SPE 526 Module 1

Which of the following contains a description of behavior that can be measured overtly? HINT: Behavior that can be measured overtly means that the behavior can be seen by others.

James could not figure out why he was constantly bullied by Ben. HINT: Is this even a behavior? James thought about how to define methodological behaviorism. HINT: Can thinking be measured overtly? James was reprimanded by his teacher today at the school. HINT: Is receiving a reprimand a behavior? X James was reading B. F. Skinner's "Science and Human Behavior" so loud that his neighbor came and knocked on his door. HINT: Is reading aloud a behavior that can be measured by an observer?

Which of the following best describes a specific response of the behavior - eating food?

Putting food in mouth and repeatedly chewing. Starting to eat the fried chicken one minute after it was presented. X Swallowing food in mouth. Putting all chips in mouth.

Bill ordered a coffee. The coffee was so hot that Bill immediately retracted when he tried to drink it. Afterwards, Bill would wait for a while before he drinks coffee whenever he orders a coffee.

Retracting in this scenario is an unconditioned response. HINT: Is retracting in response to hot coffee learned or unlearned? Retracting after being in contact with hot coffee in this scenario demonstrate a reflex. HINT: A reflex describes the relation between an antecedent stimulus and a response. X All answers are correct. The delay to drinking coffee is a result of operant conditioning. HINT: Initially, touching hot coffee -> burnt, Next time, delay in touching hot coffee. Is this change shaped by consequence?

Tom is very naughty in school. Whenever his teacher asks him a question, he laughs without answering the question. As soon as his teacher reprimands him for laughing, Tom laughs again. This usually ends with his teacher giving up asking questions. Select the most accurate option below based on this scenario. HINT: Take a look at the sequence of the events: Teacher's question -> Tom's first laugh -> teacher's reprimand -> Tom's second laugh -> Teacher stops asking question.

The consequence for the second laugh is the removal of demand, the antecedent condition of the second laugh consists of both teacher's demand and reprimand. X The two laughs in the scenario likely belong to the same response class. HINT: Is it possible that both laughs function the same (e.g., escape from demand?) All options are accurate assessments of the scenario. The antecedent condition of Tom's first laugh is teacher's question, and the most immediate consequence is reprimand.

Which of the following is a best example of a conditioned response? HINT: a conditioned response is a learned response.

closing eyes when seeing a bright computer screen at night. X shivering when next to the freezer in the supermarket. raised heart beat when hearing "you won a million dollars!" vomiting after eating too much.

A group of responses that share a common physical element ___________.

may have different functions. X All are correct. may belong to the same response class. may form one behavior.

Which of the following can show behavior?

A cat in deep sleep.

Which of the following is a stimulus? HINT: In order for an environmental event to be stimulus, it must be detected by an organism

A light so dark that can barely be noticed. HINT: Barely noticeable still means that the light can be noticed - just barely. (Dark but detectable)

Select the option in which all stimuli may belong to the same stimulus class. HINT: Stimuli may be classified by their physical and temporal properties (e.g., shape, antecedents, consequences) or their function on others (e.g., what they do to other's behavior).

A reprimand, an error-correction procedure, and corrective feedback that occur after an error. A square table, a square plate, and a square coaster. X All options contain stimuli that belong to the same stimulus class. A red traffic light, a stop sign, and a jaywalker.

Jane recently took over a case of a five-year-old boy with Down syndrome named Ben. Which of the following has a description of Ben's behavior?

Ben received a token from Jane. HINT: Who perform the behavior? Ben or Jane? Ben did not respond to Jane when Jane asked him a question. HINT: Does "did not respond" meet the definition of behavior? X Jane took Ben and other students to the zoo. Ben pointed to the lion and said "lion" with his friends. HINT: While a group does not behave, but did Ben perform the behavior of pointing? At the end of every session, when Jane tells Ben that he is going home with his mom, Ben becomes very excited. HINT: Does "becoming excited" meet the definition of behavior?

Read the following scenario and select the best statement. A couple of newlyweds spent their honey moon in Thailand. Sadly, they lost their wallets and passports, and all their belongings were stolen from the hotel. After their incidents, whenever they hear people talking about Thailand, their heart rate increases.

Changes in heart rate in the scenario is an operant behavior, selected by consequences. HINT: For increased heart rate to be operant behavior, increase must be reinforced in the past (e.g., reinforcer following increased heart rate). Does this fit the scenario? Changes in heart rate in the scenario should be an unconditioned response as it is a built-in response that everyone is born with. HINT: If increased heart rate is an unconditioned response, all organism would have an increase in heart rate upon hearing people talking about Thailand. All are correct. X Changes in heart rate in the scenario is respondent behavior. HINT: For increased heart rate to be respondent behavior, increase must be elicited by an antecedent. Does this fit the scenario?

Which of the two statements is correct? Statement 1: An unconditioned response can only be elicited by an unconditioned stimulus, and a conditioned response can only be elicited by a conditioned stimulus. Statement 2: Operant behavior is a result of phylogenic history.

Only Statement 1 is correct.

Which of the following two statements is correct? Statement 1: If a light can be detected by a person, it will definitely affect that person's behavior in some way. Statement 2: If a light can be detected by a person, changing its intensity may change that person's behavior. HINT: A stimulus must be detected by an organism before it can influence the organism. However, do all detected stimuli influence behavior?

Only Statement 1 is correct. Both statements are correct. Neither statement is correct. X Only Statement 2 is correct.

Which of the following statements is correct? Statement 1: All responses within the same response class should affect the environment similarly. Statement 2: Topography is irrelevant when determining response class. HINT: Response class is ONLY related to function on the environment.

Only Statement 1 is correct. Neither statement is correct. Both statements are correct. X Only Statement 2 is correct.

Which of the following is a requirement for a consequence to shape a response?

X A consequence must occur after the response. An awareness of the connection between the consequence and the response. HINT: Does operant conditioning require mental awareness? All are required for the consequence to shape the response. An understanding of the reasons why the consequence is given for the response. HINT: Does operant conditioning require cognitive process?

Read the scenario and choose the best statement. A behavior analyst recently started working with a client who complained about his hallucination. He would often manifest bizarre behavior when he sees things in his hallucination.

X A direct assessment of the relation between the physical environment and bizarre behavior may be conducted. HINT: Behavior analysis assumes that all behavior is functional related to and determined by the environment. The client's hallucination contains stimuli that are responsible for his bizarre behavior. HINT: Are events in hallucination physically occurring? If not, they cannot be considered stimuli. The bizarre behavior cannot be analyzed using behavioral principles. HINT: Behavior analysis assumes that all behavior is functional related to and determined by the environment. In fact, a number of behavior-analytic studies have investigated the relation between environmental events and bizarre behavior (e.g., speech). They focused on finding the function of the bizarre behavior. The bizarre behavior is not affected by naturally existing stimuli. HINT: Behavior analysis assumes that all behavior is functional related to and determined by the environment.

Read the scenario and choose the correct statement. A therapist cries every time after he gets reprimanded by his boss, and his boss always tries to comfort him after he cries.

X All answers (All human beings are born with the response of crying, and thus an unconditioned response initially. After placing a consequence after crying, such as attention in this scenario, crying can be selected by attention. if a previous unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicited crying (UR) was paired with reprimand, reprimand may become a conditioned stimulus (CS) and have the ability to elicit crying (CR) as well.) Crying every time after reprimand may be a result of selection by consequences in this scenario. HINT: Is crying after each reprimand a learned or unlearned response? Could it be reinforced by social attention in this scenario? If reprimand had been previously paired with another unconditioned stimulus, crying could also be a conditioned response. HINT: Any stimulus could be paired with an unconditioned stimulus and acquire the functional properties of the unconditioned stimulus. Crying may initially be an unconditioned response that the therapist was born with. HINT: Is crying a response that everyone is born with (i.e., unconditioned/unlearned)?

Read the following scenario and select the best statement. A homeless man is sitting by a shop. A pedestrian passed by and gave him a five-dollar bill, the homeless man saw the bill but did not do anything - he did not take the money or say anything. The pedestrian took the money back and left. The second pedestrian passed by and gave him a cup of coffee, the homeless man took the coffee.

X The five-dollar bill may be a neutral stimulus while the coffee had an effect on behavior. HINT: Neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not elicit a response. Does the five-dollar bill meet this definition? The five-dollar bill is not a stimulus, but the coffee is a conditioned stimulus. HINT: A stimulus is an environmental event that is detected by an organism. Do we know if the five-dollar bill was detected or undetected by the man? In addition, is the coffee unconditioned or conditioned stimulus? The five-dollar bill can become an unconditioned stimulus if paired with a conditioned stimulus, and the coffee can become a conditioned stimulus if paired with an unconditioned stimulus. HINT: In the process of pairing, a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through pairing with a conditioned or an unconditioned stimulus. All are correct.

Select one of following options in which all responses may be from the same response class. HINT: For responses to be in the same response class, they must produce similar function or effects on the environment/other people.

X Uttering profanities produces a reprimand; uttering profanities that results in being removed from class. X Place an order on UberEats for food delivery; ordering an Uber to go the airport. (because it causes a change in the environment? a driver is going to go out driving?) X I think Opening the fridge when hungry; picking up a bag of chips when hungry. None of the choices.

The picture shows ______________________. Pens and pencils and markers HINT: These stimuli are all writing instruments. Do they share the same function (producing the same behavior)? Do they share similar formal dimensions (or physical properties)?

stimuli that may share the same behavioral function.