Sociology Final Exam UARK
Which age group (of all races) has the highest percentage living in poverty?
0-18 years
67. According to the social class model developed by Gilbert and Kahl, and based on the theory of Weber, the upper (capitalist) class of the United States includes about __________ of the population.
1 percent
80. What percentage of the U.S. voting-age population is involved in the political process beyond simply voting?
10 percent
83. Anthropologists believe that human groups have had some form of religion for some __________ years.
100,000
70. The upper-middle class is comprised of highly educated professionals, such as physicians, attorneys, stockbrokers, and corporate managers, which make up about __________ of the population.
14 percent
102. The U.S. poverty rate in 2012 was __________.
15 percent
73. In 2012, __________ of all full-time workers in the United States lacked health insurance.
15 percent
96. For many of the working poor, medical insurance is out of the question. In 2010, approximately __________ of people in the United States were without health insurance coverage.
16 percent
For many of the working poor, medical insurance is out of the question. In 2010, approximately __________ of people in the United States were without health insurance coverage.
16 percent
the US state department estimates that about ________ foreigners are brought to the united states and enslaved annually
17,500
45. Today, the U.S. State Department recognizes ___________ independent nation-states throughout the world.
195
83. The U.S. government employs about __________ people, excluding the U.S. Postal Service.
2.1 million
37. Comparing 1970 data with 2012 data, the Census Bureau identified a noticeable decline in the number of married-couple households with their own children living with them. This type of household decreased from about 40 percent in 1970 to about __________ in 2011.
20 percent
in the united states, in ___________, for the first time individuals were able to identify themselves on the census as being of more than one race
2000
69. In 2010, public health insurance accounted for __________ of the federal budget.
21 percent
84. Of the richest 20 people in the world, how many are women?
3
91. In 2012, the poorest 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately __________ of the total income pie.
3 percent
80. About __________ of the U.S. population is included in the underclass.
3 to 5 percent
between 2000 and 2010, the percentage of americans identifying as more than one race on the census increased by
32 percent
92. In 2012, the top 5 percent of households in the United States received more than 20 percent of all income—an amount greater than that received by the bottom __________ of all households.
40 percent
90. In 2009, the wealthiest 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately __________ percent of the total income pie.
50
76. Today, about __________ of U.S. undergraduates are educated in community colleges.
50 percent
81. Even in Presidential election years, voter turnout can be low. For example, in the 2012 presidential election, approximately __________ of eligible voters cast ballots.
60 percent
37. A child born in the United States in 2013 has a life expectancy of __________.
78.7 years
42. How does a city-state differ from a nation-state?
A city-state is made up of a central city exercising control over the surrounding area.
Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for for the first time in sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their paths crossed between classes. Sociologists would term them ____________.
A secondary group
Which of these is not an example of a rite of passage?
A weekly religious service
103. __________ poverty refers to the condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.
Absolute
104. __________ is the most likely to have life-threatening consequences, such as when a homeless person freezes to death on a park bench.
Absolute poverty
A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or effort.
Achieved
__________ is the term for policies or procedures designed to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have previously been excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.
Affirmative action
105. __________ have the highest rate of people who have never married.
African Americans
108. Which of these racial/ethnic groups has the highest rate of poverty?
African Americans
A(n) ______ is a collection of two or more people who interct frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.
Aggregate
101. July Fourth (Independence Day), Memorial Day, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Pledge of Allegiance would all be considered examples that correspond to __________.
American civil religion
86. __________ is the belief that plants, animals, or other elements of the natural world are endowed with spirits or life forces that have an impact on events in society.
Animism
87. __________ is associated with early hunting and gathering societies and with many Native American societies, in which everyday life was not separated from the elements of the natural world.
Animism
Durkheim used the term ________ for the condition in which some social norms are weak, conflicting or absent.
Anomie
A(n) _____________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.
Ascribed
Jorge is a male born to Mexican America parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and-if he lives long enough-will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered ____________ statuses.
Ascribed
The fastest growing minority group in the United States today is __________.
Asian Americans
52. __________ is a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government.
Authoritarianism
Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered.
Back stage
53. __________ descent is used in the United States for the purpose of determining kinship and inheritance rights; however, children typically take the father's last name.
Bilateral
82. __________ assimilation occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups.
Biological (amalgamation)
75. In many areas of the United States, schools remain racially segregated or have become resegregated after earlier attempts at integration failed. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in __________ that "separate but equal" segregated schools are unconstitutional because they are inherently unequal.
Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
A(n) ______ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters.
Bureaucracy
72. Sociologist __________ applied the term power elite to the most powerful in society, who are those at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military.
C. Wright Mills
94. __________ is an economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, from which personal profits can be derived through market competition and without government intervention.
Capitalism
Students walking to class, shopper in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of____________.
Categories
A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common
Category
A(n) ______________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).
Category
Men with red hair, people who wear glasses, people over 6 feet tall, and college women who belong to a sorority are each an example of a _________
Category
49. The most commonly reported sexually transmitted disease, in terms of number of cases, listed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is __________.
Chlamydia
Sociologists Erving Goffman's term _________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.
Civil attention
A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.
Coalition
Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of ___________.
Coercive
people do not voluntarily become members of _________ groups
Coercive
100. Internal colonialism, the split-labor-market theory, and gendered racism are theories that are rooted in the __________ perspective.
Conflict
44. __________ theorists do not believe that public schools reduce social inequality in society; rather, they believe that schools perpetuate class, racial/ethnic, and gender inequalities by reinforcing the privileged position of some at the expense of others.
Conflict
51. Tracking or ability grouping is based on the assumption that it is easier to teach a group whose members have similar abilities. __________ theorists are critics of the practice of tracking, arguing that it negatively affects learning and achievement for many students.
Conflict
89. The __________ theory emphasizes the political, economic, and social forces that affect health and the health care delivery system.
Conflict
90. __________ theorists are most likely to be concerned with unequal access to health care, power relationships in the health care system, and the role of profit in maintaining human health.
Conflict
99. __________ theorists stress that schools are agencies for perpetuating social inequality because parents with limited income are not able to provide the same educational opportunities for their children as are families with greater financial resources.
Conflict
_________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society
Conflict
_____________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.
Conflict
______________ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.
Conflict Theorists
According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept culturally-approved goals and pursue them through approved means.
Conformity
Sociologists refer to the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by society, subculture, or other groups as __________
Conformity
What is the term used by sociologists to describe individuals' awareness that they share commonalities with certain others?
Consciousness of king
21. __________ are responsible primarily for regulating sexual activity, socializing children, and providing affection and companionship for members.
Contemporary families
58. __________ is a process in which academic qualifications are necessary in order to attain class advantage and higher social status.
Credentialism
A _________ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions
Crime
48. socially approved dress and manners, and knowledge about books, art, music, and other forms of high and popular culture; some people have more of these attitudes and knowledge than others.
Cultural capital
We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the _________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.
Definition of the situation
59. __________ is a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives.
Democracy
____________ is a term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
Deviance
According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify what function of deviance?
Deviance promotes social change
Which function of deviance is best illustrated by the recent Occupy Wall Street protestors?
Deviance promotes social change.
Criminologist Ronald Akers created the _________ theory, which combines differential association theory with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are learned through the same social process.
Differential Reinforcement
_____________ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family.
Differential association
60. __________ requires that citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day.
Direct participatory democracy
A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the departments computer system. These examples illustrate ______________.
Division of labor
88. __________ refers to household arrangements in which an unmarried couple lives together in a committed, sexually intimate relationship and is granted the same rights and benefits as those accorded to married heterosexual couples.
Domestic partnership
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman, that compare every day life to a theatrical presentation is called _____________.
Dramaturgical analysis
In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members the most crucial to the survival of the group?
Dyad
Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a _________
Dyad
26. Early sociologist __________ saw the responsibility of education as teaching a commitment to a shared social morality. In this way, education is crucial for promoting solidarity and stability in society.
Emile Durkheim
64. According to sociologist __________, the purpose of government is to socialize people to be good citizens, to regulate the economy so that it operates effectively, and to provide necessary services for citizens.
Emile Durkheim
Sociologist _________ believed that deviance is rooted in societal factors such as rapid social change and lack of social integration among people. As social integration (bonding and community involvement) decreased, deviance and crime increased.
Emile Durkheim
________ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.
Expressive
_____________ leadership provides emotional support for members
Expressive
________ refers to the use of negative sanctions that proscribe certain behaviors and set forth the punishments for rule breakers and nonconformists
External social control
97. __________ is the world's largest corporation.
Exxon/Mobil
1. The research clearly indicates that social media has a significant influence on voters decisions about candidates and political issues.
False
10. Most school funding comes from the federal government, and a small percentage comes from state legislative appropriations and local property taxes.
False
11. As increasing percentages of women work full time, even those with children under age 6, men have taken on relatively equal amounts of domestic chores.
False
11. Medicaid is a federal health care program that provides the same services for all low-income people throughout the United States.
False
12. Students using voucher programs to attend school outperform public students on standardized tests.
False
12. The United States is the only nation that has a purely capitalist economic system.
False
13. In the United States, all full-time workers must receive health insurance as part of their benefits package.
False
14. China is the only country in the world today with a purely socialist economic system.
False
14. The Canadian health care system is an example of socialized medicine.
False
14. The functions of religion (providing meaning and purpose, promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging, and providing social control and support for the government) can only be fulfilled by beliefs and practices that are supernatural in nature.
False
14. When computing statistics on the composition of U.S. households, foster parents and children are considered relatives.
False
15. All types of religions have some type of all-powerful supernatural being at the center of the belief system.
False
15. An ideal capitalist economy requires government regulation in order to work properly.
False
15. Today, most domestic violence is reported to the police, so we have more accurate statistics about violence in the home.
False
17. Alternative medicine is less expensive than conventional Western medicine.
False
17. Civil religion in the United States is not necessarily the same thing as Christianity.
False
17. Contingent work is found only at the lower end of occupations in the United States.
False
17. The divorce rate in the United States has been steadily increasing since the early twentieth century.
False
18. Periods of national financial recession are always periods of increased rates of divorce.
False
18. Social scientists are now in agreement that mental illness is essentially a myth.
False
19. All forms of unemployment tend to be only temporary.
False
19. In any given religion, men and women will hold the same beliefs.
False
2. Although the family of orientation is based exclusively on blood ties, the family of procreation may be based on both blood and legal ties
False
2. Life expectancy has increased since 1980 in all countries.
False
2. Sociologists all share the same perspective on the role of education in society.
False
20. Modernity always leads to the secularization of a society.
False
21. Religious fundamentalism now only appeals to people who have lower incomes, live in rural areas, and have lower levels of educational attainment.
False
3. Charismatic authority is more stable than traditional or rational-legal authority.
False
3. Most U.S. family households are made up of a married couple with one or more children under the age of 18.
False
4. Standardized tests are an effective means of testing student intelligence and ability.
False
4. The United States spends a larger percentage of its gross domestic product on health care than other countries; this high percentage if spending ensures that the U.S. population is among the healthiest in the world.
False
4. The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is egalitarian—which is a family structure where partners share power and authority
False
5. All true nation-states have the same type of government.
False
5. Most social scientists believe that tracking is an effective means of giving students of color and those from low-income families an opportunity to excel academically and thus enable future success.
False
5. Researchers find that married couples construct a shared reality that reflects the perspective of both partners.
False
6. Sociologists find that men and women are equally likely to express their feelings of love verbally.
False
6. Women have always had longer life expectancy than men.
False
7. Longer life expectancy is a reflection of women's better health status than men's.
False
7. Male students have a higher rate of graduation from high school and college than their female peers.
False
7. Representative democracies have governments that are all organized in the same way.
False
8. There is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys.
False
9. Marijuana is widely used on a daily basis because, although it is illegal, it has no negative effects on health.
False
9. Party loyalties are becoming increasingly strong among American voters.
False
9. Studies over the past decade have supported the proposition that couples who cohabit before marriage have a more stable relationship following marriage.
False
T/F . Millions of Native Americans were killed due to the official policies of genocide established by the U.S. government.
False
T/F . Sociologists are in agreement that poverty is always harmful to society.
False
T/F . Women's lower socioeconomic status is the primary explanation for poverty in the United States today.
False
T/F 13. Most people in the United States have their wealth invested in income-generating property.
False
T/F 14. During the economic crisis of 2007-2009, household median wealth declined for people of all races equally.
False
T/F 15. Virtually anyone can be poor, and poverty is randomly distributed throughout the population of the United States.
False
T/F 16. In the United States, people over the age of 65 are the most likely to be poor.
False
In 2010, concern about cost over-runs and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil ring and an unpredicted environmental disaster. The failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of _______
False consciousness
According to the text, the _______ is the most important agent of socialization in all societies.
Family
60. __________ means that patients are billed separately for each service that they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses.
Fee-for-service
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of _________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, where, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
Feeling rules
A ________ is a serious crime for which punishment typically ranges from more than a years imprisonment to death.
Felony
56. The __________ is widely considered the catalyst for the emergence of modern medical education.
Flexner Report
A(n) ___________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.
Formal
A ___________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
Formal organization
95. __________ emphasizes the way that religious beliefs and rituals work to bind people together in society.
Functionalism
25. __________ theorists believe that education is an important part of society because it contributes to social stability and provides people with an opportunity for selfenhancement and upward social mobility.
Functionalist
66. __________ theorists emphasize the importance of the family in maintaining the stability of society and the well-being of individuals.
Functionalist
98. __________ theorists view education as the "elevator" to social mobility. They see education as providing all students with opportunities, and they argue that students' abilities are now more important than their class, race, or gender in determining success.
Functionalist
From a __________ perspective, schools are responsible for teaching students to be productive members of society; for transmitting culture, social control, and personal development; and for selecting, training, and placing individuals into different levels in society.
Functionalist
________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society
Functionalist
________ emphasize the role of social institution in accomplishing essential tasks for society.
Functionalists
112. __________ are people of whatever religious faith who are most fearful about secularization and who believe that sacred traditions must be revitalized in the face of modernity.
Fundamentalists
Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.
Gender socialization
Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.
Gesellschaft
21. __________ is the formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between that society and those outside its borders.
Government
___________ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise
Groupthink
52. What is the world's leading infectious killer?
HIV
23. __________ is the term for any activity intended to improve health.
Health care
70. __________ provide, for a set monthly fee, total care with an emphasis on prevention to avoid costly treatment later.
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
A school district is run by a board if elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of ___________.
Hierarchy and authority
75. Which of these groups has the highest uninsured rate?
Hispanic/Latino/a
82. __________ is an approach to health care that focuses on prevention of illness and disease and is aimed at treating the whole person—body and mind—rather than just the part or parts in which symptoms occur.
Holistic medicine
89. Most people in the United States tend to choose marriage partners who are similar to themselves. __________ refers to the pattern of individuals marrying those who have similar characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, religious background, age, education, or social class.
Homogamy
41. __________ occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and/or income that does not produce a change in their place in the class structure.
Horizontal mobility
89. According to the text, __________societies were among the first to practice monotheism, the belief in a single, supreme being or god who is responsible for significant events such as the creation of the world.
Horticultural
According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the component of personality that includes all of the individual's basic biological drives and needs that demand immediate gratification.
ID (Identity)
A(n) _________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon. (such as bureaucracy)
Ideal Type
22. Sociologists use the term __________ for socially defined and culturally variable states of interference with health.
Illness
89. __________ is the term for economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property.
Income
vestiges of a caste system exist today in ________
India and South Africa
__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.
Industrial societies
The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of _________________
Informal Structure
A(n) ____________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity
Ingroup
According to Merton's strain theory, ________ occurs when people accept society's goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.
Innovation
___________ needs cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal.
Instrumental
25. __________ mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next.
Intergenerational
____________ social control takes place through the socialization process.
Internal
98. __________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society.
Internal colonialism
29. __________ mobility refers to the social movement of individuals within their own lifetime.
Intragenerational
93. __________ of all marriages with children in the United States are dual-earner marriages, in which both spouses are in the labor force.
Just over half
___________ refers to a violation of law or commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.
Juvenile delinquency
104. The famous quote stating that religion is an "opiate of the masses" comes from the work of __________.
Karl Marx
105. The work of __________ demonstrated that religion could be a catalyst for social change.
Karl Marx
63. __________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).
Labeling
Based on the symbolic interaction theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the _________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.
Labeling
101. Which of these would not be considered a microlevel reason for high rates of teenage pregnancy?
Lack of education and employment opportunities in urban and rural areas discourage aspirations in teenagers.
74. Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, with a dropout rate of 13 percent, __________ have the highest dropout rate of any racial/ethnic group in U.S. schools.
Latinos/as (Hispanics)
25. __________ is a measure of the estimated average lifetime of people born in a specific year.
Life expectancy
71. __________ is any system of cost containment that closely monitors and controls health care providers' decisions about medical procedures, diagnostic tests, and other services that should be provided to patients.
Managed care
47. __________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.
Marijuana
Jane defines herself as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her ________ status
Master
55. Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, sociologist __________ developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and power.
Max Weber
66. The model of the American class system based on the work of __________ is based on three elements: education, occupation of family head, and family income.
Max Weber
the research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority ___________
May be more common than most people like to believe
Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
Mechanical solidarity
25. According to William Domhoff, what is the role of the media in politics?
Media tend to reflect the biases of those with the greatest ability to access the media.
68. __________ is a nationwide public health insurance program that is a jointly funded federal-state-local program established to make health care more available to the poor.
Medicaid
67. __________ is a nationwide public health insurance program for persons age 65 or older who are covered by Social Security or who are eligible and "buy into" the program by paying a monthly premium.
Medicare
24. __________ is the term for an institutional system concerned with the scientific diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of illness.
Medicine
Which is not considered one of the five traditional social institutions?
Military
54. __________ result when military officers seize power from the government, as has happened in recent decades in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti.
Military juntas
A ________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year of jail.
Misdemeanor
26. Which of these countries has the highest life expectancy?
Monaco
46. __________ is a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance.
Monarchy
43. __________ is the term for concurrent marriage of a person of one sex with two or more members of the opposite sex.
Monogamy
Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of ________ organizations.
Normative
We voluntarily join ________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.
Normative
__________ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.
Obedience
Durkheim believed that people in industrial societies rely on one another in much the same way that the organs of the human body function interdependently. Social interaction is less personal, more status oriented, and more focused on specific goals and objectives. He referred to this condition as __________.
Organic solidarity
A(n) ___________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.
Outgroup
Cody is a member of the LA Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, the 2 rival gangs would be considered ________
Outgroups
87. The National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago has replaced the Kinsey Report as the respected source of information on American sexual behavior. Which of these is not a finding of the survey reported in the text?
Overall Americans seem to be challenging what were previously considered significant dominant sexual ideologies.
49. __________ systems are set up in such a manner that a legitimate son inherits his father's property and sometimes his position upon the father's death.
Patrilineal
59. Residential patterns are interrelated with the authority structure and method of tracing descent in families. __________ residence refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the husband's family.
Patrilocal
A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age.
Peer group
In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that__________________.
People in secondary groups are always mutually exclusive
47. According to sociologist __________, students from diverse class backgrounds come to school with different amounts of cultural capital, which refers to social assets that include values, beliefs, attitudes, and competencies in language and culture.
Pierre Bourdieu
69. __________ are organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates who share their stances on specific issues.
Political action committees
20. __________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by various groups and individuals.
Politics
46. __________ is the concurrent marriage of one woman with two or more men.
Polyandry
47. __________ is very rare. When it does occur, it is typically found in societies where men greatly outnumber women because of high rates of female infanticide.
Polyandry
45. __________ is the concurrent marriage of one man with two or more women.
Polygyny
A(n) _________ is one in which technology supports a service-and information- based economy.
Postindustrial society
24. __________ is the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others. Through the use of persuasion, authority, or force, some people are able to get others to submit to their demands.
Power
________________ or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.
Presentational analysis
Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for 25 years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They are an example of a(n) _________
Primary Group
__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work- related peer groups.
Primary Groups
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term ________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
Primary group
107. How do professions differ from occupations?
Professions are characterized as having more self-regulation than occupations.
37. __________ authority is held by elected or appointed government officials, but authority is invested in the office, not in the person who holds the office.
Rational-legal
41. __________ use occurs when a person takes a drug for no purpose other than for achieving a pleasurable feeling or an altered psychological state.
Recreational
42. Someone smoking cigarettes is an example of __________ drug use.
Recreational
A(n) ________ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.
Reference group
Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to go to graduate school in sociology. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her _____________.
Reference group
105. __________ poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
Relative
106. Which of these statements illustrates the symbolic interactionist perspective on religion?
Religion provides reference groups that help individuals to define their own identity.
96. __________, one of the first sociologists to emphasize that religion is essential to the maintenance of society, suggested that religion is a cultural universal found in all societies because it meets basic human needs and serves important societal functions.
Robert Merton
A ________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.
Role
A ____________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying them.
Role
The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and involvement in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a _________
Role
______ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
Role Exit
It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of _________.
Role ambiguity
________ occurs when the expectation associated with a role are unclear.
Role ambiguity
__________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.
Role ambiguity
Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have an emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing
Role conflict
A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of _______________.
Role distancing
For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within their role.
Role performance
Jack is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, while at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Jack is experiencing _________
Role strain
Cooley coined the term __________ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
Secondary
Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of ____________ groups
Secondary
Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
Secondary group
94. __________ refers to a decline in the importance of religious ideas, practices, and institutions in everyday life.
Secularization
The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is _________
Significant others
85. __________ does not acknowledge specific gods or supernatural spirits but focuses instead on impersonal forces that may exist in people or natural objects.
Simple supernaturalism
Which of these is not an achieved status?
Sister
30. __________ is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others. It is a closed system in which people are treated as property and have little or no control over their lives.
Slavery
Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of ________ in determining the likelihood of deviant's behavior
Social Bonding
A _______ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.
Social Institution
The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of _________
Social Institutions
The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is _______
Social Interaction
________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.
Social Solidarity
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
Social construction of reality
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the ___________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
Social construction of reality
29. __________ is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population.
Social epidemiology
__________ is the sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control of basic resources.
Social stratification
104. __________ is an economic system characterized by public ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of collective goals, and centralized decision making.
Socialism
___________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival
Socialization
The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that ______________________.
Socialization is essential for normal human development
77. __________ refers to a health care system in which the government owns the health care facilities and employs the physicians.
Socialized medicine
67. __________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance within the political system.
Special interest groups
Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her ________________
Status set
Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it" and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of ____________.
Status symbols
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of ____________.
Statuses
Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.
Stigmas
According to Merton's _________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
Strain
In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that_____________.
Subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one-third (33%) of the time
94. __________ theorists focus on the socially constructed nature of "health" and "illness" and how both should be treated.
Symbolic interactionist
67. __________ are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to labeling.
Symbolic interactionists
73. __________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.
Symbolic interactionists
79. __________ analyze family influence on an individual's self-concept and identity. From this perspective, what people think, as well as what they say and do, is very important in understanding family dynamics.
Symbolic interactionists
86. Who identified the sick role as a pattern of interaction in modern society?
Talcott Parsons
93. __________ includes a wide range of activities, such as fast food service, transportation, communication, education, real estate, advertising, sports, and entertainment.
Tertiary sector production
62. After a lengthy political battle, a health care reform bill was signed into law in the United States in 2010. The name of the bill is __________.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010
87. __________ is the social institution that ensures the maintenance of society through the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
The economy
In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to demonstrate __________.
The effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species
Which of these is the best example of a primary group?
The people working together in the same department
Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?
The people working together in the same department
40. Taking an aspirin to reduce a fever is an example of __________ drug use.
Therapeutic
In regards to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that ________
This research raises some questions concerning research ethics.
98. Sociologist __________ applied labeling theory to mental health disorders and argued that mental illnesses are actually traits and behaviors that society finds immoral, deviant, or unacceptable.
Thomas Szasz
58. In a __________ system, governments enforce conformity, deny citizens the right to assemble for political purposes, restrict access to information, and employ secret police to create an environment of fear and suspicion.
Totalitarian
56. __________ relies on modern technology to monitor and control people; mass propaganda and electronic surveillance are widely used to influence people's thinking and control their actions.
Totalitarianism
50. __________ refers to the practice of assigning students to specific curriculum groups and courses on the basis of their test scores, previous grades, or other criteria.
Tracking
91. spiritual forces, such as sacred principles of thought and conduct, rather than a god or gods.
Transcendent idealism
92. __________ focuses on principles such as truth, justice, affirmation of life, and tolerance for others, and its adherents seek an elevated state of consciousness in which they can fulfill their true potential.
Transcendent idealism
96. __________ are large companies that are headquartered in one country but produce and goods and services across many different national boundaries.
Transnational corporations
A group composed of three members is termed a(n) ________.
Triad
1. Both religion and education are responsible for teaching knowledge, cultural values, and beliefs.
True
1. Illness is a social construction; definitions may change over time and between cultures.
True
1. Sexual expression and parent-child relationships are not necessarily part of all family relationships.
True
10. Despite the wide variety of reasons people have for getting married, the choice of who they will marry is fairly predictable.
True
10. The U.S. federal bureaucracy is part of the iron triangle of power.
True
10. Until the 1960s and 1970s, most doctors in the United States were white, upper-middle or upper-class men.
True
11. A majority of U.S. jobs are in tertiary sector employment.
True
11. Efforts to eliminate racial/ethnic segregation in public education have failed in many districts throughout the United States.
True
12. Not all people without children consider themselves childfree.
True
12. Research shows that although preventive health care is good for an individual's health, it does not necessarily decrease the overall total costs of health care.
True
13. Community colleges are one of the fastest growing segments of higher education.
True
13. Most citizens of the United States are not actual capitalists.
True
13. Over the last fifty years in the United States, the number of households comprised of single men and single women living alone has been increasing.
True
15. Great Britain has a system of socialized medicine.
True
16. In the United States, the separation of church and state prevents the direct religious legitimation of political power.
True
16. Many practitioners of alternative medicine take a holistic approach.
True
16. The United States was the first nation to formally address the issue of equality in employment for persons with a disability.
True
16. The majority of elder abuse occurs in the home, not in institutions.
True
18. Lawful jobs are often part of the underground or shadow economy.
True
18. Religion may be a source of social solidarity as well as social conflict.
True
19. The social and physical environments in which people live are a significant factor in the extent to which they may be considered disabled.
True
19. There is no evidence to support the assumption that children are better off living with a same-sex parent after a divorce.
True
2. In contemporary societies, the government is the primary political system.
True
20. From a conflict perspective, people with disabilities are members of a subordinate group.
True
20. Most people who get divorced also get remarried.
True
3. Not all analysts or functionalists agree on what the functions of education should be in contemporary societies.
True
3. One of the most important factors in improving life expectancy is improved access to safe water.
True
4. The U.S. Constitution grants authority to the person who occupies the office of the presidency; any particular president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office.
True
5. Rates of illness are highest among the old and the young.
True
6. All rulers need the support of the military and the backing of business elites to maintain their position.
True
6. All students are subject to the hidden curriculum in education.
True
7. Kissing is not a culturally universal demonstration of intimacy and affection.
True
8. Although rural Americans make up 20 percent of the U.S. population, only 10 percent of the nation's physicians practice in rural areas.
True
8. Research suggests that those people in sustained relationships such as marriage and cohabitation find sexual activity to be the most satisfying emotionally and physically.
True
8. The U.S. political system is made up of both formal and informal components.
True
9. There are large differences in scores on academic tests between white students and African American and Hispanic/Latino students.
True
T/F . According to the sociological definitions, a subordinate group and a dominant group are actually categories, not groups, because members do not necessarily interact with each other.
True
T/F . Sports provided a means for assimilating and using educational opportunities for members of white ethnic groups in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
True
T/F . The child poverty rate in the United States is higher than in any other industrialized country.
True
T/F . The current economic situation makes it difficult to predict the future of stratification within the United States.
True
T/F 11. Neither the Weberian nor the Marxian model of class in the United States describes the nature and extent of social inequality within the United States.
True
T/F 12. Among high-income nations, the United States has the greatest amount of income inequality.
True
T/F Although the federal minimum wage is set by the federal government, individual states are free to adopt a higher minimum wage rate if they desire.
True
T/F From the functionalist perspective, assimilation is positive because it leads to social stability by minimizing group differences.
True
T/F Policies that prohibit overt, blatant forms of racial injustice may have little impact on the daily business-as-usual forms of racial discrimination.
True
Almost ________ of Stanley Milgram's research subjects went all the way to what could have been a deadly jolt of electricity if the shock generator had been real.
Two-thirds
We voluntarily join __________ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.
Utilitarian
We voluntarily join ___________ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.
Utilitarian
43. __________ occurs when people experience movement either up or down the class structure.
Vertical mobility
57. __________ is the value of all of a person's or family's economic assets, including income, personal property, and income-producing property.
Wealth
Which of these racial/ethnic groups has been the most privileged group in the United States?
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
Which of these factors is not a factor considered as part of Hirschi's social bonding theory?
Willingness to rebel against authority
From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate ____________.
With the people who witness or judge the behavior
The explanation for racist and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________.
`social learning theory
109. A large bureaucratic organization that seeks accommodation with the larger society and also attempts to influence it is termed __________.
a church
111. New religious movement is the term that refers to groups that were formerly termed __________.
a cult
67. Emile Durkheim saw the family as a microcosm of society. He argued that, much like in society generally,____________________________.
a division of labor contributes to greater efficiency in marriages and families
22. What constitutes a "family" has been widely debated. For many years, the standard sociological definition of family was __________.
a group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children
113. Davis and Moore, two functionalists, believe that stratification results in __________.
a meritocracy
Davis and Moore, two functionalists, believe that stratification results in __________.
a meritocracy
79. In the China, the health care system is __________.
a mix of capitalism, communism, and government-funded care
100. Adoption is a legal process through which the rights and duties of parenting are transferred from a child's biological parents and/or legal parents to new legal parents. According to the text's discussion of adoption, __________.
a new birth certificate is issued in most adoptions
74. Although their perspectives are very different, functionalists and conflict theorists would likely agree that___________________________.
a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family
the term ethnicity refers to ___________
a persons cultural background or national origin
23. To more accurately reflect the changes in family life, the text provides a more encompassing definition of what constitutes a family. This definition is:__________________________.
a relationship in which people live together with commitment, form an economic unit and care for any young, and consider their identity to be significantly attached to the group
28. An important factor in the increase in life expectancy in low-income nations has been __________.
a safer water supply
65. Luis has a bad day and scores poorly on an exam. The teacher views him as lazy and unintelligent and pays only negative attention to him, if any. Luis loses interest in school and stops reading and doing homework. He ultimately fails. Symbolic interactionists would term this situation __________.
a self-fulfilling prophecy
81. Clifford Geertz notes that religion is___________________________.
a set of cultural symbols that elicit powerful moods and motivations and that give meaning to people's behavior
48. In __________ monarchies, a powerful figure claims a hereditary right to rule based on membership in a noble family or a divine right to rule considered God-given and therefore legitimate.
absolute
57. Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems.
affluent students
63. A central tenet of the 2010 health care reform bill in the United States is __________.
affordable insurance through a new insurance marketplace
The pay gap between men and women is the smallest for __________.
african americans
41. Political institutions first emerged in __________ societies as they acquired surpluses and developed greater social inequality. Elites took control of politics and used custom or traditional authority to justify their position.
agrarian
47. Monarchies are most commonly associated with __________ societies, and are associated with __________ authority.
agrarian; traditional
49. Marx used the term __________ for the feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself that he suggested resulted from continually being exploited.
alienation
Sociologist Karl Marx believed that the workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying the workers less than the resale values of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________.
alienation
108. A religious organization that is well-integrated in society and has all members of society as its members is termed __________.
an ecclesia
38. What is a drug?
any substance other than food and water that, when taken into the body, alters its function in some way
37. Until the 1990s, white South Africans controlled the government, the police, and the military by enforcing __________, the term used in South Africa for "the separation of the races."
apartheid
95. Poor people in the United States______________________________.
are at greater risk for heart disease and cancer than more affluent persons
104. According to some marriage and family analysts, individuals who prefer to remain single typically_________________________.
are less family oriented
36. Early in the twentieth century, all states passed mandatory education laws that require children to_______________.
attend school until they reach a certain age or complete a minimum level of education
50. Psychologist Theodor W. Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) __________, characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.
authoritarian personality
51. According to Adorno, the __________ is most likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.
authoritarian personality
Psychologist Theodor W. Adorno and his colleagues concluded that highly prejudiced individuals tend to have a(n) __________, characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking.
authoritarian personality
26. Although the most basic form of power is physical violence or force, most political leaders prefer to legitimize their power and then have what sociologists call __________.
authority
55. During the nineteenth century in the United States, people became medical doctors by_________________.
being an apprentice, graduating high school, and attending lectures
107. What percentage of new marriages in the united states ends in divorce?
between 40 and 50 percent
52. Kinship in industrial societies is usually traced through both parents (bilineally). The most common form is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family.
bilateral descent
marx used the term _________ for those who own the means of production- the land and capital necessary for factories and mines
bourgeoisie
35. Rational-legal authority is also known as __________ authority, which is based on an organizational structure that includes a clearly defined division of labor, hierarchy of authority, formal rules, and impersonality.
bureaucratic
53. Authoritarian governments_______________________.
can be a military junta with a joint civilian-military government
50. When attempting to treat gonorrhea and syphilis, penicillin __________.
can cure most cases of both STDs if the disease has not spread
83. According to Forbes magazine, the richest people in the world are Mexican entrepreneur Carlos Slim Helu, Bill Gates (co-founder of Microsoft Corporation), and investor Warren Buffet. In Wright's Marxian model these men would be members of the __________ class.
capitalist
34. Over time, new educational programs are introduced to meet societal needs. Programs such as sex education, drug education, and multicultural studies have been implemented to teach students about pressing social issues. These examples illustrate the manifest function of education called __________.
change and innovation
40. Individuals such as Hitler and Martin Luther King, Jr. are examples of __________ leaders.
charismatic
32. Weber applied the term __________ to power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers.
charismatic authority
Gender socialization in sports generally results in__________
children spending more than half of their nonschool time in play and games
33. Older people (over age 65) are more likely to have __________ diseases.
chronic
100. The informal relationship between religion and the state that takes the form of rituals and beliefs that create a feeling of sacredness around society or a nation is termed __________.
civil religion
39. The open stratification system based on the ownership and control of resources, as well as the type of work people do, is termed __________.
class
45. Both Karl Marx and Max Weber identified ___________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change.
class
both karl marx and max weber identified __________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change
class
28. The ideal types of authority identified by Max Weber includes___________.
coercive authority
96. The Census Bureau defines the term __________ as two people who live together, and think of themselves as a couple, without being legally married.
cohabitation
97. Durkheim suggested that religious beliefs and rituals are __________ that express or represent something important about the group itself.
collective representations
70. Although __________ theorists acknowledge that there are many purposes of government, they also believe that government primarily works in the interests of the wealthy or politically powerful elites in society.
conflict
91. According to many __________ theorists, problems in U.S. health care delivery are rooted in the capitalist economy, which views medicine as a commodity that is produced and sold by the medical-industrial complex.
conflict
75. A significant difference between conflict and feminist perspectives on the family and functionalist perspectives on the family is that___________________.
conflict and feminist theorists view the functionalist perspective as unrealistic in its emphasis on support and harmony within the family
45. Although many factors, including intelligence, motivation, and previous achievement, are important in determining how much education a person will attain, __________ argue that access to quality education is largely determined by social class.
conflict theorists
82. When analyzing social class, __________ are most likely to consider the degree of control that workers have over the decision-making process and their ability to plan and implement their own work.
conflict theorists
103. From the perspective of __________, religious ideologies serve to support the status quo and inhibit social change.
conflict theory
100. Corporations with control both within and across industries are formed by a series of mergers and acquisitions across industries. These corporations are referred to as __________; they combine businesses in different commercial areas, all of which are owned by one holding company.
conglomerates
101. Companies such as Time Warner and Viacom have extensive holdings in radio and television stations, cable television companies, book publishing firms, and film production and distribution companies. These companies are referred to as __________.
conglomerates
50. In __________ monarchies, the royalty serve as symbolic rulers or heads of state whereas actual authority is held by elected officials in the national parliaments.
constitutional
51. The royal families in the United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain, and the Netherlands are present-day examples of __________.
constitutional monarchies
80. Symbolic interactionists Berger and Kellner highlight the importance of __________ for a arital relationship.
constructing a shared reality
108. A contract worker, or someone working temporarily, is doing__________________.
contingent work
74. The __________ make(s) up the top level of C. Wright Mill's pyramidal model of the power elite.
corporate rich
95. Large-scale organizations that have their own legal powers as an organization separate from the individual owners, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, are termed __________.
corporations
41. Students may learn information in school that contradicts beliefs held by their parents or their religion. Debates over the content of textbooks and library books typically center on information that parents deem unacceptable for their children. This illustrates the latent function of education known as __________.
creation of a generation gap
46. French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term __________ to refer to a person's social assets, including knowledge of how to dress, language competency, and knowledge of art and music.
cultural capital
49. According to some critics, the standardized tests that are used to group students by ability often measure students' __________ rather than their "natural" intelligence or aptitude.
cultural capital
56. Schools with more middle-class students have curricula that emphasize __________.
decision making and choice
116. When __________ behavior occurs between nonequals, it confirms the inequality of the relationship.
deference
110. Corporations have been disinvesting in the United States, displacing millions of people from their jobs. Economists refer to this displacement as the __________ of America.
deindustrialization
97. Homosexuality has been removed from the list of mental disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association. This is an example of __________.
demedicalization
106. Sweden, Great Britain, and France have economic systems that are forms of __________.
democratic socialism
111. Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed __________.
deskilling
101. The U.S. Social Security Administration has established an official poverty line. The poverty line is computed by _______________________________.
determining the cost of a minimally nutritious diet (short-term) and multiplying this figure by 3 to allow for nonfood costs.
52. Critics of tracking or ability grouping are often in favor of __________, wherein students are deliberately placed in mixed ability classes.
detracking
32. Which of these is an example of a chronic disease?
diabetes
69. When discriminatory behavior is routinely carried out by a number of dominant-group members and is supported by the norms of the immediate organization or community, these actions are termed __________.
direct institutionalized discrimination
30. Social epidemiologists use the term __________ for biological, nutritional, chemical, and physical factors that cause disease.
disease agents
88. According to some analysts, a major weakness of sociologist Talcott Parson's sick-role model is that it __________.
does not take into account racial/ethnic, class, and gender variations
106. The term __________ refers to any intentional act or actions by one or both partners in an intimate relationship that causes injury to either person.
domestic violence
33. Sociologists would term whites in the United States with Northern European ancestry (often referred to as Euro-Americans, white Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs) the __________.
dominant group
sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society
dominant group
48. Both ascribed and achieved characteristics are correlated with various health risks. Which of these is an achieved characteristic related to health status?
drug use
82. When did the scope of government influence in people's daily lives in the United States expand considerably for the first time?
during Depression in the 1930s
34. Which of these is an example of an acute disease?
dysentery or diarrhea
42. Some argue that U.S. education is not promoting the high-level skills in reading, writing, science, and mathematics that are needed in the workplace and the global economy. From the functionalist perspective this is considered a __________.
dysfunction
73. Functionalist theorists recognize that the function of the family is sometimes different in preindustrial and industrial societies. In preindustrial societies, families are units for__________; in industrial societies, families provide economic security through the workplace and the larger economic system.
economic production
109. A(n) __________ family has a family structure in which both partners share power and authority equally.
egalitarian
52. Marx predicted that when workers realized that capitalists were the source of their oppression, they would overthrow the capitalists and take over the government, creating a(n) __________ society.
egalitarian
98. Couples with more ________ ideas about women's and men's roles tend to share more equally in food preparation, housework, and child care.
egalitarian
Marx predicted that when workers realized that capitalists were the source of their oppression, they would overthrow the capitalists and take over the government, creating a(n) __________ society.
egalitarian
71. Within the conflict perspective, the __________ model highlights how power in political systems is concentrated in the hands of a small group and the masses are relatively powerless.
elite
38. In a caste system, people are allowed to marry only within their own group. This is termed __________.
endogamous
in a caste system, people are allowed to marry only within their own group. this is termed _________
endogamous
63. The cultural practice of marrying within one's own group is called __________.
endogamy
64. In the United States, most people practice __________; they marry people who come from the same social class, racial/ethnic group, religious affiliation, and other categories considered important within their own social group.
endogamy
65. Which of these is not one of the four main functions of government?
ensuring positive family relationships
59. Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have a similar level of wealth and income in the same class. He referred to the privileged commercial class of wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals, and merchants who possess similar financial resources as __________.
entrepreneurs
the identifiers Jewish americans, irish americans, and italian americans refer to a persons __________
ethnic group
65. The cultural practice of marrying outside of one's own group is termed __________.
exogamy
69. In a stereotypically conventional family, the wife/mother runs the household, cares for children, and meets the emotional needs of family members. Talcott Parsons termed this the __________.
expressive role
29. Rachael lives with her mother and her mother's parents, all in the same household. Sociologists would say that Rachael lives in a(n) __________ family.
extended
32. __________ often include grandparents, uncles, aunts, or other relatives who live close to the parents and children, making it possible for family members to share resources.
extended families
33. In horticultural and agricultural societies, __________ are extremely important. Having alarge number of family members participate in food production may be essential for survival.
extended families
31. The __________ refers to family units that are composed of various relatives, in addition to parents and children, who live in the same household.
extended family
34. With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, maintaining the __________ family pattern becomes more difficult. Increasingly, young people move from rural to urban areas in search of employment in the industrializing sector of the economy. At that time, the __________ family typically becomes the predominant family pattern in the society.
extended; nuclear
T/F Congress has not passed an increase in the federal minimum wage in 20 years.
false
T/F Contemporary Marxist theorists agree with Marx's classification of social class in terms of whether or not one owns the means of production.
false
T/F In Weber's conception of class there is a complete correlation among the three dimensions of power, prestige, and wealth.
false
T/F In Wright's Marxian model of social classes, the capitalist class is made up of families with large amounts of inherited wealth
false
T/F Social mobility is always upward and between generations
false
T/F all forms of protest are considered acts of civil disobedience
false
T/F although the united states has claimed puerto rico as a territory since 1917, puerto ricans are not considered citizens of the united states
false
T/F congress has not passed an increase in the federal minimum wage in 20 years
false
T/F contemporary marxist theorists agree with marx's classification of social class in terms of whether or not one owns the means of production
false
T/F discriminatory acts are alway accompanied by prejudice attitudes
false
T/F during the economic crisis of 2007-2009, household median wealth declined for people of all races equally
false
T/F ethnic pluralism requires a change or shift in one's ethnic or cultural identity
false
T/F in terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, african americans are the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the united states today
false
T/F in the united states, people over the age of 65 are the most likely to be poor
false
T/F in weber's conception of class there is a complete correlation among the three dimensions of power, prestige, and wealth
false
T/F in wrights marxian model of social classes, the capitalist class is made up of families with large amounts of inherited wealth.
false
T/F intersexed anatomy is always apparent at birth
false
T/F latino/a or hispanic are racial designations
false
T/F max weber was in complete disagreement with karl marx about the nature of class
false
T/F most cross-dressers are homosexual men
false
T/F most people in the united states have their wealth invested in income-generating property
false
T/F sociologist are in agreement that poverty is always harmful to society
false
T/F virtually anyone can be poor, and poverty is randomly distributed throughout the population of the united states
false
T/F women's lower socioeconomic status is the primary explanation for poverty in the united states today
false
26. The __________ is the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization usually takes place.
family of orientation
27. The __________ is the family that a person forms by having or adopting children of his or her own.
family of procreation
28. According to sociologist Judy Root Aulette, "families we choose" include blood ties and legal ties, but they also include __________, persons who are not actually related by blood but who are accepted as family members.
fictive kin
23. According to the text, one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of __________.
flexibility
according to the text, one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of _____
flexibility
97. The Department of Agriculture uses the term __________ for people whose access to adequate food is limited by lack of money and other resources.
food insecure
99. In the United States, adults with mental illness are most likely to receive treatment __________.
from primary care health providers
114. From the perspective of __________, social inequality is not only inevitable; it is an essential part of any healthy society.
functionalism
100. From the __________ perspective, disability is viewed as a form of deviance.
functionalist
43. Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems.
functionalist
63. The pluralist model is rooted in a __________ perspective, which assumes that people in a nation share a consensus on central concerns and that the government provides services that no other institution can fulfill.
functionalist
71. The __________ perspective places important emphasis on the role of parents and other relatives of teaching children the necessary knowledge and skills to survive in society.
functionalist
85. According to the __________ approach, if society is to operate as a stable system, it is important for people to be healthy and to contribute to their society. Consequently, sickness is viewed as a form of deviant behavior that must be controlled by society.
functionalist
_________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.
gender bias
__________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.
gender identity
__________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
gender role
60. The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
genocide
108. One of the factors that increases the risk of divorce is________________________.
graduating from college
72. Which of these is not considered a function of the family in advanced industrial societies?
guaranteed reproduction
66. In regard to a third-party provider system of health care, patients________________.
have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits
In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified?
having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
103. Children in single-parent households are at greater risk of lower standards of living primarily due to_________________________.
having fewer economic resources than two-parent households
43. Which of these is not a condition that has been attributed to long-term chronic heavy drinking or alcoholism?
hearing impairment
76. The corporate rich influence the political system by______________.
helping to finance campaigns and grant favors to political candidates
53. In addition to teaching subject content and skills, school routines and regulations train students to respect cultural value; routines and regulations also and shape attitudes and values such as conformity and obedience to authority. Sociologists term this the __________.
hidden curriculum
54. Through the __________, schools make working-class and poverty-level students aware that they will be expected to take orders from others, arrive at work punctually, follow bureaucratic rules, and experience high levels of boredom without complaining.
hidden curriculum
44. Chronic heavy drinking has been linked to __________.
high caloric consumption and low nutritional intake
109. Social inequality and poverty have both economic and structural sources. According to your text, in the United States a great deal of poverty is due to __________.
high unemployment and the low wages paid for many jobs
83. The perspective of __________ emphasizes the importance of health-promoting behavior, a healthy lifestyle, and a healthy self-image.
holistic medicine
42. A factory worker is promoted to the position of foreman in the factory. She receives a small increase in pay. This person has experienced __________ mobility.
horizontal
76. Conflict theory explains family problems, such as divorce and overall family instability, by pointing out_____________________________.
how exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes tofamily problems
51. AIDS is caused by __________ and is among the most significant health problems that this nation and the world face today.
human immunodeficiency virus
The primary vehicle driving the increase of the Mexican American population in the United States is________________
immigration
22. Both religion and education___________________________.
impart values, beliefs, and knowledge considered to the social reproduction of society and the individual
91. General support for same-sex marriage in the United States is __________
increasing overall
71. Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.
indirect institutionalized
__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.
industrialization
27. The __________ is equal to the number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.
infant mortality rate
68. In a stereotypically conventional marriage, the husband/father meets the family's economic needs, makes important decisions, and provides leadership. Talcott Parsons termed this the __________.
instrumental role
70. A classic form of labeling and the self-fulfilling prophecy occurs through the use of __________ tests, which claim to measure a person's inherent intelligence, apart from any family or school influences on the individual.
intelligence
26. When Carlos's grandfather migrated to the United States, he had completed six years of schooling and was an agricultural worker in California. Carlos's father completed high school and worked for twenty years as a clerk in a large state agency. Through the efforts of his father and grandfather, Carlos was able to graduate from college and medical school, and he now has a thriving medical practice in southern California. Carlos's family exemplifies __________ mobility.
intergenerational
__________ mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next
intergenerational
when carlos's grandfather migrated to the united states, he had completed six years of schooling and was an agricultural worker in califronia. carlos's father completed high school and worked for twenty years as a clerk in a large state agency. through the efforts of his father and grandfather, Carlos was able to graduate from college and medical school, and he now has a thriving medical practice in southern california. carlos family exemplifies ________ mobility
intergenerational
103. A person who is on the board of a bank also sits on the board of a computer manufacturing company that borrows money from that bank. This is an example of an __________.
interlocking corporate directorate
102. In addition to direct merger, competition is reduced over the long run by __________, where members of the board of directors of one corporation also sit on the board(s) of other corporations.
interlocking corporate directorates
A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a small opening similar to that of a female vagina. This individual would be referred to as __________.
intersexed
27. Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker and, through increased experience and taking specialized courses in her field, became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________ mobility.
intragenerational
sociologists emphasize that race _______
is a socially constructed reality
46. Researchers have found that environmental tobacco smoke (the smoke in the air inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of other people's tobacco smoking) __________.
is especially hazardous for nonsmokers who carpool or work with heavy smokers
wealth in the united states _________
is non existent for nearly 1 in 4 US households
94. Wealth in the United States________________________.
is nonexistent for nearly 1 in 4 U.S. households
78. The minimum wage_____________________________.
is set by the federal government, but individual states may adopt a higher rate
__________ work toward changing male control over the basic Islamic worldview.
islamic feminists
24. In preindustrial societies, __________ provides the primary basis for social organization.
kinship
25. The term __________ refers to a network of people based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption.
kinship
23. Education is the social institution responsible for the systematic transmission of __________ within a formally organized structure.
knowledge, skills, and cultural values
64. Sherona is very good at standardized tests and frequently scores very high. She has poor work habits and often turns in her assignments late. Teachers overlook her late assignments because they view her as a "good" student. This is an example of __________.
labeling
68. Symbolic interactionists are most likely to view grades, written comments on assignments, and evaluations of behavior in classes as contributing to __________.
labeling individual students
35. According to the functionalist perspective, all social institutions, including education, have functions that are hidden, unstated, and sometimes unintended consequences of their activities. These are termed __________.
latent functions
73. The __________ make(s) up the middle level of C. Wright Mill's pyramidal model of the power elite.
legislative branch, special interest groups, and local opinion leaders
In the perspective of __________, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
liberal feminism
58. According to the text, with professionalization, __________ gained control over the entire medical establishment in the United States.
licensed medical doctors
22. Sociologist Max Weber's term __________ refers to the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.
life chances
sociologist marx weber's term ______ refers to the extent to which individuals have access to import societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care
life chances
49. In __________ monarchies, rulers depend on powerful members of the nobility to help them retain their thrones and are not considered to be above the law.
limited
80. A __________ is a document stating the person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated.
living will
100. Today, great disparities exist in the distribution of educational resources. Because funding for education comes primarily from __________, school districts in wealthy suburban areas generally pay higher teachers' salaries, have newer buildings, and provide state-of-the-art equipment.
local property taxes
69. Members of the __________ have earned most of their money during their own lifetime. This class includes entrepreneurs, presidents of major corporations, sports or entertainment celebrities, and top-level professionals.
lower-upper class
70. Families are expected to regulate the sexual activity of their members and thus ensure that reproduction takes place within specific boundaries. Incest taboos are an example of this type of regulation that takes place at the __________.
macrolevel
99. Religions give moral direction and teach the principles of right and wrong. This is a way that religion fulfills the function of _________.
maintaining social control and support for the government
72. A preferred provider organization is a form of __________ .
managed care
85. In Wright's Marxian model, persons who have substantial control over production and over workers but do not participate in key corporate decisions such as how to invest profit are the __________.
managerial class
28. A(n) __________ function in education includes teaching specific subjects, such as science, mathematics, reading, history, and English.
manifest
27. Some functions of education are ___________, which are open, stated, and intended goals or consequences of activities within an organization or institution.
manifest functions
53. Workers have not overthrown capitalism as Marx had predicted because __________.
many workers have experienced a rising standard of living
39. __________ is a legally recognized and/or socially approved arrangement between two or more individuals that carries certain rights and obligations and usually involves sexual activity.
marriage
40. Because schools bring together people of similar ages, social class, and race/ethnicity, young people often meet future marriage partners. This latent function of education results in __________.
matchmaking and the production of social networks
56. A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest female (usually the mother).
matriarchal
57. Although there has been a great deal of discussion about __________, scholars have found no historical evidence to indicate that true types of this familial power and authority ever existed.
matriarchal families
51. In __________ systems, inheritance of property and position is usually traced from the maternal uncle (mother's brother) to his nephew (mother's son). In some cases, mothers may pass on their property to daughters.
matrilineal
50. Even with the less common pattern of __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the mother's side of the family, women may not control property.
matrilineal descent
61. Few societies have residential patterns known as __________ residence, which refers to the custom of a married couple living in the same household (or community) as the wife's parents.
matrilocal
57. All of these were components of Flexner's model medical school except __________.
medical colleges should provide the best medical care
92. Conflict theorists use the term __________ for the system of local physicians and hospitals as well as global health-related industries such as insurance companies and pharmaceutical and medical supply companies.
medical-industrial complex
95. The term __________ refers to the process through which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as illnesses or disorders.
medicalization
96. There is a subjective component to how some conditions such as childhood obesity, drug addiction, and alcoholism have come to be considered as diseases. This subjective process is called __________.
medicalization
82. Elkind argues that the postmodern family illustrates the postmodern assumptions of difference and irregularity. He supports his perspective with the example that_______________.
men and women have sexual relations with others whom they have no intention of marrying
59. The term __________ refers to a social system in which status is assumed to be acquired through individual ability and effort.
meritocracy
60. According to conflict theorists, credentialism, the hidden curriculum, and a belief in __________ ensure that the best education and job opportunities will go to members of the middle- and upper classes.
meritocracy
61. Of the two categories of people who work for wages, Weber called the white-collar workers, public officials, managers, and professionals the __________.
middle class
72. Occupations such as medical technicians, teachers, and nurses pertain to the __________, which makes up an estimated 30 percent of the U.S. population.
middle class
85. The Iron Triangle is also called the __________.
military-industrial complex
86. The Iron Triangle is also referred to as the __________, which results in the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors.
military-industrial complex
92. The changing attitudes about same-sex marriage are being driven by __________.
millennials
38. In the United States, the only legally sanctioned form of marriage is __________.
monogamous
41. Bubba married his high school sweetheart, and they have been faithful to each other for 30 years. Their marriage is considered to be __________.
monogamous
40. In the United States, the only legally sanctioned form of marriage is __________, which refers to a marriage between two partners, usually a woman and a man.
monogamy
98. Sometimes a corporation has virtually no competitors; this is termed a(n) __________. A(n) __________ exists when just a few companies have virtual control of an entire industry.
monopoly; oligopoly
84. If all forms of alternative medicine (including chiropractic, massage, and spiritual) are taken into account, people spend __________ money on unconventional therapies than they do for all hospitalizations.
more
72. In regards to unequal funding as a source of unequal education, the text notes that____________________.
most educational funds are derived from state and local taxes
43. A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations.
nation-state
44. A __________ has specific geographic territories and borders within which a citizenry shares language and culture, as well as rights and obligations.
nation-state
62. In industrialized nations such as the United States, most couples hope to live in a/an __________, which is the custom of a married couple living in their own residence apart from both the husband's and the wife's parents.
neolocal residence
30. Today, most sociologists would consider two gay men and their adopted children, sharing the same household, to be a __________ family.
nuclear
35. __________ refers to family units composed of one or two parents and their dependent children, all of whom live apart from other relatives.
nuclear family
54. Researchers predict that over the next few decades in the United States________________.
obesity will reduce life expectancy by two to five years
35. A difference between the caste system in India and the caste system in South Africa is that in India caste was based in part on __________.
occupation
a difference between the caste system in India and the caste system in South Africa is that in India caste was based in part on ___________
occupation
36. In a system of rational-legal authority, the authority is invested in the __________.
office
99. An example of __________ is the music industry, in which a few giant companies are behind many of the labels and artists known to consumers.
oligopoly
59. Throughout its history in the United States, payment for medical care has been __________.
on a fee-for-service basis
39. Studies reveal that nearly __________ of U.S. students admit to bullying others with some frequency.
one-fifth
102. Research suggests that __________ of American children live in a single-parent household at any given time.
one-fourth
110. The unemployment rate takes into account ________________________.
only people who are actively looking for a job
93. From the conflict perspective, which of these groups benefits the least from the current U.S. health care system?
patients
54. A(n) __________ family is a family structure in which authority is held by the eldest male (usually the father).
patriarchal
55. In a(n) __________, the male authority figure acts as head of the household and holds power and authority over the women and children, as well as over other males.
patriarchal family
58. The most prevalent pattern of power and authority in families is __________. Across cultures, men are the primary decision makers regarding domestic, economic, and social concerns facing the family.
patriarchy
77. Feminist explanations of family problems, such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability, focus on __________.
patriarchy and how men's domination over women contributes to inequalities in families
48. In preindustrial societies, kinship is usually traced through one parent (unilineally). The most common pattern of unilineal descent is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family.
patrilineal descent
60. Across cultures, __________ is the most common residential pattern.
patrilocal residence
_________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.
pay equity
87. The sick role, as identified by Talcott Parsons, suggests that_____________________.
people who are sick must want to get well
81. Contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists examine class in terms of __________.
people's relationships with others in the production process
81. David Elkind describes the postmodern family as __________, meaning capable of being diffused or invaded in such a manner that its original purpose is modified or changed.
permeable
78. Political parties create a __________, which is a formal statement of the party's political positions on various social and economic issues.
platform
110. In the United States, a great many different religious organizations that appeal to a wide variety of different people coexist together. This is termed religious _______.
pluralism
66. In a __________ model, the needs and interests of widely divergent groups are met by the government through a process of accommodation and negotiation. Power in political systems is widely dispersed and shared among many competing interest groups.
pluralist
77. A __________ is an organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government; it is usually composed of people with similar attitudes, interests, and socioeconomic status.
political party
23. The subfield within sociology that focuses on the social circumstances of politics and explores how the political arena and its actors are intertwined with social institutions is called __________.
political sociology
44. The most prevalent form of polygamy is __________.
polygyny
90. The term for the belief in more than one god is __________.
polytheism
56. Whereas Marx defined class in purely economic terms, Max Weber developed a multidimensional approach to social stratification that reflects the interplay among wealth, prestige, and __________.
power
58. Weber defined social class using ___________ as a major contributor.
power
64. According to sociologist Max Weber's system of stratification, __________ is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others.
power
58. A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________
prejudiced nondiscriminator
63. The dimension of Weber's system of stratification that helps determine one's class consists of the respect or regard that a person is given by others, and is called __________.
prestige
The dimension of Weber's system of stratification that helps determine one's class consists of the respect or regard that a person is given by others, and is called __________.
prestige
88. Most workers in preindustrial economies (such as hunting and gathering, horticultural and pastoral, and agrarian societies) engage in __________ production, which is the extraction of raw materials and natural resources from the environment.
primary sector
89. Portions of contemporary sub-Saharan Africa have relatively high foreign direct investment in mineral extraction, which is an example of __________ production.
primary sector
105. The term __________ refers to the process of converting resources from state ownership to private ownership.
privatization
55. Schools with more low-income students have curricula that emphasize __________.
procedures and rote memorization
80. The term __________ refers to the everyday, secular, or "worldly" aspects of life. Secular beliefs have their foundation in scientific knowledge or everyday explanations.
profane
47. Marx used the term __________ to refer to those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive.
proletariat
98. According to functionalists, religion____________________.
promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging
Women of color are more likely than white women to be concentrated in which of these types of jobs?
public sector employement
____________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes
race
36. A difference between the caste system in India and the caste system in South Africa is that in South Africa caste was based largely on __________.
racial classification
a difference between the caste system in India and the caste system in South Africa is that in south Africa caste was based largely on ___________
racial classification
31. Gender, race, and class are closely intertwined with traditional authority. Political scientist Zillah Eisenstein applied the term __________ to the interplay of race and gender that reinforces traditional structures of power in contemporary societies.
racialized patriarchy
According to __________, male domination causes all forms of human oppression, including racism and classism.
radical feminism
34. In Weber's work on authority, the term ___________ authority refers to power legitimized by law or written rules and regulations.
rational-legal
38. Although the U.S. Constitution grants __________ authority to the office of the presidency, a president who fails to uphold the public trust may be removed from office.
rational-legal
39. Weber believed that __________ authority was the only means to attain efficient, flexible, and competent regulation under a rule of law.
rational-legal
in most hunting and gathering societies,__________
relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian
36. Researchers have identified several reasons why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality. Which of the following reasons was not cited as a reason why neighborhoods make a difference in relation to health and mortality?
relative number of traffic accidents
77. Sociologists use the term __________ for a system of sacred or supernatural beliefs, symbols, and rituals that guides human behavior, gives meaning to life, and unites believers into a community.
religion
107. Rational choice theory of religion suggests that_______________________.
religion is a competitive marketplace in which people shop around for the best fit for them
60. Weber used the term __________ for the category of wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work.
rentiers
61. In the United States, the political system is a __________ in which people have a voice in the government elected representatives who serve as bridges between themselves and the government.
representative democracy
37. Education keeps students off the street and out of the full-time job market for a number of years, keeping levels of unemployment within reasonable bounds. This is an example of a latent function of education the text terms __________.
restricting some activities
82. Muslim periodic prayer while bowing toward Mecca and the Christian celebration of communion are examples of events that Geertz and others would term __________.
rituals
84. In the United States, there is a strong cultural belief that __________ should be the basis of an intimate relationship.
romantic love
113. Over the five-year period from 2007 to 2012, the number of people who consider themselves religiously unaffiliated in the United States_______________.
rose to about 20 percent
33. The __________ of charisma occurs when charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority.
routinization
75. William Domhoff used the term __________ to refer to a small, fixed, privileged group of people with the power to constrain the political system and serve the interests of capitalism.
ruling class
78. Emile Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to things that inspire reverence and a deep sense of awe and respect that beyond the ordinary.
sacred
79. Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing.
sacred
95. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild coined the term __________ to refer to the work that many employed women perform after they complete their workday on the job.
second shift
91. Steel workers who process metal ore and autoworkers who then convert the ore into automobiles, trucks, and buses are engaged in __________ production.
secondary sector
90. In industrial economies, __________ refers to the processing of raw materials into finished goods.
secondary sector production
93. __________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture.
secularization
87. Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________.
segregation
69. The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.
self-fulfilling prophecy
42. Through a pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, some people practice __________—a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time.
serial monogamy
36. A comparison of Census Bureau data from 1970 to 2012 shows that there has been __________ in the percentage of U.S. households comprised of a married couple with their own children under eighteen years of age.
significant decline
84. In very simple preindustrial societies, religions often take the form of __________, which is the belief in impersonal supernatural forces affect people's lives either positively or negatively.
simple supernaturalism
86. In the Marxian model of Erik Wright, business owners and craftspeople that may hire a small number of employees but largely do their own work would be considered __________ class.
small-business
A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination.
small-group
32. An important function of education is __________, which involves teaching students values such as discipline, respect, obedience, and punctuality.
social control
Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the ___________
social learning theory
24. The sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is __________.
social mobility
the sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is _______
social mobility
33. Schools help to identify the most qualified people to fill available positions in society by channeling students into programs based on their ability and academic achievement. This is the manifest function of education termed __________.
social placement
_______ is the sociological term for the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups based on the control of basic resources
social stratification
30. From kindergarten through college, schools teach students the student role as well as other important information about society. This is one of the manifest functions of education: __________.
socialization
79. Political __________ is the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior.
socialization
78. In Great Britain, the government sets health care policies, raises funds and controls the medical care budget, owns health care facilities, and directly employs physicians and other health care personnel. This is an example of a(n) __________.
socialized medicine system
65. Sociologists often use the term __________ to refer to a classification that reflects a combination of factors such as income, occupation, and education.
socioeconomic status
68. Citizen groups such as the American Conservative Union and Zero Population Growth are examples of __________.
special interest groups
22. In contemporary societies the government is called __________ and is the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory.
state
21. At one time, health was considered to be simply the absence of disease. However, today the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as the __________.
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
40. In a class system_____________________________.
status is based on access to and ownership of resources
53. The largest percentage of people with HIV/AIDS live in __________.
sub-Saharan Africa
34. Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
subordinate group
51. According to Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's __________, which is composed of the government, schools, churches, and other social institutions.
superstructure
According to Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's __________, which is composed of the government, schools, churches, and other social institutions.
superstructure
115. Meredith studies how waiters are treated by diners at a country club in order to learn about the daily structure of inequality and how these patterns are enacted and replicated. Meredith is a __________.
symbolic interactionist
62. The __________ perspective focuses on how classroom communication and educational practices affect students' self-concept and aspirations.
symbolic interactionist
78. Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead provided insight into the family roles, and these are modified or adapted to the expectations of others—especially significant others such as parents, grandparents, and siblings. This is the foundation of the__________ perspective on the family.
symbolic interactionist
caste systems and slavery are both ________
systems where status is determined at birth
86. Sociologists note that women and men in the United States may have very different ideas about and perceptions of love. One of the differences is that men, more than women,______________.
tend to express their love through nonverbal actions
92. A postindustrial economy is based on __________ production, which is the provision of services rather than goods as a primary source of livelihood for workers and profit for owners and corporate shareholders.
tertiary sector
Slavery continued in the South until 1863, when the practice was abolished by __________.
the Emancipation Proclamation
The United States is currently experiencing the greatest economic setback since_______________.
the Great Depression
24. In the absence of a constitutional amendment, issues relating to the separation of church and state, including religious instruction in public schools, are ultimately constitutional issues that are decided by __________.
the U.S. Supreme Court
61. Until recently, the only high-income nation without some form of universal health coverage for all citizens was __________.
the United States
102. According to the text's discussion of civil religion, _______.
the United States flag is a sacred object within the nation's civil religion
54. Marx's theory had important insights into capitalist societies; for example,________________.
the economic basis of class systems
84. The central ingredient in the U.S. governmental bureaucracy is __________.
the federal budget
107. In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term __________to refer to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
the feminization of poverty
In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term __________ to refer to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
the feminization of poverty
The United States is currently experiencing the greatest economic setback since_______________.
the great depression
31. Social epidemiologists investigate_______________.
the human host
71. Based on the results of an IQ test, a teacher believes that some students of color are less capable of learning and treats them accordingly. This may contribute to __________.
the labeling process
One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contributes to gender inequality is_____________________
the need for legitimate heirs for private property
the definition of races as distinct biological categories first emerged in ___________
the nineteenth century beginning with jim crow laws
In their investigation of the role of peer groups for college women, anthropologists Holland and Eisenhart found that ______________
the peer system propelled women into a world of romance in which their attractiveness to men counted most
73. Status dropout rates are a measure of __________.
the percentage of people in an age group who are not enrolled in school and have not earned a high school degree or its equivalent
101. From a labeling perspective, three different factors play a role in how people with disabilities are labeled. Which of these is not one of those three factors?
the recentness of the impairment
66. According to symbolic interactionists, the process of labeling is directly related to_____________.
the relative power and status of those who do the labeling and those being labeled
38. Although character education has been suggested for reducing bullying, an alternative approach is to focus on __________.
the social environment of the school
88. A category of religion, __________ refers to a belief in a god or gods.
theism
39. When a drug is taken for a specific purpose or remedial affect, this is termed __________ use.
therapeutic
28. One of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of flexibility. In a closed system of stratification __________.
there is little or no social mobility
one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of flexibility. in a closed system of stratification _______
there is little or no social mobility
81. Stem cells are important medically because_____________________.
they can be used to generate any specialized cell in the human body
sociologists sometimes out the term "race" in quotations because___________
they recognize that the term "race" has little meaning in a biological sense
65. Critics argue that __________ is the main reason for medical inflation because it gives doctors and hospitals an incentive to provide increased medical services.
third-party fee-for-service
64. In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives.
third-party provider program
45. Which of these is the single most preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States?
tobacco use
35. Two of the most common sources of chronic disease and premature death are __________.
tobacco use and alcohol abuse
57. One example of a(n) __________ regime was the National Socialist (Nazi) party in Germany during World War II; military leaders there sought to control all aspects of national life, not just government operations.
totalitarian
55. In a __________ political system, the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives.
totalitarianism
29. Weber used the term __________ authority for power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom.
traditional
30. British kings and queens historically traced their authority from God. Weber called this __________.
traditional authority
31. Schools play an active part in the process of assimilation, whereby recent immigrants learn dominant values, attitudes, and behavior of society. This is an aspect of the manifest function of education referred to as __________.
transmission of culture
29. Education serves five major manifest functions in society, including ________.
transmitting culture
T/F A lack of official statistics makes it difficult to determine how many people are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT)
true
T/F Weber believed that modern bureaucracies are so strong that even a workers' revolution would not lessen social inequality.
true
T/F a persons ability to succeed and his or her position in the class structure is determined largely by the stratification system of the society
true
T/F according to the sociological definitions, a subordinate group and a dominant group are actually categories, not groups, because members do not necessarily interact with each other
true
T/F although the federal minimum wage is set by the federal government, individual states are free to adopt a higher minimum wage rate if they desire
true
T/F although the united states had colonial rile over the phillippines from 1898 to 1946, fillipinos were not considered citizens of the united states
true
T/F among high income nations, the united states has has the greatest amount of income inequality
true
T/F from the functionalist perspective, assimilation is positive because it leads to social stability by minimizing group differences
true
T/F neither the weberian nor the marxian model of class in the united states describes the nature and extent of social inequality within the united states
true
T/F policies that prohibit overt, blatant forms of racial injustice may have little impact on the daily business-as-usual forms of racial discrimination
true
T/F prejudice may be either positive or negative toward a particular group
true
T/F race has much more significance socially than it does biologically
true
T/F the child poverty rate in the united states is higher than in any other industrialized country.
true
T/F the current economic situation makes it difficult to predict the future of stratification within the united states
true
T/F the label "hispanic" has been fully accepted as an idetity by latinos/as living in the united states today
true
T/F theoretically, a class system is more open than a caste system
true
T/F weber believed that modern bureaucracies are so strong that even a workers' revolution would not lesson social inequality
true
94. In 2014, approximately __________ of employed mothers with children under age 6 worked full-time.
two-thirds
62. The U.S. Constitution requires that each state have __________ senators and a minimum of __________ member(s) in the House of Representatives. The current size of the House of Representatives has not changed since the apportionment following the 1910 census.
two; one
90. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is __________.
unconstitutional
79. The term __________ refers to those who are poor, are seldom employed, and experience long-term deprivation.
underclass
The term __________ refers to those who are poor, are seldom employed, and experience long-term deprivation.
underclass
in addition to unemployment, structural problems contribute to __________, where people work at jobs that do not pay a living wage and lack security.
underemployement
112. In addition to unemployment, structural problems contribute to __________, where people work at jobs that do not pay a living wage and lack security.
underemployment
109. Lisa works as a nanny and is paid in cash by the family she works for. She does not declare her earnings to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). She is a part of the_______________.
underground economy
76. Canada has a(n) __________ system, which is a health care system in which all citizens receive medical services paid for by tax revenues. In Canada, these revenues are supplemented by insurance premiums paid by all taxpaying citizens.
universal health care
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.
unprejudiced nondescrimination
54. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.
unprejudiced nondiscriminators
71. A combination of three factors qualifies people for the __________ class: university degrees, authority and independence on the job, and high income.
upper-middle
68. In the model of American social classes based on Weber's theory, the __________ is made up of prominent families that have held great wealth for several generations.
upper-upper
83. In the postmodern family, the boundaries between the public and private spheres are fairly open and flexible. In fact, family life may be negatively affected by the decreasing distinction between what is work time and what is family time. This characteristic of the family is termed __________.
urbanity
44. Becky's mother is an architect and her father is a college professor. Becky left home at age 16 to live with her boyfriend. When their relationship ended, Becky no longer communicated with her parents and did not return to high school. After working briefly at a fast food restaurant, Becky resorted to asking passersby at a local shopping area for money. Becky's story illustrates the concept of __________.
vertical mobility
93. The term __________ include(s) property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies.
wealth
The term __________ include(s) property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies.
wealth
97. In regard to housework, Hochschild (2003) reports that_____________________.
when husbands share some household responsibilities, they typically spend much less time in these activities than do their wives
27. People are not likely to accept authority as legitimate__________________________.
when they are threatened with physical force
99. The difference in the terms "childfree" and "childless" indicate_________________.
whether or not a child was desired in the first place
85. The idea of the home as a place of love and emotional support, separate from the stresses of work, emerged __________.
with industrialization
61. With regard to gender in education,_____________________________.
women today are enrolling in and graduating from college in higher numbers than men
74. The term pink-collar refers to_____________________________.
women workers, regardless of their type of profession or occupation
50. Marx described workers as alienated for a variety of reasons, including that __________.
workers are alienated from the goods they produce because they use their creativity and labor to produce them but do not own them
88. Skilled blue-collar workers, which include electricians, plumbers, and carpenters, and unskilled blue-collar workers which include janitors and gardeners, are all members of the __________, according to the Marxian model of class
working
62. Weber called the class consisting of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers the __________.
working class
73. An estimated 30 percent of the U.S. population is __________, which includes occupations such as semiskilled machine operators in factories and people in the service sector, such as clerks and salespeople.
working class
87. In Wright's Marxian model, the __________ is made up of a number of subgroups, including blue-collar workers, some of whom are highly skilled and well-paid and others of whom are unskilled and poorly paid.
working class
Weber called the class consisting of skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers the __________.
working class
77. Working single mothers and their children and African Americans are overrepresented among the __________.
working poo
75. About 20 percent of the U.S. population lives from just above to just below the poverty line. These people typically hold unskilled jobs, seasonal migrant jobs in agriculture, and lower-paid factory and service jobs and are termed the __________.
working poor
76. Social critic and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrated that people in the __________ use strategies like help from relatives and continually changing residences in order to survive.
working poor
About 20 percent of the U.S. population lives from just above to just below the poverty line. These people typically hold unskilled jobs, seasonal migrant jobs in agriculture, and lower-paid factory and service jobs and are termed the __________.
working poor
Social critic and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrated that people in the __________ use strategies like help from relatives and continually changing residences in order to survive.
working poor
74. In the United States, the age group with the highest rate of uninsurance in 2012 was __________.
young adults ages 19 to 25
In the United States today, African Americans make up about __________ of the population.
12.6 percent
In the United States, in __________, for the first time individuals were able to identify themselves on the Census as being of more than one race.
2000
78. __________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.
Assimilation
52. __________ refers to actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.
Discrimination
84. __________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society; this coexistence occurs when groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups.
Ethnic pluralism
116. The terms Latino and Latina are used interchangeably with the label______________.
Hispanic
The terms Latino and Latina are used interchangeably with the label__________
Hispanic
62. __________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.
Individual
__________ is the term for a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim.
Lynching
83. __________ assimilation involves a change in racial or ethnic self-identification on the part of an individual.
Psychological
101. __________ refers to the division of the economy into two areas of employment: a primary sector or upper tier, composed of higher-paid (usually dominant-group) workers in more secure jobs, and a secondary sector or lower tier, composed of lower-paid (often subordinate-group) workers in jobs with little security and hazardous working conditions.
Split labor market
80. __________ assimilation occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group, but do not necessarily make close friends or intermarry.
Structural (integration)
81. __________ typically starts in large, impersonal settings such as schools and workplaces, and only later (if at all) results in close friendships and intermarriage.
Structural (integration) assimilation
85. Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________.
accommodation
86. Switzerland has been described as a model of __________ pluralism; more than 6 million people with French, German, and Italian cultural heritages peacefully coexist there.
accommodation
in regard to gender-segregated work in the United States, the text notes that_________________.
almost all women and half of all male workers would have to change jobs in order to eliminate gender-segregated work
77. The __________ states that when people from divergent groups are exposed to each other, favorable attitudes and behavior develop when certain factors are present.
contact hypothesis
70. In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination
direct institutionalized
32. Sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society
dominant group
99. In the United States, indigenous groups lost property, political rights, aspects of their culture, and often their lives. The effects of past __________ are reflected today in the number of Native Americans who live on government reservations.
ethnic pluralism
Internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II are an example of __________
forced migration
44. Which of these explanations for racism is most likely to include the concept of a scapegoat?
frustration-aggression hypothesis
61. The systematic killing of thousands of Native Americans by the U.S. government and the extermination of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany during World War II are examples of __________.
genocide
In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.
horticultural
63. A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination.
individual
97. According to sociologist Robert Blauner, groups that have been subjected to __________ remain in subordinate positions longer than groups that voluntarily migrated to the United States.
internal colonialism
67. A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.
isolate
41. In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of __________ racism.
overt
35. Used sociologically, __________ most commonly refers to a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.
prejudice
59. An umpire dislikes African Americans and, with deliberate intent, often makes official calls incorrectly when black players are at bat. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this umpire is a/an __________.
prejudiced discriminator
A(n) __________ is a person or group that becomes an object of aggression and is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.
scapegoat
Personal beliefs that reflect larger societal mythologies, even when they are inaccurate, re __________.
sincere fictions
68. A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination.
small-group
48. The explanation for racist and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________.
social learning theory
95. Oliver Cox, applying a class perspective on racial inequality, has suggested that African Americans were enslaved because __________.
they were the cheapest and best workers the owners could find for heavy labor in the mines and on plantations