Spinal exam 1 Practice Questions
Which one of the following structures are not apart of the intervertebral disc? Nucleus Pulposus Ring Apopyhysis Annulus Fibrosus Endplates
Ring Apopyhysis
The ___ releases calcium upon stimulation from an action potential from a motor neuron. Sacroplasmic Reticulum Sacromere Sarcolemma T-tubules
Sacroplasmic Reticulum
Which one of the following muscles are found in the intermediate layer of the extrinsic layer of the back? Serratus Posterior Superior Trapezius Rhomboids Latissimus Dorsi
Serratus Posterior Superior
Specially, the ___ is associated with transmission of discogenic pain from the annulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disc. (Pick the most specific answer) Sinuvertebral Nerve Dorsal Ramus Ventral Ramus Spinal Nerve
Sinuvertebral Nerve
Which structure is primarily responsible for attracting water within the intervertebral disc? Core Protein Glygosaminglycgans (GAGs) Collagen Elastin
Glygosaminglycans (GAGs)
The intervertebral motor unit is best described as ___. Only includes the nerves and blood vessels found in the intervertebral foramen Only the contents found within the intervertebral foramen Intervertebral disc and the end plates 2 adjacent vertebrae and the muscles, ligaments, nerves shared by both vertebrae
2 adjacent vertebrae and the muscles, ligaments, nerves shared by both vertebrae
A normal lumbar curve - when measured from top of L1 to the top of the sacrum - is considered to be between __ and __ degrees. 50 - 60 35 - 45 20 - 40
50 - 60
Which one of the following actions are not performed by the trapezius muscle? Elevation of scapula Abduction of scapula Depression of scapula Downward rotation of scapula
Abduction of scapula
All the following are ranges of movements are possible at the spine except ___. Flexion and extension Rotation Lateral Flexion All ROM above are possible at the spine.
All ROM above are possible at the spine.
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS A FUNCTION OF THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISC? A. Prevent friction between vertebrae B. Absorbs shock during movements of the spine C. Hold vertebrae together D. All of the above
All of the above
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE EXCEPT: A. The apex of a curve is the convex side of the curve. B. Anterior curves are also known as kyphotic curves. C. Anterior curves are found in the cervical and lumbar spine. D. Secondary curves develop after birth.
Anterior curves are also know as kyphotic curves
Which one of the following statements are false regarding the body of a typical vertebrae? Anterior margin of the body is slightly concave, which aids in formation of the vertebral foramen. Transverse diameter of the vertebral bodies increases in size from the cervical to lumbar segments. Its main function is to support the weight of the head and body. It is the anterior portion of the vertebrae.
Anterior margin of the body is slightly concave, which aids in formation of the vertebral foramen
Wolff's Law states ___. Bone composition will remain unchanged upon changes in mechanical load. Bone will adapt to a degree of mechanical load by rearranging its cortical and cancellous composition. Mechanical load is the main cause of osteoporosis in bone. None of the above.
Bone will adapt to a degree of mechanical load by rearranging its cortical and cancellous
A single muscle fiber is covered by ___. Endomysium Epimysium Perimysium
Endomysium
Which one of the following segments lack an intervertebral disc? T1 - T2 C2 - C3 C1 - C2 L5 - S1
C1-C2
All the following segments are considered kyphotic except ___. Sacral Thoracic Cervical Coccygeal
Cervical
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE ABOUT THE NUCLEUS PULPOSUS EXCEPT: A. Composed of a small amount of elastin. B. Composed of 80% water. C. Made up of 65% (of 20%) proteoglycans (Aggrecan). D. Composed of 17% collagen I fibers which allow for compressive strength.
Composed of 17% collagen 1 fibers which allow for compressive strength
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE EXCEPT: A. Compact bone is also called cortical bone. B. Cancellous bone is the inner layer of bone and spongy. C. Compact bone is arranged in units of osteon. D. Cortical bone surrounds the periosteum, which is highly innervated by nerve endings, blood vessels and veins.
Cortical bone surrounds the periosteum, which is highly innervated by nerve endings, blood vessels and veins
The spinal column is composed of all the following except the ___. Cranium Spine Sacrum Coccyx
Cranium
After age 50, bone density increases greatly in men and women. True False
False
By the end of the day, the nucleus pulposus fills up with fluid and becomes more tense and less flexible. True False
False
KYPHOTIC/HUNCHBACK CURVES MAY BE THE RESULT OF AGEING, DISEASE, HEAVY SPINE-LOADING SPORTS, PREGNANCY OR OBESITY. True or False?
False
RHOMBOID MAJOR INSERTS ONTO THE MEDIAL BORDER OF THE SCAPULA SUPERIOR TO THE SCAPULAR SPINE. True or False?
False
THE ANULUS FIBROSUS IS MADE UP OF 15-25 CONCENTRIC RINGS WITH COLLAGEN FIBERS PERPENDICULAR WITHIN EACH LAMELLA True or False?
False
THE POSTERIOR MARGIN OF THE BODY IS SLIGHTLY CONVEX TO HELP FORM THE VERTEBRAL FORAMEN True or False?
False
THE TRUE TRANSVERSE PROCESS IS CALLED THE DIAPOPHYSIS AND IS ANTERIOR TO THE PLEURAPOPHYSIS. True or False?
False
THERE ARE 5 SEGMENTS IN THE SACRUM AND 4 SEGMENTS IN THE COCCYX IN THE ADULT. True or False?
False
TRUE SEGMENTS INCLUDE THE SACRUM AND COCCYX AND ARE FREELY MOVEABLE. True or False?
False
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE FALSE EXCEPT: A. Intervertebral foramen close with extension and lateral bending to the opposite side. B. The intervertebral foramen will not change shape as vertebrae move. C. Intervertebral foramen open with flexion and lateral bending to the opposite side. D. The intervertebral foramen is the opening through which the spinal nerves enter the spinal column.
Intervertebral foramen open with flexion and lateral bending to the opposite side
Which one of the following statements are false regarding the intervertebral disc? The cervical and lumbar intervertebral discs are thicker anteriorly and thinner posteriorly. The nutrition to the nucleus pulposus and the inner portion of the annulus fibrosus diffuses through the endplates. Its main function is to act as a "cushion" for the spine during compressive, tensile, and rotation movements. It is attached to the ligamentum flavum.
It is attached to the ligamentum flavum
The ___ forms the posterior border of the spinal canal. Body Inferior articular processes Pedicle Lamina
Lamina
Which one of the following muscles are not involved in upward rotation of the scapula during abduction of the arm? Trapezius (upper fibers) Trapezius (lower fibers) Serratus Anterior Levator Scapulae
Levator Scapulae
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE ABOUT LEVATOR SCAPULAE EXCEPT: A. Bilateral contraction helps extend the cervical spine. B. Unilateral contraction allows for lateral flexion and rotation of the neck to the same side. C. Levator scapulae helps depress the scapula. D. Levator scapulae origin is the transverse process of C1- C4.
Levator scapulae helps depress the scapula
The antero-medial side of the zygapophyseal joint is covered by the ___. Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Intervertebral Disc Articular Capsule Ligamentum Flavum
Ligamentum Flavum
This patient is showing an exaggerated ___ curve of the lumbar segment of the spine. Kyphotic Lordotic Scoliosis
Lordotic
Which position allows least amount of pressure to the disc, allowing rehydration of the disc? Standing Lying down Sitting Lifting
Lying down
Superior and inferior vertebral ___ form the intervertebral foramen. Notches Laminae Processes Discs
Notches
The center of the intervertebral disc is known as the ___. Annulus Fibrosus Endplate Nucleus Pulposus Ring epiphysis
Nucleus Pulposus
The ___ portion of the annulus fibrosis heals faster compared to the rest of the intervertebral disc. Outer Inner Middle
Outer
Body of the vertebrae is attached to the vertebral arch via the ___. Spinous Process Pedicles Lamina Transverse Processes
Pedicles
The anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen of a cervical vertebrae is the ___ Posterior lateral margins of the vertebral body above and below with the disc between them Posterior lateral margins of the vertebral body above Posterior lateral margins of the vertebral body below and the disc Posterior lateral margins of the vertebral body above and the disc
Posterior lateral margins of the vertebral body above and below with the disc between them
At birth, the body has a ___ curvature. Primary Secondary
Primary
The intervertebral joint is a type of a ___ joint. Pivot Symphyses Planar Condyloid
Symphyses
Which one of the following statements are false regarding secondary curves of the vertebral column? Secondary curves bring the center of gravity to a vertical line. Secondary curves include the cervical and lumbar segments. The cervical curve develops as the baby walks. Secondary curves are also referred to as lordotic and compensatory curves.
The Cervical curve develops as the baby walks
Which one of the following statements are false regarding the white structures within the the intervertebral foramen? These are mainly found within the cervical vertebrae. These are normal anatomical structures. They are not always present in every individual. The white lines represent transforminal ligaments.
These are mainly found within the cervical vertebrae
In relation to the intervertebral disc and vertebral body height, the ___ segment has the thinnest intervertebral disc height. Coccygeal Cervical Lumbar Thoracic
Thoracic
All the following are found in cortical bone except ___. Osteocyte Lacunae Trabeculae Osteocytes
Trabeculae
The ___ processes typically project from the lamina-pedicle junction. Inferior Articular Transverse Spinous Superior Articular
Transverse
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING MUSCLES ARE INNERVATED BY THE DORSAL SCAPULAR NERVE EXCEPT: A. Rhomboid major B. Levator scapulae C. Trapezius D. Rhomboid minor
Trapezius
ALL OF THE FOLLOWING MUSCLES ARE ELEVATORS OF THE SCAPULA EXCEPT: A. Levator scapulae B. Trapezius (middle) C. Rhomboid major D. Rhomboid minor
Trapezius (middle)
IT IS MORE COMMON TO HAVE A VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL VERTEBRA WITHIN A REGION THAN ADDITION OR DELETION OF A VERTEBRA ALTOGETHER IN THE SPINE True or False?
True
SPONGY BONE IS MADE UP OF TRABECULAEAND DEVELOPS ALONG LINES OF GREATEST STRESS. True or False?
True
THE SINUVERTEBRAL NERVE IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE RECURRENT MENINGEAL NERVE. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DISCOGENIC PAIN AND BRANCHES OFF THE VENTRAL RAMUS. True or False?
True
YOU MEASURE THE CERVICAL CURVE FROM THE TIP OF THE ODONTOID PROCESS OF C2 TO THE BASE OF T2 True or False?
True
THE POSTERIOR ARCH IS COMPRISED OF ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT: A. Pedicles B. Processes C. Vertebral Body D. Lamina
Vertebral Body
The sarcomere extends from ___. A band to A band H zone to H zone Z disc to Z disc M line to M line
Z disc to Z disc
