Sociology exam 4 part 2

How does agenda setting meet the needs of the powerful? a. Agenda setting averts the challenges that may threaten the interests of the rich and powerful. b. Grievances from marginal groups can enhance the power of the elite and support the elite's agenda. c. Power by the elite is unable to overcome the agendas set by the marginalized. d. Agenda setting supports the needs of minority groups.

a. Agenda setting averts the challenges that may threaten the interests of the rich and powerful.

__________ refers to how much a particular job allows workers to control their activity. a. Autonomy b. Security c. Status d. Trust

a. Autonomy

__________ is an economic system based on private property and market exchange. a. Capitalism b. Communism c. Entrepreneurship d. Socialism

a. Capitalism

Which of the following accurately connects the effect communities have on people's life pathways? a. Living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children who are more ambitious in life. b. Living in a safe neighborhood has very little positive effect on children's school performance. c. Living in a dangerous neighborhood encourages a child to leave that neighborhood by doing well in school. d. Living in a dangerous neighborhood has very little effect on a child's future employment.

a. Living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children who are more ambitious in life.

You, a sociology student, are approached by an anthropology student who would like to work with you. How should you respond to this offer to participate in an interdisciplinary study?a. Sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research anthropology has to offer. Accept. b. Sociology is a very narrow field of study with very specific research methodologies. A project with an anthropologist just doesn't make sense. Decline. c. Historical contexts and the nature of modern universities prevent sociologists from interacting effectively with anthropologists. Decline. d. The project may work, but it is likely that you will come into conflict with your partner for theoretical reasons. This conflict could make the project very difficult to finish. Decline.

a. Sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research anthropology has to offer. Accept.

Why were lines between social sciences unclear when they first developed? a. The backgrounds of early social scientists were diverse, and they often conducted work in multiple disciplines. b. Early social scientists, who were educated as physicians, were reluctant to leave their medical school posts. c. Social scientists lacked research topics and had to turn to other disciplines for ideas. d. High degrees of social cohesion among social scientists made them reluctant to split apart.

a. The backgrounds of early social scientists were diverse, and they often conducted work in multiple disciplines.

Which social context is likely to have a more significant impact on a child's life experience from birth than the others? a. his or her parents' income and wealth b. his or her parents' age c. his or her parents' recycling habits d. his or her birth order

a. his or her parents' income and wealth

The sociological imagination is the capacity to think systematically about how the things we experience as personal problems ________. a. are really social issues shared by others living in a similar time and location b. reflect our individual choices and not the culture as a whole c. most likely do not have roots in social contexts d. are the result of psychological forces, which guide our daily life

a. are really social issues shared by others living in a similar time and location

The capitalist world system is a theory of globalization that argues __________. a. capitalism is an economic system that has consequences between countries and not just within them b. the economic systems of other nations have no influence on the U.S. economy c. each nation has an economy that is independent of all other economies in the world d. capitalism is an economic system that only has consequences within nations

a. capitalism is an economic system that has consequences between countries and not just within them

Primary-source data are data __________. a. collected by researchers themselves b. collected by others c. expected to overturn previous findings d. provided by the American Sociological Association

a. collected by researchers themselves

It is easy to see the importance of the social part of social interaction when we __________. a. imagine the social sanctions for violating rules b. reject social sanctions as unfairly applied c. destroy social hierarchies of other cultures d. reject social science as a soft science

a. imagine the social sanctions for violating rules

Industrialization is characterized by the transformation of economies based in agriculture to those based in __________. a. large scale manufacturing of goods b. customer service and technology c. family farming and urban development d. environmental conservation

a. large scale manufacturing of goods

People, more often than not, obey firefighters in emergency situations because they believe it is the "right thing to do." Weber would refer to this as an example of __________. a. legitimacy b. charisma c. power d. morality

a. legitimacy

Thomas, who has never been to a formal dinner, is attending one at his friend's house. Throughout the evening, Thomas observes his friend's behavior in order to fit in and act appropriately. Thomas is learning the social ______ of a formal dinner. a. norms b. hierarchies c. roles d. structures

a. norms

Marx argued that the __________ would overthrow capitalism in favor of __________. a. proletariat; socialism b. proletariat; communism c. bourgeoisie; socialism d. bourgeoisie; communism

a. proletariat; socialism

In order to be deemed reliable, the results of a scientific study must be able to be __________. a. replicated b. rescinded c. recycled d. replaced

a. replicated

The rigorous training and licensing of doctors controlled by the American Medical Association is an example of Weber's concept of __________. a. social closure b. social solidarity c. social stratification d. social distance

a. social closure

Christine works at the high school, is a deacon at her church, a den mother for the Girl Scouts, a Sergeant in the National Guard, and a kickboxing instructor at her gym. The connection of Christine to other individuals in these groups are her _________. a. social networks b. social solidarity c. social cohesion d. social class

a. social networks

A large group of people who live in the same area and participate in a common set of norms and rules for social interaction is best known as a __________. a. society b. social structure c. neighborhood d. role set

a. society

One of the three common themes of social theory is social order. This theme is chiefly concerned with __________. a. what holds society together b. what is the nature of the individual c. how societies changed. d. how we use social theory

a. what holds society together

Which of the following potential projects studying convenience stores could be said to be utilizing a qualitative research method? a. working at a convenience store and watching how people interact with the clerks b. studying the inventory of a convenience store to determine which items are bought most often c. using city population data to predict how many convenience stores should serve a given neighborhood d. studying convenience store payrolls to determine if men are paid more than women for the same work

a. working at a convenience store and watching how people interact with the clerks

Why is the family of interest to many sociologists? a. Government funding generously supports family research. b. Families are a key to understanding how individuals develop. c. Families are a new area of sociological research. d. Families, which tend to be similar, are ideal cross-cultural subjects.

b. Families are a key to understanding how individuals develop.

Which of the following statements about social theorists is chronologically accurate? a. Foucault wrote before Weber. b. Marx wrote before Bourdieu. c. Parsons wrote before Durkheim. d. Du Bois wrote before Marx.

b. Marx wrote before Bourdieu.

Kordell is interested in distributing questionnaires to college freshmen regarding their study habits. He has targeted several colleges where he wants to carry out the research. What must Kordell do first? a. Have students sign informed consent forms. b. Submit his research proposal to each school's institutional review board (IRB). c. Brief students on what he is interested in studying. d. Identify which classes he wants to target.

b. Submit his research proposal to each school's institutional review board (IRB).

What role do values play in sociological research? a. Values have no part in shaping the research interests of sociologists. b. Values influence sociologists' research questions, but they do not determine findings. c. Values determine findings almost exclusively in sociological research. d. Values have very little influence on sociologists' research questions, but they impact findings in significant, albeit hidden, ways.

b. Values influence sociologists' research questions, but they do not determine findings.

What is an institutional review board? a. a body that reviews colleges to assure that institutions sustain viable research b. a body that reviews researchers' proposals before work begins in order to assess potential harm and benefits to participants c. a body that certifies participants for research study inclusion d. a body of sociologists that decides which research questions should be officially endorsed by the American Sociological Association

b. a body that reviews researchers' proposals before work begins in order to assess potential harm and benefits to participants

Researchers whose questions explore understanding social variation over time and place are likely to use which research method? a. demographic analysis b. comparative-historical perspective c. extended cases d. ethnography

b. comparative-historical perspective

According to Marx, an automated welding machine used to assemble automobile bodies would be an example of __________. a. capital production b. forces of production c. social relations of production d. modules of production

b. forces of production

You want to study a riot that occurred over 60 years ago. You have access to a handful of survivors, but they likely cannot provide all the information you need. Which two research methods should you use to complete the study? a. ethnography and interviews b. interviews and historical research c. surveys and ethnography d. interviews and experiments

b. interviews and historical research

By carefully researching the lives of African Americans in a predominantly black neighborhood of Philadelphia, W. E. B. Du Bois demonstrated that __________ shaped every aspect of the lives of African Americans. a. class membership b. limited opportunities c. prejudiced. d. double consciousness

b. limited opportunities

Luthor has been part of the football team for two years, but he still feels like an outsider with many of the players. His teammates never asked him to hang out after practices or get together at any other time separate from team functions. Simmel would describe Luthor's experience as being a result of his __________. a. social circles b. social distance c. status group membership d. social closure

b. social distance

Susan worked tirelessly as an activist trying to stop the use of children in sweatshop labor. She organized protests, started a boycott campaign of major clothing brands, and founded her own charitable organization to fight against the use of children in sweatshops. How would Weber describe Susan's identity as an activist? a. this is her charisma b. this is her status group membership c. this is her form of legitimacy d. this is her spirit of capitalism

b. this is her status group membership

Which of the following statements about a code of ethics and sociological research is true? a. Sociologists often disagree about the contents of their code of ethics. b. The sociological code of ethics is not relevant for human subjects. c. All social scientists commit to a shared code of ethics. d. Informed consent satisfies the requirements of the code of ethics.

c. All social scientists commit to a shared code of ethics.

What does it mean to operationalize a research question? a. Operationalizing is finding out how research subjects will behave under test conditions. b. Operationalizing is testing the research question to find out if it will work. c. Operationalizing is determining the operations and techniques to be used to assess a research question's key concepts. d. Operationalizing is making agreements with publishers to produce copies of research study results.

c. Operationalizing is determining the operations and techniques to be used to assess a research question's key concepts.

Which of the following is a benefit of representative sampling? a. Representative sampling allows researchers to approximate results with only minor statistical weighting. b. Representative sampling is faster and easier than other types of sampling. c. Representative sampling allows researchers to use a subset to approximate results to the entire population. d. Representative sampling is more reliable than in-depth interviews.

c. Representative sampling allows researchers to use a subset to approximate results to the entire population.

According to Bourdieu, what differentiates "social" from "symbolic" capital? a. Symbolic capital is how much capital you want whereas social capital is how much capital you have. b. Social capital can be earned whereas symbolic capital is inherited. c. Social capital is your support system whereas symbolic capital is your reputation. d. Symbolic capital is more powerful than social capital.

c. Social capital is your support system whereas symbolic capital is your reputation.

You are taking your first sociology course in the fall. About halfway through the semester, you go home for Thanksgiving. At Thanksgiving dinner, you plan to conduct an impromptu sociological experiment by violating some social norms. Which of following actions could you potentially take? a. You eat your dinner and make polite dinner conversation with your family. b. You help to make dinner and serve the guests as well. c. You eat your dinner with your hands, even the mashed potatoes. d. You excuse yourself from the table after dessert to answer your cell phone.

c. You eat your dinner with your hands, even the mashed potatoes.

You are a first-year student at a major university. Which of the following describes a social context that could have a positive impact on your academic success? a. After college, you plan on being a teacher. For this reason, you take your education very seriously. b. You went to a high school that did not offer many Advanced Placement courses. c. Your parents were able to hire summer tutors for you when you were in high school. d. You are a perfectionist in all things. You always study very hard and have no intention of graduating with less than a perfect 4.0.

c. Your parents were able to hire summer tutors for you when you were in high school.

According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the relations between __________ in society. a. money and power b. biology and destiny c. history and biography d. students and teachers

c. history and biography

What type of research method is good at generating data about an entire population? a. in-depth interviews b. participant observation c. surveys d. experiments

c. surveys

It is the late nineteenth century. Robert is a young man who is fascinated by the social world. He is particularly interested in studying the problems of cities and their inhabitants, including the lives of new residents migrating to cities from farms and from abroad. He is familiar with an emerging discipline called sociology and wants to conduct field research as part of his university coursework in the city where he is being educated. What school should Robert contact to gain information about this new field of study? a. Hanover College, in Hanover, Indiana b. the University of Kansas, in Lawrence, Kansas c. the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois d. the University of Georgia, in Athens, Georgia

c. the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois

When Bill started talking on his cellphone during class he knew he violated a social norm when __________. a. the person on the phone told him b. he understood the social order c. the class reacted negatively d. the instructor allowed him to talk

c. the class reacted negatively

According to Max Weber, interpretative sociology is a method for understanding society by focusing on _________. a. interpreting the economic system b. understanding the religious system c. understanding the motivations of social action d. interpreting the spirit of capitalism

c. understanding the motivations of social action

Which of the following statements about social contexts would sociologists agree is true? a. Social contexts can be easily overcome by the will of the individual. b. Social contexts are important but ultimately cannot be used to determine anything about an individual. c. Social contexts can sometimes be used to understand some types of group situations. d. Social contexts can have a huge impact on where individuals end up in life.

d. Social contexts can have a huge impact on where individuals end up in life.

Karen operates a clothing store. Last summer she hired a young man to work at her store. He was frequently late and did not work particularly hard when he did show up. Karen now feels that most young men do not have the work ethic necessary to meet her demands. Her belief that young men are lazy is an example of __________. a. racism b. the sociological imagination c. discrimination d. a stereotype

d. a stereotype

Dominant theories of race during the time of W. E. B. Du Bois claimed that race __________. a. was not important in daily life b. was a socially created distinction c. had deep cultural patterns that shaped individuals' lives d. biologically determined different levels of intelligence in individuals

d. biologically determined different levels of intelligence in individuals

How is comparative-historical research best conducted? a. by surveying large numbers of people and comparing the responses b. by talking directly to a subsample of people c. by observing historical reenactments d. by looking at records and documents from other times and places

d. by looking at records and documents from other times and places

You want to understand how American views on violence in the media differ from the views of Germans. To complete your comparison of these two populations, what type of research should you conduct? a. ethnography b. demographic analysis c. longitudinal-historical research d. cross-national comparison

d. cross-national comparison

The interlocking nature of social inequality and how different inequalities are experienced together is also known as __________. a. patriarchy b. social construction c. gender assignment d. intersectionality

d. intersectionality

The National Election Study on Americans' political participation, policy, and political views is an example of a type of a(n)__________. a. cross-case analysis b. in-depth interview c. social experimental study d. national survey

d. national survey

By attempting to develop a unified theory for sociology, Talcott Parsons argued that the key elements of any society were __________. a. inherently embroiled in constant conflict b. constructed through the interactions of social actors c. aspects of social control and constraint on the individual d. organized around the broader and often hidden needs of society

d. organized around the broader and often hidden needs of society

By attempting to develop a unified theory for sociology, Talcott Parsons argued that the key elements of any society were __________. a. inherently embroiled in constant conflict b. constructed through the interactions of social actors c. aspects of social control and constraint on the individual d. organized around the broader and often hidden needs of society

d. organized around the broader and often hidden needs of society

Unwritten rules of society, such as social norms, are an example of __________. a. social theories b. social perspectives c. community forces d. social facts

d. social facts

Thinking of cities as the product of intensive and strategic investment is central to __________. a. the growth machine perspective b. redlining c. urban ecology d. urbanization

a. the growth machine perspective

People in our society tend to think of themselves in terms of their individuality, but we are also all products of our __________, such as the time and place we live and the family we were born into. a. social contexts b. genetic makeup c. likes and dislikes d. interests and skills

a. social contexts

Which of the following statements best explains why it is difficult to bring about change in U.S. national politics? a. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because of the power of federal bureaucracies. b. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because the main components of the state must remain in equal amounts of power. c. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because employees in the federal bureaucracies are constantly shifting with administrations. d. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because we have proportional representation.

a. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because of the power of federal bureaucracies.

Why is the image of the "invisible hand" in Adam Smith's analysis of capitalism said to be misleading? a. For markets to function properly, rules must be enforced by the state when violated. b. For markets to function properly, entrepreneurs must be admitted by lottery drawing. c. For markets to function properly, competition must be enforced by supply and demand, not rules. d. For markets to function properly there must be few if any rules.

a. For markets to function properly, rules must be enforced by the state when violated

Applying her understanding of cities as growth machines, what can Gabby logically conclude about how and why her city's population has increased so rapidly over the past decade? a. Local builders, government officials, media moguls, and university officials used taxation, policy regulations, and civic engagement to develop strip malls, improve public transportation, and build sport and entertainment venues designed to increase population and economic activity. b. Local residents, in an effort to attract a greater influx of new residents to the city, devised effective ways to promote their city in over-the-phone interviews. c. To lure more residents to the city, entrepreneurs and philanthropists worked together on United Way campaigns. d. Wealthy landowners bought up much of the city's property.

a. Local builders, government officials, media moguls, and university officials used taxation, policy regulations, and civic engagement to develop strip malls, improve public transportation, and build sport and entertainment venues designed to increase population and economic activity.

Why is it difficult for third-party candidates to gain traction in the United States when third-party candidates can earn seats in other countries? a. The U.S. system gives the candidate with the most votes the seat outright. b. The U.S. uses proportional representation that eliminates third-party candidates. c. U.S. citizens do not financially support third-party candidates. d. Political action committees resist the financial support of the third-party candidates.

a. The U.S. system gives the candidate with the most votes the seat outright.

How do sociologists define power? a. the ability to influence the behavior of others b. the financial means to acquire resources c. membership in dominant hierarchies d. the ability to claim rewards

a. the ability to influence the behavior of others

Which of the following statements best describes a weakness of the one-dimensional view of power when using the two-dimensional view of power? a. The one-dimensional view does not acknowledge that the powerless may not be able to set the agenda. b. The one-dimensional view focuses too strongly on agenda setting. c. The one-dimensional view ignores silent power. d. The two-dimensional view of power ignores the ability of celebrities to set the agenda.

a. The one-dimensional view does not acknowledge that the powerless may not be able to set the agenda.

Which of the following statements explains why it is better to be a rich person in the United States than in any other part of the world? a. The revised tax system has allowed wealthy people to retain most of their income. b. The progressive income tax system provides better services for the wealthy. c. Because Americans pay significantly more taxes than people in other countries, the wealthy benefit from tax cuts.

a. The revised tax system has allowed wealthy people to retain most of their income.

Which of the following is an accurate example of norms? a. Walking on the right side of a hallway full of people. b. Getting a ticket for running a red light. c. Planting a garden in the backyard. d. Protesting a school board decision.

a. Walking on the right side of a hallway full of people.

According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do most people construct the way they view themselves? a. We view ourselves based on how we think others view us. b. We view ourselves based on our own personal philosophies. c. We view ourselves based on the media we consume. d. We view ourselves based on genetically based criteria.

a. We view ourselves based on how we think others view us.

You wish to study reference groups. Which of the following groups would make the best subject for studying reference groups and how they shape identity? a. a little league team b. shoppers in a supermarket c. people in line at the division of motor vehicles d. audience members at the movies

a. a little league team

Descendants of German immigrants, who inhabited Cincinnati's Over-the-Rhine neighborhood and worked in the city's German-owned breweries, later moved to other parts of the city and found employment in other kinds of businesses. What term do sociologists use to describe this phenomenon? a. assimilation b. cultural relativism c. cultural restructuring d. framing

a. assimilation

Burgess's model of urban ecology is a model of __________. a. concentric zones spreading outward from a central business district b. concentric zones spreading outward from a central zone of transition c. linear arrays spreading across different types of residential zones d. linear arrays spreading outward from a factory zone

a. concentric zones spreading outward from a central business district

Since the end of World War II, the trend in the corporate tax rate has been __________ relative to shifts in the entire economy. a. downward b. upward c. flat d. erratic

a. downward

Medicare is health insurance for everyone __________. a. over 65 b. over 65 under the poverty line c. under the poverty line d. without employer-funded health insurance

a. over 65

As a young boy in the 1970s, Robert remembered that there was a push for public schools to teach children the metric system. The movement to adopt metric measurement was eventually abandoned in the United States. How could Robert explain this outcome? a. path dependency b. resocialization c. discrimination d. institutionalization

a. path dependency

When the March of Dimes changed its mission from fighting polio to fighting birth defects, it exhibited which common organizational feature? a. persistence b. bureaucracy c. isomorphism d. loose coupling

a. persistence

Loopholes in the progressive tax system mean the_______. a. rich pay far less in taxes than the official tax rate suggests b. middle-class is able to direct their taxes to specific programs c. lower-class do not have to pay taxes d. government accounts for the discrepancy in the wage gap

a. rich pay far less in taxes than the official tax rate suggests

Social movements allow for the process of __________. a. social change b. eliminating our legal foundation c. causing social inequality d. reinforcing stereotypes

a. social change

What is cultural relativism? a. the idea that cultural meanings and practices must be evaluated in their own social contexts b. the idea that cultural meanings and practices must be evaluated in relation to other cultures c. the idea that cultural meanings and practices are fundamental, inherited, innate, and fixed across cultures d. the idea that cultural meanings and practices must be evaluated in relation to a control group

a. the idea that cultural meanings and practices must be evaluated in their own social contexts

What is the Great Migration? a. the movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities of the North b. the movement of Latinos from Central and South America to the American Southwest c. the movement of Mormons to present-day Utah d. the movement of European Jews to Palestine in the 1920s

a. the movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities of the North

Edge cities have developed as suburban counterparts to __________. a. the traditional downtown areas of large central cities b. the traditional factory zones of large central cities c. the traditional transitional zones of large central cities d. the tradition bedroom communities of large central cities

a. the traditional downtown areas of large central cities

How do populations most commonly change over time? a. through immigration b. through reproduction c. through legal mandates d. through intergenerational mobility

a. through immigration

Major corporations that earn tax credits can use them __________. a. to lavish pay and other perks on their top managers b. as gifts for deserving public institutions c. as cash reimbursements to employees d. as cash advances on CEO salaries

a. to lavish pay and other perks on their top managers

One might argue that the decline of __________ in the United States encouraged __________. a. unionization; the use of lean production methods b. socialism; the division of labor c. the precariat; the assembly line d. scientific management; deskilling

a. unionization; the use of lean production methods

When are stereotypes most likely to enable discrimination? a. when stereotypes are widely held by the dominant group and others b. when stereotypes are based on gender rather than race c. when stereotypes are based on fact d. when stereotypes disproportionately affect one subordinate group

a. when stereotypes are widely held by the dominant group and others

According to sociologists, what part do audiences play in a performance? a. Audience members are in almost total control of any given performance. b. Audience members interact with each other and the performers in a way that contributes to the collective experience. c. Audience members play very little part in performances. d. Performers should be aware of an audience's mood, but the performer, ultimately, is the one in control.

b. Audience members interact with each other and the performers in a way that contributes to the collective experience.

Which of these statements represents the powerlessness of B in relation to A, according to the two-dimensional view of power? a. B comes to believe in A's ideas even when it is not in B's interest to do so. b. B fails to get its challenge to A taken seriously. c. B has few resources to win open conflicts. d. B comes to believe that it is not in B's interest to win open conflicts.

b. B fails to get its challenge to A taken seriously.

David Jones is a Green Party candidate for city council, which elects one candidate from each of five city districts. He garnered 25 percent of the vote in his district, but took no seat on the city's governing council. Why, do you theorize, this is so? a. City council seats are subject to proportional representation. b. City council seats are not subject to proportional representation. c. The Green Party raised insufficient funds for the campaign. d. Jones lacked sufficient citywide exposure.

b. City council seats are not subject to proportional representation.

A series of experiments conducted in the 1920s and 1930s with different teams of workers to see what factors might induce them to produce more output were called the __________. a. Braverman studies b. Hawthorne studies c. Milgram obedience studies d. Whitehall challenge

b. Hawthorne studies

What principal purpose does group style serve? a. It establishes acceptable forms of dress for group members. b. It distinguishes a group from other groups through a set of norms and practices. c. It is a measure of the formality of a group, whether high or low. d. It allows groups to screen outsiders from group activities.

b. It distinguishes a group from other groups through a set of norms and practices

Why is it important to understand context when engaging in ethnomethodology? a. Ethnomethodology almost exclusively studies context. b. Most human communication cannot be understood outside of the context in which it occurs. c. Context provides us with hidden clues that are revealed only in hindsight. d. Context makes it possible to study human language in a quantifiable way.

b. Most human communication cannot be understood outside of the context in which it occurs.

When we fail at public social performances, such as accidentally dropping a book in class, how do we repair our mistake? a. Most people immediately stop what they are doing and launch into a detailed apology. b. Most people signal that all is okay by quietly indicating that they have performed imperfectly. c. Most people go on as though nothing has happened. d. Most people involved in the scene will have an embarrassed reaction.

b. Most people signal that all is okay by quietly indicating that they have performed imperfectly.

__________ are formal groups of people acting together in pursuit of a common goal. a. Institutions b. Organizations c. Families d. Regimes

b. Organizations

__________ is the system of elections in which seats in a legislature are divided up based on the percentage of the vote received. a. Direct representation b. Proportional representation c. Electoral representation d. Partial representation

b. Proportional representation

How does interactionism allow sociologists to understand the individual? a. by providing guidelines for how best to examine the more private aspects of the individual b. by focusing on how the individual's personality, preferences, ideas, etc., are constructed and shaped by and through communication with other individuals, groups, and institutions c. by showing how individuals impact the social world through day-to-day events d. by preventing sociologists from straying too far from the individual in their studies

b. by focusing on how the individual's personality, preferences, ideas, etc., are constructed and shaped by and through communication with other individuals, groups, and institutions

Where does the process of socialization typically begin? a. in communities b. in families c. in schools d. in peer groups

b. in families

What is social hierarchy? a. the status a person acquires as a result of merit b. social arrangements in which some groups or individuals are elevated above others c. a system of social arrangements that make society more egalitarian d. a group of people who control a given social institution

b. social arrangements in which some groups or individuals are elevated above others

After college Anita remained in touch with her fellow sorority sisters. When she lost her job she reached out to them for potential job leads. Which of Bourdieu's concepts best describes how Anita is using her life resources? a. economic capital b. social capital c. cultural capital d. class capital

b. social capital

Which list of characteristics best describes the childrearing model of concerted cultivation? a. constraint, watching out for oneself, fostering talents b. structured time, supervision, entitlement c. unstructured time, strict discipline, social intervening d. reward-based learning, unstructured time, watching out for oneself

b. structured time, supervision, entitlement

Ethnographers are researchers and scholars who __________. a. experiment with people and places under laboratory conditions b. study people and places by immersing themselves in a community c. study the historical documents associated with the founding of new communities d. ask questions about the people and places in a community using questionnaires and random sampling

b. study people and places by immersing themselves in a community

You want to study people on both sides of the digital divide. Of the following sets of test subjects, which would make the most suitable interview subjects to capture both sides of the divide? a. infants and toddlers b. teenagers and senior citizens c. Australians and Americans d. bus drivers and electrical workers

b. teenagers and senior citizens

Houston, Texas has been described as a pro-business city, due in part to the fact that Texas is a right-to-work state. Texas businesses may eliminate jobs at will, without just cause, and the state has other statutes on its books that the business community readily endorses. This scenario illustrates __________ in action. a. the New Deal b. the business confidence theory c. tax and transfer policies d. pluralism

b. the business confidence theory

Karen works for an Internet marketing company with annual billings of over $100 million. She was recently promoted to client services manager and began looking for a mentor. She noticed that over 90 percent of the executives at the director level or above are male and that only one woman has a seat on the firm's board. What does this scenario suggest may be at play in Karen's place of employment? a. intergenerational social mobility b. the glass ceiling c. a social hierarchy d. path dependency

b. the glass ceiling

Public restrooms are a complex social space in which we are both required to prepare for our public performances and deal with others who may view that performance. You want to study a similar backstage area. Which of the following spaces would suit your requirements? a. the personal confession booth on a reality television show b. the kitchen in a restaurant c. the open-air amphitheater in a city park d. the boardroom of a major corporation

b. the kitchen in a restaurant

You want to study a subordinated subculture that constitutes its own counterpublic. Which of the following groups should you study? a. Twitter followers of a prominent public figure b. the network of black churches that formed the backbone of the civil rights movement c. country music fans d. the subculture of gourmet chefs

b. the network of black churches that formed the backbone of the civil rights movement

In his controversial study in which he led subjects to believe they were delivering painful shocks to innocent people, what social phenomenon was Stanley Milgram trying to understand?a. the difference between normal individuals and sociopaths b. the process through which normal individuals can be compelled to hurt others simply because they are told to c. the ways in which codes of conduct are violated by scientific professionals d. the situations in which society's deviants can thrive and flourish

b. the process through which normal individuals can be compelled to hurt others simply because they are told to

Which of the following is an example of a counterpublic? a. corporate offices b. union halls c. gas stations d. shopping malls

b. union halls

An influential group of sociologists who used the city of Chicago as a laboratory for the study of urbanism is known as the __________. a. Chicago Eight b. Chicago Federation c. Chicago School d. Chicago Urbanists

c. Chicago School

Which concept of community best encompasses the fundamental concerns of sociologists who study today's cities and communities? a. Community comprises family members and neighbors, along with nearby friends. b. Community comprises individuals located in the immediate space surrounding a person, whether family or not. c. Community is the degree to which individuals connect with, support, and interact with each other. d. Community comprises strong friendships with people we come in contact with through school, work, or other social institutions.

c. Community is the degree to which individuals connect with, support, and interact with each other.

Which of the following statements exemplifies the "conservative egalitarian" label, which sociologists apply to American voters who do not consistently connect their beliefs about equality to support for government programs that might make our society more egalitarian? a. Conservative egalitarian Americans want their opinions heard but do not want their privacy violated. b. Conservative egalitarian Americans want to uphold democratic values but do not want to vote. c. Conservative egalitarian Americans want to help the poor but do not want to pay higher taxes. d. Conservative egalitarian Americans want the same quality schools and health care as the rich.

c. Conservative egalitarian Americans want to help the poor but do not want to pay higher taxes.

You have been tasked with a longitudinal study involving interviews with a group of individuals as they age from 5 to 40. At the onset of the project, you decide it would be helpful to try to predict which children may be later labeled as deviant. Based on the textbook discussion of deviants, which child do you predict will be so labeled? a. Robert really enjoys baseball and is very physically active. He sometimes gets in fights with other children, especially when they do not follow the rules. b. Phillip is a nice boy, but he often eats his crayons and paste. c. Jenny talks a lot during story hour and has trouble sitting still. She often talks over other students and the teacher. d. Susan generally enjoys school and follows directions well. However, she has trouble making friends.

c. Jenny talks a lot during story hour and has trouble sitting still. She often talks over other students and the teacher.

What has been the effect of global cities on urban areas, economically, socially, and politically? a. Politicians have focused more money and time on courting the immigrant vote, immigrants' political and civic involvement has exploded, and tolerance for new immigrants has blossomed. b. Life for local residents has greatly improved: lower tax rates, increased interest in and funding for locally operated ethnic grocery stores and restaurants, and improved schools are all evident. c. Manufacturing jobs have been replaced by service-sector jobs, infrastructures and landscapes have been transformed to attract international businesses, a gap has formed between the global elite and the global service class, and city governments have focused less on local residents. d. Recent immigrants have been thriving because international corporations are eager to utilize their language skills and cultural knowledge.

c. Manufacturing jobs have been replaced by service-sector jobs, infrastructures and landscapes have been transformed to attract international businesses, a gap has formed between the global elite and the global service class, and city governments have focused less on local residents.

Which of the following groups is an example of a counterculture? a. public school teachers b. registered Republicans c. Neo-Nazis d. the U.S. army

c. Neo-Nazis

Which of the following is an example of an informal rule? a. Not driving while intoxicated. b. Filing tax returns. c. Respecting the needs of children. d. Stopping at red lights.

c. Respecting the needs of children.

According to demographer Kingsley Davis, in the modern world, the process of urbanization follows a(n) __________. a. bell-shaped curve b. circular function c. S curve d. straight line

c. S curve

How quickly does social structure tend to change? a. Social structure is highly volatile and changes very quickly. b. Social structure is durable but changes moderately quickly. c. Social structure changes over time but tends to do so slowly. d. Social structure is incapable of change.

c. Social structure changes over time but tends to do so slowly.

In his orphanage study, what difference did Spitz find between babies who were properly socialized and those who were not?a.​The older the children were, the more social interaction they required. b.​Those children who received more interaction tended to be more emotionally unstable. c.​Those children who received less social interaction tended to be more withdrawn and susceptible to physical illness. d.​There was little difference found between children who received social interaction and those who had not.

c. Those children who received less social interaction tended to be more withdrawn and susceptible to physical illness.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies one of the causes of the rise of urbanization in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Caroline, a widow, left her rural town seeking a greater sense of community in a bigger city. b. Martha was dissatisfied with the education that her children were getting at their backwoods one-room schoolhouse, so she moved her family to a city with an improved school system. c. Toby, the son of former slaves, hoped to find employment and tolerance in the North. d. William and his family were tired of feeling isolated in their rural town, so they moved to a city where they would have many close neighbors.

c. Toby, the son of former slaves, hoped to find employment and tolerance in the North.

Your evening is not going as planned. While at a bar, you accidentally knock over a man's drink. Although the spill was an accident, it has ruined his date's clothing and he is very angry. What is the most likely next step in this conflict's interaction ritual chain? a. You get punched in the face. b. He begs you for mercy. c. You get insulted. d. A full-scale bar fight breaks out.

c. You get insulted.

What do we call the act of bowing out of a conversation when two or more people are talking at once? a. a pause b. taking turns c. a repair d. conversational permissiveness

c. a repair

What is a cultural tool kit? a. a set of research methods that ethnographers use b. a set of symbolic skills that we apply to practical situations c. a set of ideas and skills that we learn and use in daily life d. a set of behaviors that we adopt to impress cultural elites

c. a set of ideas and skills that we learn and use in daily life

Which of the following forms of community would a New Urbanist favor? a. an urban-fringe community with separate zones for housing and for commercial enterprises b. a gated community of single-family homes interspersed with public spaces c. a walkable urban community combining different types of housing, offices, retail, schools, and other components d. a mixed-use bedroom community

c. a walkable urban community combining different types of housing, offices, retail, schools, and other components

A company named Worldwide Widget Distributors is conducting a job search for a new regional sales manager. Based on what researchers have documented about how power influences hiring decisions, which of the following applicants is most likely to get the job? a. a white male who is a couple of years away from retirement b. a middle-aged Latina who is reentering the workforce after time away to raise a family c. a young white male who recently graduated from a top-tier university d. a young black male who has relevant work experience, but has been unemployed for several years

c. a young white male who recently graduated from a top-tier university

For 23 years, a group of 12 men and women has been operating a successful charity for families impacted by AIDS. The group has seen many changes over the years, regarding personnel, community needs, medical advances, and economic climate. The charity has endured throughout the years because it established operating principles and procedures. Which term best describes this group? a. loose coupling b. high-tech industry c. bureaucratic organization d. labor union

c. bureaucratic organization

The traditional concept of America as a melting pot is an example of _____? a. multiculturalism b. cultural relativism c. ethnocentrism d. the immigrant experience

c. ethnocentrism

In terms of how it influences our thinking, what does ethnocentrism lead to? a. the evaluation of cultural meanings and practices in their own social contexts b. thick descriptions of other cultures based on real understanding c. incorrect assumptions about other cultures on the basis of our own experienced. d. correct assumptions about other cultures on the basis of interpretations of shared meanings

c. incorrect assumptions about other cultures on the basis of our own experience

When groups become more equal in size, competition between them for jobs, housing, romantic partners, and other resources __________. a. stabilizes b. decreases c. intensifies d. ends

c. intensifies

A Southwestern U.S. fast-food chain has opened an outlet in New Orleans. The new outlet's manager is familiar with the myriad federal, state, and local regulations that govern the operation of eating establishments. The restaurant chain also has a long list of its own rules and guidelines. Knowing the distinct preferences of New Orleans diners, the manager decides to bypass some of the specifics of all of these regulations, while complying with health standards for storing, handling, preparing, and serving food to ensure repeat business. What action is the manager engaging in? a. bureaucratic overloading b. central planning c. loose coupling d. outsourcing

c. loose coupling

Which of the following job skills is more easily measured than the others? a. managing a negotiation b. working effectively in teams c. measuring a manufacturing process d. coping with change

c. measuring a manufacturing process

Which of these are the basic rules of society that help us know what is and what is not appropriate to do in any situation? a. roles b. laws c. norms d. structure

c. norms

Imagine that you are a senior in college with one semester to go before graduation. You do not have a job yet, but you are looking for one. You have a good relationship with your parents, are married, but do not have children. Which of the following is one of your reference groups? a. current high-school students b. new parents c. recent college graduates d. business professionals

c. recent college graduates

Which of the following expectations are parts of the role set of traditional college students? a. respect authority figures, pay for food in restaurants, drive safely b. attend religious services, vote in elections, treat senior citizens with respect c. respect the teacher, show up for lectures, complete assigned papers, take exams d. binge drink, sleep until noon, eat a diet mostly of pizza

c. respect the teacher, show up for lectures, complete assigned papers, take exams

The concept of national cultures assumes that __________. a. global culture is nonexistent b. nationalism is a substitute for regionalism c. shared cultural practices and beliefs exist within nation-states d. diplomatic relations between nations, in their natural state, are strained

c. shared cultural practices and beliefs exist within nation-states

Studying symbols helps us understand things about society __________. a. that are openly talked about b. and the progression of technology c. that are not often discussed d. and the creative use of social structure

c. that are not often discussed

At the time of its uprising, the Industrial Revolution changed the nature of __________ in society. a. structural inertia b. socialism c. the division of labor d. isomorphism

c. the division of labor

What is social structure? a. individual personality differences in a variety of contexts b. a collection of sociological theories that examine the difference between rich and poor c. the way rules and norms become enduring patterns that shape social interactions d. the deterministic belief that one can never escape their social position

c. the way rules and norms become enduring patterns that shape social interactions

A record number of layoffs at Andrew's place of employment has everyone on pins and needles. The employees want to make sure their bosses are pleased with their performances, so many of them have agreed to work overtime on weekends. Which dimension of power is operating in this scenario? a. one-dimensional b. two-dimensional c. three-dimensional d. four-dimensional

c. three-dimensional

To whom does the digital divide refer? a. to adherents of radical social movements that rely on Internet technologies to mobilize b. to government-appointed monitors of Internet traffic flowing in and out of the country c. to a new division of haves and have-nots based on access to Internet and communication technologies d. to the generation of children born into the Internet age

c. to a new division of haves and have-nots based on access to Internet and communication technologies

Social Security, health and unemployment insurance, and welfare for poor families comprise the __________. a. bureaucratic state b. pluralistic state c. welfare state d. disciplinary state

c. welfare state

When did education and learning become institutionalized? a. when teachers began to think of themselves as professionals b. when taboos against teaching began to disappear c. when a curriculum was established d. when social elites began to send their children to schools

c. when a curriculum was established

Imagine you are interviewing teenagers in order to understand how they develop their sense of self. Which of the following statements can be classified as a statement of self that could be attributed to the concept of the looking-glass concept? a. I really don't like swimming. The chlorine makes my feet peel and being in the pool with all those people is just gross. b. I love playing chess. I'm not so great, but all my friends are in the chess club. c. Riding the bus is lame. It just takes so long when I could be doing other things. d. I'm no good at geometry. Whenever I answer questions wrong in class, the teacher looks at me like I'm stupid and other students laugh at me.

d. I'm no good at geometry. Whenever I answer questions wrong in class, the teacher looks at me like I'm stupid and other students laugh at me.

Why do sociologists of the media agree that journalists help to create and change the news, not just report it? a. Journalists have the tendency to intentionally skew facts to fit predetermined storylines. b. Journalists have the tendency to treat the world as their laboratory. c. Journalists have the power to compel bribes in exchange for favorable coverage. d. Journalists have the power to decide what to cover and how to cover it.

d. Journalists have the power to decide what to cover and how to cover it.

How did government policies contribute to the preferential treatment of whites in the suburban housing market after World War II? a. Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically redlined. b. Loans for homes in primarily black neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in racially mixed neighborhoods. c. Loans for homes in racially mixed neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black neighborhoods. d. Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black or in racially mixed neighborhoods.

d. Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black or in racially mixed neighborhoods.

Why is conversational precision critical to interacting with other individuals in society? a. Conversational precision provides us with the vocabulary needed to convey complex ideas. b. Without conversational precision, we cannot interpret complex ideas. c. Conversational precision allows us to study language in a way that is of use to the social sciences. d. Timing and spacing in the delivery of spoken communication convey subtle cues that are critical for understanding.

d. Timing and spacing in the delivery of spoken communication convey subtle cues that are critical for understanding.

__________ are judgments about what is intrinsically important or meaningful. a. Attitudes b. Ethics c. Morals d. Values

d. Values

Organizations that have created an internal culture that is a good match to its environment will_________. a. resist pressure to change from the external environment b. adapt when the internal environment is stronger than the external environment c. demand adherence to company policy and standards even when ineffective d. adapt and survive when the external environment evolves

d. adapt and survive when the external environment evolves

Which of the following statements about socialization is true? People who are socialized to the same norms __________. a. make the same moral judgments b. have the same tastes c. respond to identical incentives in predictable ways d. behave in different and occasionally unpredictable ways

d. behave in different and occasionally unpredictable ways

Before industrialization, daily life for the vast majority of people focused on __________. a. travel and trade b. cottage industry c. mining d. immediate sustenance

d. immediate sustenance

Service-sector jobs, which began to replace manufacturing jobs in the 1970s, refer to __________. a. relatively low-wage work b. relatively high-salary work c. middle-income jobs dominated by college graduates d. low-wage and high-wage work

d. low-wage and high-wage work

Research suggests that communities with high levels of cohesion and trust have __________. a. higher levels of violence when the community is very poor b. higher levels of violence whether the community is very poor or middle income c. lower levels of violence, but only if the community is very poor d. lower levels of violence, even if the community is very poor

d. lower levels of violence, even if the community is very poor

After running her own successful pet-grooming business in Northern California, Caitlyn left family and friends and moved to Southern California, where she knew no one. Upon arrival, she immediately set up business in her new environment but became frustrated when no one seemed to notice her pet-grooming shop, much less patronize it. Caitlyn's situation exemplifies the importance of __________ in establishing how market exchanges happen. a. classic economic theories b. culture c. power d. social networks

d. social networks

The sociological study of markets focuses on which factor, or which combination of factors, to explain how markets work? a. social networks b. social networks and power c. social networks and culture d. social networks, power, and culture

d. social networks, power, and culture

Claude Fischer's theory of __________ helps us understand why certain urban neighborhoods take on particular identities. a. ecological stressors b. income c. organizational behavior d. subcultures

d. subcultures

Which of the following is the clearest example of the pervasiveness of markets in the intimate spaces of people's lives? a. the market for adventure travel to the South Pole b. the market for doggie day care c. the market for restaurant takeout d. the market for help naming children

d. the market for help naming children

Your position in key social hierarchies is likely to have the least impact on __________. a. how well you do in school b. whether or not you attend college c. your eventual occupation d. your food preferences

d. your food preferences