sociology exam 3
The majority of Latinos in the United States have immigrated here within the last ____________ years.
40
Compared with 11 percent of the U.S. population as a whole, around 33 percent of Native Americans die before age:
45
Harvard-trained and world-renowned economist Deirdre McCloskey, who used to be named Donald, describes her journey across the invisible yet potent boundary of sex/gender in her memoir, Crossing. Which of the following is NOT one of the 20 differences she noted in the textbook?
Donald was more alert to relationship details in stories than Deirdre
Who was one of the first sociologists to point out the importance of culture in determining race?
Robert park
Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein argues that deceptive distinctions are those sex differences that arise out of the roles individuals occupy, rather than from some innate force. Which of the following is NOT an example of deceptive distinctions?
a girl who is a cheerleader who acts unanimated and unenthusiastic
Judith Lorber believes that gender is a social institution because it is:
a major structure organizing our day-to-day experiences
Until 1973, the American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association listed homosexuality as:
a mental disorder
The one-drop rule asserts that just "one drop" of black blood makes:
a person black
Michael Kimmel found that in the eighteenth century, the ideal man was very different than the modern-day ideal man. The ideal man in the 1700s was:
a quiet and nerdy intellectual who enjoyed writing poetry
Race is not a fixed biological or natural reality; rather, it is:
a social construction
According to Judith Lorber, differences between the sexes are not easy to explain because gender isn't natural but rather is:
a social institution
Some Muslims have been in North America since the seventeenth century, when they were transported from:
africa as slaves
Black feminists essentially argue all of the following EXCEPT that:
all women are in a similar boat and faced with the same hegemonic masculinity
If we apply our sociological imaginations to sex, gender, and sexuality, we might argue that:
although biological differences exist between men and women, what we make of those differences is socially constructed and has changed through time and place.
About 35 percent of Muslims worldwide were born in:
america
Under the sex/gender system, men universally perform the kinds of tasks that:
are accorded higher value than those done by women
In the classroom, compared to boys, girls:
are expected to be better at reading
Race, birth order, generational cohort, sex, and parental wealth are key sociological variables that are said to resist fixed effects because they:
are relatively stable characteristics of an individual
For the Sambia, taking in semen of older men by performing fellatio is the only way to:
become real men
What you do in the social world should be a direct result of who you are in the natural world. This statement refers to:
biological determinism
When the term race comes up in America today, we usually think in two colors:
black and white
Patricia Hill Collins claims that gender intersects with race, class, nationality, and religion. Which group has made the case that early liberal feminism was largely by, about, and for white middle-class women?
black feminists
which minority group has the highest percentage of males in prison?
blacks
What is the group that displays no physical distinctions from Japanese citizens but is believed by the Japanese to be a descendant of a less-human race than the Japanese nation as a whole?
burakumin
Which of the five varieties of humans did Blumenbach decide were the superlatives of the races based on their excellent skull qualities?
caucasians
In 1902, the United States barred immigration from what country, because its people were seen as a threat to the American-born labor force?
china
Most Arabs in the United States are not Muslim but ____________, and about 20 percent of U.S. Muslims are ____________.
christian, African american
African Americans often turn to ____________ when they are attempting to be accepted by the dominant group. This means acting differently with the dominant group.
code switching
Which term refers to the more overt form of resistance through a movement such as revolution or genocide or through nonviolent protest?
collective resistance
A statistical technique called individual fixed effects is sometimes used in the social sciences. This technique involves:
comparing a particular outcome across time as some factor changes
Which of the following is NOT a reason why sociologists view gender as a social construction rather than a biological given?
contemporary studies show us that men and women have different personality structures, the inmate by-product of existing social structural relations
Hippocrates believed that physical markers such as skin color were the result of:
different environmental factors
Sociologist Cynthia Fuchs Epstein coined the term deceptive distinctions to refer to the behavioral differences between men and women that arise because of the:
different roles they come to occupy
According to the textbook, prison rape is usually about power, and a man who commits a homosexual act within prison:
does not necessarily view himself as homosexual
Prejudice is to discrimination as thinking is to:
doing
Anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo believed women were usually lower in the stratification system because of their identification with:
domestic life
Hegemonic masculinity can best be described as the:
dominant, privileged, and often invisible category of men at any point in history
The General Social Survey asked respondents why, on average, African Americans have worse jobs, income, and housing than white people. Nearly half of the respondents believed that blacks:
don't have the motivation to pull themselves out of poverty
Feminist psychoanalyst Nancy Chodorow believes that if men share mothering with women, then:
egalitarian relationships will be possible
Which of the following would NOT be considered a positive trait or characteristic for a man within today's hegemonic masculinity?
emotional sensitivity
What allows one to identify with a nationality without the rights and duties of a citizen?
ethnicity
Which group, led by Sir Francis Galton, believed that negative traits such as criminality were passed through bloodlines and could be bred out?
eugenicists
During the 1950s, the United States began to focus more on cultural theories of race and ethnicity, thus rejecting:
eugenics
Which of the following terms hinges on the belief that social and psychological traits can be traced through bloodlines and selectively bred out of (or into) populations?
eugenics
Comte de Buffon's classification schemes assumed that anyone who differed from the following group was abnormal:
european
Ontological equality is the notion that:
everyone is created equal by divine design
All of the following examples call into question the two firm categories of sex and gender that dominate our thinking EXCEPT the:
existence of male/female teams in sports
Gender structures social relationships between people unequally. This is a statement that would be supported by which group?
feminists
All of the following terms characterize essentialist thinking EXCEPT:
fluid and ambiguous
America's first naturalization law, passed in 1790, granted citizenship to:
free white people
An essentialist would argue all of the following for why women outnumber men in occupations that involve caring EXCEPT:
gender establishes different cultures and expectations for men and women
Harvard president Larry Summers stated that at the highest levels of performance, men might have an innate advantage over women in scientific aptitude and that genetic differences could explain the scarcity of female "hard" scientists at elite universities. Journalists termed this:
gendergate
Which term refers to the mass killing of a particular population?
genocide
In ancient Egypt, physical markers were linked to:
geography
What term refers to the invisible barriers women face when they enter more prestigious corporate worlds?
glass ceiling
When token men enter feminized jobs, they enjoy a quicker rise to leadership positions. This is referred to as the:
glass escalator
Japanese internment camps resulted in:
greater wealth for white Americans
The idea that there is only one sex and that the female body is an inversion of the male body was promoted by which culture?
greek
The concept of race:
has changed over time
Although race has no deterministic, biological basis, it still:
has important social influence
Afro-Caribbeans such as Cubans, Haitians, and Jamaicans sometimes resent being unilaterally categorized as African American, because these immigrant groups:
have a unique culture and language
Bob and Sue paint their baby's room pink as soon as they find out they are having a girl. They are beginning to provide the baby with what?
her gendered identity
The black ghetto was manufactured by whites through a set of deliberate, conscious practices. Which of the following is NOT one of the practices mentioned in your book?
high homeowner association dues
In Navajo tribes, there are three genders. Which of the following is NOT one of their gender categories?
hijra
Based on measurements of skull bumps, Blumenbach came up with five principal varieties of:
humans
According to Peggy McIntosh (1988), which of the following statements about "being white" is most accurate?
if u are white, u don have think much about your racial identity
H. H. Goddard used his tests on what group to generalize about immigrant populations?
immigrants at ellis island
Which act formalized the exclusive definition of whiteness by imposing immigration restrictions based on a national origins quota system that limited the yearly number of immigrants from each country?
immigration act of 1924
A society is pluralistic if no distinct ethnic group is statistically:
in the majority
John Gray, author of Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus (1992), takes the position that the different temperaments, emotions, and languages of males and females are rooted in:
inborn differences
In the seventeenth century, Rubenesque women were considered beauties because when food was scarce, a plump woman was a sign of good health, wealth, and attractiveness. What was the catalyst that made food plentiful and changed the standard of beauty for women?
industrialization
Which statement is NOT true about girls as compared to boys?
infant females are at greater risk of death
Miscegenation refers to:
interracial marriagw
Similar to hegemonic masculinity, social problems that exist within a dominant group in a society tend to be:
invisible bc they are regarded as the normal
An 1851 excerpt from Harper's Weekly magazine describes a certain racial group as lawbreaking, idle, thriftless, poor, and barbarian. What group is this excerpt describing?
irish
Alfred Kinsey's 1948 study, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, is important because:
it viewed sexuality as falling on a continuum, thus challenging the psychiatric claim of homosexuality as abnormal
C 62. What percentage of teenagers over the age of 14 admit they have had sexual intercourse?
just under 50%
Swiss theologian Johann Caspar Lavater suggested that outside appearances were connected to inner virtues. According to him, which of the following features signified higher intellect and more worthy character?
light skin and small features
Although a binary sex system imposes order in the world and helps us make sense of a complicated mass of populations, it also:
limits our ability to accept difference
Which group argues that sexuality in America is an expression of the unequal power balance between men and women?
marxist feminists
Although women now outnumber men in terms of college enrollment, men still dominate which fields?
math and physics
By looking at anthropological findings in tribal societies, sociologists can see fluidity in gender, which helps us see that the boundaries within our own system of gender:
may not be stable
Mexicans are generally classified as a physical type that combines Native American and European traits and referred to as:
mestizos
The majority of the Latinos in the United States come from:
mexico
Asians have been applauded for their smooth assimilation and are referred to as:
model minority
Which group believed that humans were one species, united under God?
monogenists
Which group did Darwin side with, claiming that the notion of different species of humans was absurd?
monogenists
In the classroom, compared to girls, boys are:
more likely to interrupt and get away with it
Many people believe sex to be an either-or situation (either male or female), but sociologists believe natural sex is:
more of an ideal than an absolute
The study of gender is basically the study of how two spheres shape each other. What are the two spheres?
nature and nurture
The comparison between the Burakumin and the Japanese shows that race is:
not just about physical or biological differences
Which theory might argue that "it is beneficial for society as a whole when men and women stick to their 'normal' roles"?
parson's sex role theory
Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt:
people were all the same beneath their skin
Under Johann Caspar Lavater's theory of ____________, people with light skin were thought to have higher intellect.
physiognomy
Jobs that have been feminized, such as teaching or secretarial work, are also referred to as:
pink-collar jobs
Carol Gilligan found that boys and girls played differently on the playground. In comparison to boys, girls tended to:
play more cooperative and people-based games
In the opening narrative to Chapter 8, the statistical technique called individual fixed effects is discussed. All of the following key sociological variables resist fixed effects EXCEPT:
political attitudes
Which group believed that different races were distinct species?
polygenists
Thoughts and feelings (usually negative) about an ethnic or racial group are referred to as:
prejudice
Clifford Geertz used what term to describe the fact that ethnic ties remained even after people assimilated?
primordialism
Nativists believed that restricting the immigration of certain groups would:
protect the nation
In 1942, 120,000 Japanese Americans were sent by federal order to internment camps. Afterward, all Asian Americans (regardless of their country of origin and/or U.S. citizenship status) went from being a relatively unnoticed group to being singled out for discrimination. This is known as:
racialization
Muslims in America have undergone what scholars refer to as the formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people, known as:
racialization
Which term refers to the belief that members of separate races possess different and unequal traits?
racism
In the 1980s, what group believed that unequal gender relationships were at the root of all social relationships?
radical feminists
Surgeons today recommend prompt surgery to make intersex children conform to an ideal of normal genitalia. About 90 percent of these surgeries:
reassign an ambiguous male anatomy into a female one
Opponents of gay and lesbian couplings claim that homosexuality is unnatural because they believe sex should only be about:
reproduction
Modern racial thinking developed in the mid-seventeenth century in parallel with three global changes. Which of the following is NOT one of these global changes?
scientific innovations
In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to:
scientific racism
The legal or social practice of separating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity is referred to as:
segrefgation
The 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson upheld:
segregation
The Supreme Court's landmark 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education struck down what doctrine?
separate but equal
Feminist philosopher Elizabeth Grosz proposed that we view the relationship between sex (the natural) and gender (the social) as existing on a Möbius strip because:
sex and gender are two sides of the same coin
According to Talcott Parsons, the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern society because it fulfills the function of reproducing workers and the division of labor ensures a stable society. What did Parsons call this theory?
sex role theory
What term best describes a behavior or attitude where a person's sex is the basis for prejudicial discrimination and where sex may matter more than a person's performance or merit?
sexism
Inappropriate jokes on the job and sexual bartering are both examples of:
sexual harassment
In Brazil, gender is determined by:
sexual practice
What is the term that refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior?
sexuality
The genetic variation that corresponds with geographic origins is much ____________ than people commonly believe.
smaller
In comparison to boys, girls are more likely to:
smoke cigarettes
While the notion of sex refers to biological characteristics, the concept of gender refers to ____________ characteristics.
social
Why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?
social discomfort and fear of difference
Robert Park's model explains the universally progressive pattern in which immigrants arrive, settle in, and achieve full assimilation in a newly homogeneous country. His model is called:
straight-line assmiliation
Which theoretical perspective assumed that every society had certain structures that existed to fulfill some set of necessary functions?
structural functionalism
Social Darwinism was the evolutionary notion of:
survival of the fittest
Which theoretical perspective argues that gender is a product of social interactions and that by "doing gender," men and women create and contribute to the gendered patterns we see?
symbolic interaction
Your text mentions several reasons why American teenagers are rapidly spreading STDs. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?
teens believe if they don't climax they will not get STDs
According to your text, a hijra in India is a group of men who opt to have their penises surgically removed and renounce sexual desire and practice. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to your text?
the Hijra identity is secret and. no one can tell you who is or isn't a hijra
John Gray's book Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus was a number-one best seller for more than a decade. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons his book has been so popular?
the book is based on the sociological imagination which is easy to grasp
Which of the following situations provides an example of how the social categories of gender influence the biology of sex?
the decision to raise a male infant born with a small penis (e.g., a phallus measuring less than 2 centimeters in length) as a female
The term phrenology refers to:
the differences in head formation
Freud describes a boy's experiences starting with heterosexual love for his mother, but soon realizing that he will be castrated by his father if he continues to have romantic feelings toward her. To resolve this, the boy rejects his mother and emulates his father. Freud referred to this as:
the oedipus complex
In his book The History of Sexuality (1978), Michel Foucault contends that the change in the view of homosexuality to one of deviance was a result of all of the following EXCEPT:
the rise in gay pride and the institution of gay marriage legislation
The opening story in Chapter 9 about the author kidnapping a child to become his new baby sister shows:
the social impact of race
Anthropologist Don Kulick (1998) conducted an ethnography of the transgender prostitutes in Brazil, known as travesti. Which of the following did he find to be true?
the travesty think of themselves as men who emulate women, but are not women
What argument do Reskin and Roos (1990) use to support the reason women end up in lower-paid jobs?
these jobs are not attractive to men
In one study of television portrayals of Arabs, researchers found basic myths that continue to surround this group. Which of the following is NOT one of these myths?
they do not assimilate
According to Nell Irvin Painter, author of The History of White People, white people:
typically see themselves as just individuals
Ethnocentrism classified nonwhites as abnormal and inferior to help justify:
unequal treatment and conquest
In the one-sex model, it was believed that both a man's and a woman's orgasm were required for conception. When the two-sex model gained momentum, women and men were viewed as radically different creatures, and the female orgasm became viewed as:
unnecessary
In our society, we take for granted that sex has only two categories and tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. All of the following are outcomes of this sexual dichotomization EXCEPT:
viewing sexual variation as a part of our diversity as a species
What did the Bush administration and the group True Love Waits advocate for in teens regarding their sexuality?
virginity pledge
European Christians and scientists interpreted the curse that Noah put on his son Ham to mean that Ham:
was the original black man
Because the German Nazis could not find a reliable marker to identify Jews, the Jews were forced to:
wear a yellow star of David
Eugenics literally means:
well born
It is argued in your text that gender structures social relationships by giving men the advantage in society. As a result, which of the following is LEAST likely to happen?
when men enter female-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment
A statistical technique called individual fixed effects compares an outcome across time as some factor changes. All of the following are examples of this technique EXCEPT analyzing:
whether vegetarians are less depressed than non vegetarians by comparing the depression levels of vegetarians and nonvegetarians
The differences between race and ethnicity underscore the privileged positions of ____________ in America, who have the freedom to pick and choose their identities and freely show their ethnic backgrounds.
whites
Aristotle's principle of civic association was that the true test of people's worth was in what they did, not who they were. All people were included in this EXCEPT:
women
Dr. John Money claimed that a genetic male could be raised successfully as a girl. The David Reimer story showed that Money's claims were:
wrong