Sociology Exam 2

Robert Park's Assimilation Theory Order these: Contact, Conflict, Accommodation, Assimilation

1. Contact 2. Conflict 3. Accommodation 4. Assimilation

About three fourths of all people in the United States are middle class. True False

False

Automation and globalization have increased the number of middle-class jobs in the United States. True False

False

Cheryl believes that smoking marijuana is an inherently deviant behavior even though it is becoming socially accepted and legal in some states. Cheryl possesses a relativist perspective on deviant behavior. True False

False

Concealment of an invisible stigma involves deception. True False

False

Darla's grandmother left her a glass vase that she had received as a wedding gift. Darla loved her grandmother and wouldn't sell the vase for a million dollars, she said. Darla's feelings about the vase represent the absolute value of the object. True False

False

Deviance has been considered to be a socially learned behavior throughout all of history. True False

False

Discrimination does not occur without prejudice or at least intent. True False

False

Durkheim argued that deviance and crime are the undoing of civilized society. True False

False

Durkheim argued that the presence of external inequality--like racial discrimination--in an industrial society serves an important function. True False

False

Durkheim held that deviant behavior is dysfunctional. True False

False

From 1970 to 2016, the earnings of those in lower classes increased at a much more rapid rate than the earnings of those in the top class. True False

False

Gang violence is a pull factor that drives immigration. True False

False

In the United States, it tends to take an individual three generations to advance from low income to middle class. True False

False

Lower income students tend to have higher test scores than wealthy students have. True False

False

Meritocracy explains the income disparity between men and women. True False

False

Poverty is the most rigid form of stratification. True False

False

Serafina is a political elite in an agrarian culture and, as such, has the resources to support and enjoy the arts while most other members of the culture focus on growing food. Serafina can be considered a member of the popular culture. True False

False

Status refers to expectations about how a person should think, feel, and behave. True False

False

Su Lin has a reputation for breaking the rules. Because of this, she doesn't mind getting into trouble, and she decided to punch a peer after she became angry. This is an example of primary deviance. True False

False

The "one-drop rule" indicates that, through U.S. history, racial labels were never determined by one's heritage.

False

The European Union has a lower poverty rate than the United States. This is due, in part, to the fact that the EU has lower tax rates than the United States. True False

False

The concept of a meritocracy is infallible because it ensures that everyone will have access to the same resources. True False

False

The tax plan that Congress enacted in 2018 resulted in everyone paying less in taxes. True False

False

According to Durkheim, people must be allowed to do what they do best for the good of society for society to function effectively. True False

True

Amber believes that people should not be allowed to smoke cigarettes. She spends her free time passing out anti-smoking pamphlets and educating the public about lung cancer in an effort to change norms to align with her own worldview. Amber could be described as a moral entrepreneur. True False

True

Betty is bringing a bottle of wine to share at her friend's dinner party because she knows it is an appropriate and expected behavior for the situation. This is an example of a social norm. True False

True

Charlize sends her children to private school, enrolls them in swim lessons at the country club, and arranges playdates only with other children of high socioeconomic status. This demonstrates social class reproduction. True False

True

Children who grow up in better neighborhoods earn more money as adults. True False

True

Cho can accurately interpret the cues of others and behave appropriately in various situations. Due to these skills, Cho is considered to have high social intelligence. True False

True

Class-based systems offer the most mobility compared to other systems of stratification. True False

True

Cultural knowledge is important in both personal and professional areas of your life. True False

True

Cultural universals mean all human groups do some of the same things, but each group does those things in unique ways. True False

True

Culture includes characteristics that make certain groups distinct from others. True False

True

In an industrial society, the masses are able to buy art and other forms of culture for pleasure or utility. True False

True

Observation and reinforcement are ways to transmit beliefs. True False

True

Of the minority groups, Asian Americans tend to have the lowest unemployment rates and highest levels of education and income. True False

True

Suppose a person with a criminal background tries to behave in a way that makes them seem more likeable in an effort to overcome stigma. This is an example of the compensatory strategy called increased positivity. True False

True

The Human Genome Project has shown that there are more genetic differences within racial groups than between them. True False

True

The development of the word hangry exemplifies the social construction of language. True False

True

Those with high fiscal capital often have better access to money and the things it can buy than those with low fiscal capital. True False

True

Using a sociological eye will help you notice patterns of racial inequality and make you better capable of holding leaders in your community accountable for addressing them. True False

True

Which of these racial groups is underrepresented in U.S. prison populations? Hispanic Black White

White

Individuals who earn less than approximately ______ per year are below the poverty level according to the federal government. a) $12,000 b) $26,000 c) $32,500 d) $15,500

a) $12,000

The results of which event allowed White people to once again dominate political power in the South and lead to the establishment of Jim Crow laws? a) Hayes-Tilden Compromise of 1877 b) Loving v. Virginia c) Three-Fifths Compromise d) Brown v. Board of Education

a) Hayes-Tilden Compromise of 1877

How was Durkheim able to conclude that characteristics of society matter for deviance, including suicide? a) He saw some countries had consistently high rates of suicide while others were consistently low. b) He studied crime rates among various demographic groups. c) He noted that law enforcement around the world was ineffective in regulating crime. d) He had personal experience with suicide in the family. That's

a) He saw some countries had consistently high rates of suicide while others were consistently low.

What is an official label? a) It is a label applied by someone like the police, the military, or anyone else who is a recognized authority. b) It is a label that everyone agrees on. c) It is a term that a deviant applies to him or herself. d) It is a term that has always been used to describe a certain act.

a) It is a label applied by someone like the police, the military, or anyone else who is a recognized authority.

Which person demonstrates Durkheim's concept of internal inequalities? a) Mona wanted to go to medical school but she couldn't get her grades up high enough, so she graduated with a degree in communication and went to work as a pharmaceutical rep. b) Even though Jamal graduated from a top university, people assumed he only got in because of affirmative action programs. c) When Simone graduated from college, she had trouble finding a job, so she is working as a waitress. d) Hakim was a tall, slim man with full sleeves of tattoos and multiple piercings. Every job he applied to turned him down once they met him face to face.

a) Mona wanted to go to medical school but she couldn't get her grades up high enough, so she graduated with a degree in communication and went to work as a pharmaceutical rep.

Which statement best describes the relationship between prejudice and discrimination? a) Prejudice is irrational feelings toward groups, and discrimination is unfair treatment of groups. b) Discrimination can lead to prejudiced behavior over time. c) Prejudice is unfair treatment of groups of people, and discrimination is irrational attitudes. d) Discriminatory behavior and prejudiced feelings can only be possessed by the dominant group.

a) Prejudice is irrational feelings toward groups, and discrimination is unfair treatment of groups.

Which of the following elements is considered material culture? a) artifacts b) language c) values d) symbols

a) artifacts

"Influencers" on social media are people who have the capacity to convince people that their ideas, style, fashion, etc. will make them more popular, knowledgeable, or wealthy. This kind of influence is called ______. a) cultural capital b) social intelligence c) peer effect d) social identity

a) cultural capital

Dwayne and his family lived on a small plot of land and worked hard every day to grow enough food to survive. Since most of their time was spent farming, Dwayne's family had little time for personal development and hobbies. In which type of society did Dwayne live? a) horticultural/pastoral b) urban c) hunter-gatherers d) industrial

a) horticultural/pastoral

Which type of group lacks the stability of place and time? a) hunter-gatherers b) horticultural/pastoral c) agrarian d) industrial

a) hunter-gatherers

Which type of society relies on technology to produce goods and food? a) industrial b) horticultural/pastoral c) hunter-gatherers d) agrarian

a) industrial

RJ attends a school where most students are people of color. Since funding for the school relies on local taxes, and most people living in the community are of low socioeconomic status, RJ's school receives less funding than schools in predominantly White communities. This best exemplifies ______. a) institutional discrimination b) de jure segregation c) racial stereotyping d) racism

a) institutional discrimination

Bartolome grew up in a poor family with limited access to social resources, but he was able to attend college and land a high-paying job. Bartolome and his children are now members of the upper class. Which type of mobility does this best exemplify? a) intergenerational b) structural c) horizontal d) downward

a) intergenerational

Mark was jailed in his early twenties for driving the getaway car in a store robbery. Now that he is in his late thirties, he still gets a look when asked in job interviews if he has ever been convicted of a felony. His conviction has cost him more than one job. This demonstrates how a person can come to be seen as deviant due to ______. a) labeling b) stereotyping c) personal characteristics d) current conditions

a) labeling

Social intelligence and cultural capital are components of our ______. a) social identity b) self-perception c) cultural power d) cultural perspective

a) social identity

Most of the time deviance is measured against ______. a) social norms b) hard facts c) defined criteria d) beliefs and opinions

a) social norms

The key characteristic of people in the bottom half of the income structure is ______. a) they have trouble paying their monthly expenses b) they live below the poverty level c) they are on Medicaid d) their income goes up and down so they can't budget

a) they have trouble paying their monthly expenses

"Freedom is something to be upheld and cherished by society" could best be described as a ______. a) value b) more c) folkway d) role

a) value

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Suppose a person has exhibited deviant behavior. Which source(s) would be capable of giving a formal sanction for the offense? a) a government agent b) a police officer c) a stranger d) a sister

a,b) a government agent and a police officer

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which statement(s) about racial disparities in the criminal justice system is/are true? a) Black people are more likely than members of other races to be removed from a jury. b) White people are just as likely as Black people to use and sell illegal drugs. c) Black people are more likely than White people to face arrests for drug charges. d) White drivers are more likely to be pulled over by police than Black drivers.

a,b,c) Black people are more likely than members of other races to be removed from a jury. White people are just as likely as Black people to use and sell illegal drugs. Black people are more likely than White people to face arrests for drug charges.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What factors contribute to the increasing economic inequality in the United States? a) technology b) declining power of unions c) globalization d) increasing social services

a,b,c) technology, declining power of unions, and globalization

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which characteristic(s) tend(s) to relate to negative views toward Muslim immigrants? a) Christian identity b) lack of interaction with Muslims c) far-left political views d) lower education levels

a,b,d) Christian identity, lack of interaction with Muslims, lower education levels

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Role engulfment is reflected in which of the following situations? a) Jolandis can't find a date who will overlook his status as a drug distributor. b) Carlie's criminal background is preventing her from finding a job. c) Sarah overcame her troubled background and now owns a business. d) Lenders won't give Rae a loan because of his criminal background.

a,b,d) Jolandis can't find a date who will overlook his status as a drug distributor. Carlie's criminal background is preventing her from finding a job. Lenders won't give Rae a loan because of his criminal background.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What statement(s) would describe a society in a state of anomie? a) People look the other way as stores are looted. b) Citizens wait in line to vote in the presidential election. c) The streets are in chaos as citizens riot against police. d) Strangers band together to stop a thief from escaping.

a,c) People look the other way as stores are looted. The streets are in chaos as citizens riot against police.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which is/are considered a pull factor driving immigration? a) job opportunities in the second country b) gang violence in the home country c) access to safe housing in the second country d) political persecution in the home country

a,c) job opportunities in the second country and access to safe housing in the second country

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. The Immigration Act of 1924 limited immigration based on which factors? a) eligibility for citizenship b) land ownership c) the Census d) nation of origin

a,c,d) eligibility for citizenship, the Census, and nation of origin

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these circumstances is a result of income inequality? a) more income segregation in schools and public services b) more political influence c) declining opportunities for class mobility d) negative health outcomes

a,c,d) more income segregation in schools and public services, declining opportunities for class mobility, and negative health outcomes

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these were part of Roosevelt's New Deal in the 1930s? a) social security b) Medicaid c) federal minimum wage d) unemployment insurance e) Medicare

a,c,d) social security, federal minimum wage, and unemployment insurance

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which behavior(s) would be considered deviant using the normative approach? a) A child belches in public and is given judgmental reactions from strangers. b) A man accidentally bumps into a stranger and apologizes. c) A woman smokes in an alleyway but nobody seems to be bothered. d) A teenager cuts in line at a grocery store and is reprimanded by other shoppers.

a,d) A child belches in public and is given judgmental reactions from strangers and a teenager cuts in line at a grocery store and is reprimanded by other shoppers.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following are considered techniques of neutralization? a) denial of victim b) individuating information c) acknowledgment d) appeal to higher loyalties

a,d) denial of victim and appeal to higher loyalties

What was the result of Ronald Reagan's "trickle down" approach to economic policy? a) The economy flourished due to rapid industrialization and technological advances. b) Corporations invested in nations with cheaper workforces leading to deindustrialization. c) Small business boomed as the common folk had more money to invest in communities. d) The economic inequality gap lessened as the wealthy created more jobs for the working class.

b) Corporations invested in nations with cheaper workforces leading to deindustrialization.

Stereotypes can stem from prejudice, which are predetermined ideas about groups of people. a) True b) False

b) False

Which person is committing an act of primary deviance? a) Jamal only broke the law one time but he went to jail for it. b) No one saw Georgia take the lipstick without paying for it. c) After Karla got out of prison, she vowed never to break the law again. d) When Allie borrowed her friend's car for the third time without permission, her friend called the police.

b) No one saw Georgia take the lipstick without paying for it.

Is pushing someone out of the way when you are in a hurry always deviant behavior? a) Yes, there is never an excuse for physical bullying. b) No, it depends on the culture. c) No, because it is not against the law. d) Yes, because society frowns on that behavior.

b) No, it depends on the culture.

What effect has Bonilla-Silva's concept of minimization had on U.S. society in recent years? a) The contributions of Black people have been ignored. b) Opposition to interracial marriage has declined. c) Hate crimes against minorities have risen. d) Race has become more divisive in college admissions and employment.

b) Opposition to interracial marriage has declined.

______ refers to the way valuable goods and desired intangibles are distributed in society. a) Income equality b) Social stratification c) Absolute hierarchy d) Social capital

b) Social stratification

President Barack Obama is a mixed race individual who identifies as Black, even though he is half White. How did the practice of identifying as Black even if a person is not 100% Black begin? a) Reconstruction following the Civil War gave Blacks the confidence to celebrate their racial heritage. b) The one-drop rule in the early 20th century stated that if you had any Black blood, you were Black. c) A law was passed in the mid-1950s stating that if you were half Black, you must identify as such. d) Blacks gained more power during the Civil Rights movement and being Black was no longer considered a liability.

b) The one-drop rule in the early 20th century stated that if you had any Black blood, you were Black

After the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center fell, many people said they valued their lives more and complained less about the little things. Historical events can impact people's ______ even if the event doesn't directly affect all individuals. a) shared control b) cultural heritage c) societal impressions d) biases

b) cultural heritage

Most cultures have their own art, song, and dance, among other things. George Murdock called these elements ______. a) global culture b) cultural universals c) culture balance d) cultural relativism

b) cultural universals

Declan was born and raised in Scotland, and he believes that Scottish culture is better than all other cultures around the world. This is an example of ______. a) institutionalized discrimination b) ethnocentrism c) prejudice d) racism

b) ethnocentrism

Compared to other nations, to which stratification category does the United States belong? a) upper middle-income countries b) high-income countries c) low-income countries d) lower middle-income countries

b) high-income countries

Which action is violating a folkway? a) stealing from a store b) interrupting someone c) setting fire to a building d) neglecting to pay taxes

b) interrupting someone

Bryant is unable to stop stealing from convenience stores, so he has been diagnosed with kleptomania and is seeing a therapist. In the past, Bryant would have simply been jailed. What does this best exemplify? a) moral panic b) medicalization of deviance c) the Thomas Theorem d) positive labeling

b) medicalization of deviance

In a debate with her peers about racial inequality, Maura said, "Well, slavery was abolished way back in 1865 and racism isn't as prevalent as it once was." Which of the four themes in the color-blind perspective does Maura's view best demonstrate? a) culturalization b) minimization c) naturalization d) abstract liberalism

b) minimization

Pamela's mother had what Pamela referred to as her disapproving face. It came out whenever Pamela did something that violated what her mother considered to be acceptable behavior. This demonstrates the ______ approach to managing deviant behavior. a) relativist b) normative c) legalistic d) punishment and sanctions

b) normative

Maxine refuses to go to a certain grocery store because it is where all the Black people shop and it makes her nervous. This best demonstrates ______. a) stereotypes b) prejudice c) racism d) discrimination

b) prejudice

Carl is a White man who believes White people are superior to all other groups. Which concept does this best demonstrate? a) stereotypes b) racism c) prejudice d) discrimination

b) racism

A sociologist would say that culture is created through people interacting with each other. In other words, it is ______. a) language-based b) socially constructed c) interactive d) symbolic

b) socially constructed

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which statement(s) describe the concept of absolute value? a) A cherished pair of ballet shoes reminds the woman of her childhood. b) A baseball is valued at around $5. c) A record player is valued at around $100. d) A flag symbolizes the nation and is valued by the nation's people.

b,c) A baseball is valued at around $5 and a record player is valued at around $100

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What is suggested by Oscar Lewis's culture of poverty thesis? a) Poverty is so common that most are likely to experience it at some point in the United States. b) The poor could move out of poverty if they worked harder. c) Conditions of deprivation create cultural responses geared to survival. d) Most U.S. citizens believe in the concept of a culture of poverty.

b,c) The poor could move out of poverty if they worked harder. Conditions of deprivation create cultural responses geared to survival.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these are likely to be invisible stigmas? a) a facial tic b) sexual orientation c) a mental illness d) a limp from a gunshot wound

b,c) sexual orientation and a mental illness

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. What is used as a basis in determining social class? a) mobility b) income c) education d) occupation

b,c,d) income, education, and occupation

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. According to Max Weber, which traits determine a person's socioeconomic status or social standing? a) attitude b) party c) status d) class

b,c,d) party, status, and class

Nearly ______ of the world's population lives on less than $5.50 a day. a) 25% b) 75% c) 50% d) 10%

c) 50%

Which statement most accurately describes the difference between race and ethnicity? a) Race includes genetic makeup, while ethnicity includes perceived physical differences. b) Race refers to biological differences, while ethnicity refers to country of origin. c) Race is socially constructed, while ethnicity refers to shared cultural heritage. d) Race is a label that is ascribed by others, while ethnicity is a label ascribed by oneself.

c) Race is socially constructed, while ethnicity refers to shared cultural heritage.

Which country ranks first on the Gini coefficient of income inequality? a) Japan b) Canada c) United States d) United Kingdom

c) United States

Which of Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's frames of the colorblind perspective on race occurs when a person agrees that everyone should have the same rights but opposes policies toward achieving this goal? a) culturalization b) minimization c) abstract liberalism d) naturalization

c) abstract liberalism

Recently, instances of hate crimes have increased significantly and hate messages are becoming more prevalent on social media. Some might say that society has normalized this behavior so that it is no longer deviant. If indeed segments of society have lost their moral force, Durkheim would posit that they are in a state of ______. a) chaos b) anarchy c) anomie d) revolution

c) anomie

Parul believes that racism has been a scourge on American culture as it has held Black people back from achieving the economic benefits that White people enjoy. Maurice disagreed, saying that the Black culture is what has held them back, not racism. Which of Eduardo Bonilla-Silva's frames of the colorblind perspective on race does Maurice subscribe to? a) naturalization b) abstract liberalism c) culturalization d) minimization

c) culturalization

When Dominique was arrested for using drugs, he argued that he shouldn't go to jail because he wasn't hurting anyone, except maybe himself. Which technique of neutralization was Dominique using? a) condemning the condemners b) denial of responsibility c) denial of injury d) denial of victim

c) denial of injury

As a common person, Horatio is unable to vote. That right is reserved only for clergymen, nobility, and other members of high social groups. In which type of system does Horatio most likely live? a) slavery b) class-based system c) estate system d) caste system

c) estate system

What two steps are required in order to create public morality? a) value questioning and solidification b) garnering support and belief transition c) generating awareness and moral conversion d) moral panic and legislative action

c) generating awareness and moral conversion

A person who has the resources to obtain an education and purchase high-quality clothing is said to have ______. a) low cultural capital b) high social intelligence c) high cultural capital d) low social intelligence

c) high cultural capital

If a White person and a Black person both apply for a mortgage at the same bank, and both have the same credit histories, the White person is much more likely to be approved. The banks may justify this by saying that historically, White people have a better history of making payments, but according to the text, it is really ______. a) an ethnic stereotype b) a company policy c) institutional discrimination d) financial racism

c) institutional discrimination

Salvatore works as a pediatrician and Zachary works in a fast-food restaurant. Salvatore earns more money than Zachary, because society deems doctors to be more important than fast-food workers. Which term best describes the society in which Salvatore and Zachary live? a) bureaucracy b) democracy c) meritocracy d) autocracy

c) meritocracy

According to Durkheim, what happens when there is an increase in deviance? a) society becomes more united against it b) there is a corresponding reaction in the form of society's disapproval c) once-deviant behaviors become normal d) punishments become more extreme

c) once-deviant behaviors become normal

The Fair Housing Act of 1968 prohibited discrimination by landlords and property owners on the basis of ______. a) sexual orientation b) gender identity c) race and national origin d) socioeconomic status

c) race and national origin

What is the first component in moral conversion? a) seek endorsements from respected figures b) use shaming to encourage a confession of a deviant act c) seek media attention d) form partnerships with groups with shared interests

c) seek media attention

The statuses, roles, and traits that we have are our ______. a) social intelligence b) social capital c) social identities d) cultural capital

c) social identities

Suppose someone justified throwing a cigarette butt on the ground by saying "everybody does it." Which approach to defining deviance does this demonstrate? a) absolutist b) normative c) statistical d) legalistic

c) statistical

The average salary of women in Nadia's company is $55,000. Nadia, however, makes $215,000. You could say that Nadia's salary is deviant using the ______ approach. a) conceptual b) normative c) statistical d) legalistic

c) statistical

Zhen's grandparents emigrated from China to San Francisco in the early 1900s. Her family still lives in the Chinatown area of the city. As such, her family is part of a ______. a) counterculture b) fragmented culture c) subculture d) culture

c) subculture

Cristobal owns $500,000 worth of assets and has $50,000 in student loan debt. Therefore, Cristobal's ______ is $450,000. a) income b) capital c) wealth d) buying power

c) wealth

Marx believed that controlling the means of production is the avenue to ______. a) equality b) media control c) wealth d) political power

c) wealth

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of these are examples of managing invisible stigmas? a) acknowledgment b) acting c) fabrication d) concealment

c,d) fabrication and concealment

Which statement best demonstrates the naturalization theme of the color-blind perspective on race? a) "I don't see color and race doesn't matter anymore." b) "Black culture itself, not racism, is responsible for creating adverse conditions." c) "Everybody has the power within them to fight for racial equality." d) "We are biologically programmed to segregate along the lines of race."

d) "We are biologically programmed to segregate along the lines of race."

Which statement best characterizes the concept of cultural relativism? a) Culture causes people to have unique perspectives. b) Cultural values are universal. c) Everybody experiences culture differently. d) Cultures cannot be ranked as better or worse than others.

d) Cultures cannot be ranked as better or worse than others.

Which piece of legislation worked to abolish national immigration quotas and did much to increase immigration and alter the racial makeup of the United States? a) Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 b) Immigration Act of 1924 c) Three-Fifths Compromise d) Immigration Act of 1965

d) Immigration Act of 1965

Which of these outcomes have resulted from more advanced technology and globalization in the United States? a) A lifestyle like their parents' costs young people less. b) A high school education goes further. c) Unions are more powerful. d) There is more automation.

d) There is more automation.

According to the World Bank, 45% of people live in a primarily rural area, which means that they are most likely to live in a(n) ______ society. a) industrial b) hunter-gatherer c) horticultural/pastoral d) agrarian

d) agrarian

Calloway asked the judge to consider his reason for robbing the grocery store: to feed his children. Which technique of neutralization did Calloway attempt? a) denial of injury b) denial of victim c) condemning the condemners d) appeal to higher loyalties

d) appeal to higher loyalties

According to Durkheim, the main function of punishment is to ______. a) label deviants as dangerous b) generate conformity c) reduce crime in society d) assert our shared values

d) assert our shared values

Rodrick belongs to a group that lives "off the grid" because its members believe the government wants to take away all their rights. Which term best describes Rodrick's group? a) opposing culture b) low culture c) subdominant culture d) counterculture

d) counterculture

People who hop over turnstiles at subway stations to avoid paying fare are regularly punished by the police. Some believe this rule is upheld by the wealthy to oppress the poor, a view that aligns with the ______ perspective. a) absolutist b) relativist c) statistical d) critical

d) critical

Troy was convicted of assaulting a peer at a party and claims the act was accidental and caused by alcohol being involved. Which technique of neutralization did Troy use? a) appeal to higher loyalties b) condemning the condemners c) denial of victim d) denial of responsibility

d) denial of responsibility

Vaishnavi is an Indian American student who shares the same language, nation of origin, and religion as her Indian American peers. This best refers to Vaishnavi's ______. a) group identification b) race c) self-identity d) ethnicity

d) ethnicity

Which society is viewed as "presociety?" a) pastoral b) agrarian c) horticultural d) hunter-gatherers

d) hunter-gatherers

Durkheim was convinced that a society without crime ______. a) is the perfect society b) can happen but likely won't c) is a society without punishment d) is impossible

d) is impossible

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis focuses on how ______ influences our understanding of reality. a) society b) ethics c) family d) language

d) language

William was exhausted, but he knew his girlfriend was expecting him to have dinner with her parents, so he put a smile on his face and pretended to enjoy the evening for her sake. Which element of nonmaterial culture is most likely impacting this situation? a) values b) beliefs c) language d) norms

d) norms

An item has value because ______. a) people agree on its value b) it can be sold c) it costs something to produce it d) people give it value

d) people give it value

Elton Harvard III went to an exclusive private school and Ivy League college, where he met his wife. Now their three children attend the same private school. This demonstrates the concept of ______. a) first-class orientation b) elite replication c) select socialization d) social class reproduction

d) social class reproduction

Suppose a new educational technology product makes it easier to obtain a degree online and gain high-paying employment, leading to increased membership in the middle and upper classes. Which type of mobility would this best exemplify? a) horizontal b) downward c) intergenerational d) structural

d) structural

In a public school, the teachers could be considered ______. a) counterculture b) dominant culture c) high culture d) subculture

d) subculture