (a dependency of roles among people)

robery K merton

Strain Theory

conflicts

Struggle between opposing forces

Ethnomethodology

Study processes by which meanings are created and shared

Social Dwarinsium

Survival of the fittest - most intelligent, ambitious people rise to top

goods

Tangible objects that are necessary or desired are referred to as

social stratification

The hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on their control over basic resources

Karl Marx

The means of production/economic sector is most important in any society

the military

The means through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups

infant mortality rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 live births under one year of age

crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.

fertility rate

The number of live births per 1000 women of the childbearing age group (15-44).

crude birth rate

The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.

endogamy

The practice of marrying within one's own social group or category is

credentialist orientation

The type of social arrangement in which people are able to gain higher positions based on their intellectual and educational credentials rather than through the influence of personal contacts is

convergence theory

Theory stating that crowds are formed by people who deliberately congregate with like-minded others

emergent-norm theory

Theory stating that norms develop to guide crowd behavior

August Comte

Used "sociology" - Greek/Latin: Study of Science

C. Wright Mills

Utility perceptive; Individuals understand the general by abstracting specific

Max Weber

Verstenhem or insight is important to understanding behavior

Social control

Which of the following is NOT a manifest function of education

separation of powers

Which of the following provides U.S. citizens a voice in their government through elected representatives who serve as bridges between the citizenry and the government

gesellschaft

a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values

nuclear family

a family consisting of parents and their children and grandparents of a marital partner

shared monopolies

a few firms control over half marker share

matriarchy

a form of social organization in which a female is the family head and title is traced through the female line

patriarchy

a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line

authoritarian

a person behaves in an tyrannical manner

peter principle

a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence

functionalism

a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment

patrilocality

a residential pattern where a married couple lives with or near the husband's family

random sample

a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected

achieved status

a social position based largely on one's merit

postindustrial society

a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information

correlation

a statistic representing how closely two variables co-vary

religion

a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny

research method

a systematic plan for doing research

grand theory

a theory designed to describe and explain all aspects of a given phenomenon

gemeinschaft

a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness

material culture

all tangible concrete creations if society

charismatic authority

authority based on an individual's outstanding traits, which attract followers

traditional authority

authority based on custom

Bureaucracy

based ob rationality and efficiency

matrilineal

based on or tracing descent through the female line

deductive theory

based on prior knowledge

ID

basic drivers (sex, food)

role

behaviors or norms attached to specific status

mores

behaviors that deal with moral standards

Durkheim

believed that anomic suicide resulted from normalessness. When the norms of society are suddenly altered, it may result in people's being confused about the boundaries of their society.

reference groups

belonging to a non-important group

William sheldon

body types

values

central beliefs about accountable or unacceptable, good or bad desirable or undesirable

ascribed

characteristics over which there is little or no control (sex race)

achieved

characteristics which involve person choice and achievement

totalitarian

characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control

step five

choosing research design

step six

collect & analyze data

status set

collection of all statuses (student, child, sibling)

contagion theory

collective action, individuals who joined a crowd become infected by mob mentality and lose the ability to reason

similarity

common ground between individuals

role conflict

competition between difference roles

nuclear family

composed of parent(s) and children only

step four

considering ethical issues involved

cultural transmission theory

contends that crime is learned through cultural and subcultural norms - Lawyer is afraid his client will learn more about crime in prison

interviews

conversations

differential association

criminal behavior learned through interaction

groupthink

decision making by a group (especially in a manner that discourages creativity or individual responsibility)

normative function

define appropriate behavior

Step one

defining the problem to study

cohesiveness

degree members bound to each other

secondary deviance

develops as a result of labeling

net migration rate

difference between number entering (immigrants) and leaving (emigrants) an area per 1,000

role strain

difficulty adjusting to competing demands

Methodology

directs sociological investigations and provides a way to verify results

step seven

drawing conclusions

upper middle class

earned, salaried income; professionals; extensive education; 10-15%

democratic socialism

elements of both market and centrally controlled ecomic resource social inequalities

suicide

emile durkheim

observation

enter field of subject as participant or observer

audience function

evaluate person's behavior

systematic sampling

every n th member of the population is selected

experimental method

experimental group versus control group

conformity

experiments show a willingness to conform to group

Oligarchy

few at the top are in charge

expulsion

forcing minority to leave area

step three

formulate the hypothesis

linguistic relativity hypotheses

formulated by Edward Sapir (1929) and Lee Whorf (1956)

proximity

geographical closeness influences involvement

counterculture

group with behavior contrary to the dominant culture

subculture

group with distinctive lifestyle within a society

stratuses/roles

groups have interlocking statuses with corresponding roles

polyandry

having more than one husband at a time

polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

polygyny

having more than one wife at a time

monogamy

having only one spouse at a time

Max Weber

hierarchy of authority-centralization, rules and regulations, impersonal relationships amount workers with clients, employment decisions based on technical competence

low growth

high birth rate and high death rate

rapid growth

high birth rate and low death rate

prestige

honor or respect

working class

hourly wage; blue collar laborers; high school 33%

self concept

how we think others perceive us as (more important than reality)

causal

implying a cause-and-effect relationship

Strain Theory or Theory of Opportunity Structures

importance of financial success; not everyone has equal opportunity to achieve success; which creates deviant behavior

significant others

important role in development of "me" (parents)

concrete operation stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

privilege

income wealth or property

feminization of poverty

increasingly, women disproportional among poor

C. Wright Mills

individuals belong to groups; sociology focuses on social forces, "the sociology imagination"

dependent variable

influenced by independent variable - topic studied

independent variable

influences depended variables - cause; sex age race

interaction process

initial reaction is determined by a blend of personal RED: Requirements, expectations, desires

multinational corporations

international branches

Exchange Theory

introduced by George Homans in 1950

boundaries

mark off members from nonmembers

humanistic

marked by humanistic values and devotion to human welfare

Ethnocentric

judge another culture by the standards of one's own.

ethnocentrism

judge another culture by the standards of your own and to place yours as superior.

spurious correlation

just coincidental

secondary group

lack of emotional bonding or sharing of common values and endurance (occupational roles)

linguistic relativity hypotheses

language directs society's attention to certain features

Sapir-Whorf

language influences perception

generalized others

larger community or society

folkways

less significant

conflict

letha/scanzoni 1976

egnostic suicide

limited connections to group

stable growth

low birth rate and low death rate

sacred

made or declared or believed to be holy

symbols

objects with agreed-upon meaning

upper class

often inherited wealth; corporation ownership; elite education; 3-5%

Negative correlation

one value increases/decreases the other value does not

ethnocentrism

opposite of cultural relativism the tendency to view one's own culture as morally superior to others and to judge other cultures by the standards of one's own

primary deviance

original deviant act

institutionalized discrimination

patterns of discrimination part of social structure

social categories/aggregates

people who share common characteristics

sherif

perceptual test of light movement

ingroups

person belongs sense of identity

outgroups

person does not belong, no sense of loyalty

cognitive development

the growth of the person's ability to learn

conflict paradigm

the idea that groups in society have fundamental differences and that those in power control societal elements, including law

charles horton cooley

the looking glass self

linguistic relativity hypotheses

the nature of language affects our perception of the world

parkinson's law

the observation that "work expands to fill the time available for its completion"

primary sector

the part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment

tertiary Sector

the part of the economy that involves services rather than goods

secondary sector

the part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods

superego

the part of the personality in Freud's theory that is responsible for making moral choices

social structure

the people in a society considered as a system organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

interpretative

the perceptive of symbolic interaction

representative sample

the population is divided into strata and a random sample is taken from each stratum

stratified sampling

the population is divided into subpopulations (strata) and random samples are taken of each stratum

Polyandry

the practice of one woman marrying more than one man

sociometry

the quantitative study of social relationships

code of ethics

the standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession

conflict theory

the view that human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict and that those who maintain social power will use it to further their own ends

Iron Law of Oligarchy

theory that power increasingly becomes concentrated in the hands of a few members of any organization

Ethnomethodology

there is no ordered social world unless participants agree upon it

ectomorphic

thin and fragile

triad

three people considered as a unit

Macrosociology

totality of society

cultural universals

traits that are part of every known culture

discrimination

treating groups of people unequally

pluralism

two groups remain distinct but equal

dyad

two items of the same kind

anomic suicide

uncertain of which group belong to (rapid social change)

cultural variability

used to explain cultural differences in behavior

secondary analysis

using data already collected

experiments

variables are controlled

lower class

very low income, if at all; unskilled or unemployed; semi-illiterate; 20%

conflict perspective

views the society as being unequal in terms of power.

profane

violate the sacred character of a place or language

neolocality

when a married couple lives apart from both sets of parents

matrilocality

when a married couple lives with or near the wife's family

ego

your consciousness of your own identity


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