Sport communication chapter 5

Verbal Communication in Sport

Accomplished through the use of language •Language -Symbolic -Enables human beings to communicate

Eight Unique Functions For Use of Language

Break silence •Outlet to vent •Express or conceal true thoughts and motives •Engage in contact with another or avoid contact

Elements of the Interpersonal Sport Communication Process (continued)

Context -Context is the environment in which the communication takes place. -Form and content of interpersonal communication are influenced by the context. -Dimensions of context are physical, social-psychological, and temporal.

Elements of the Interpersonal Sport Communication Process

Elements of the Interpersonal Sport Communication Process •Process of interpersonal SC is continuous through verbal and nonverbal messages •Major elements: source-receiver, messages, feedback, channel, noise, context -Source-receiver •The individuals involved •Interactants -Send (source) and receive (receiver) messages -Both encode the messages they send as well as decode the messages they receive

Eight Unique Functions For Use of Language (continued)

Express individuality as well as identification with a group •Facilitate the exchange of information •Influence, control, and persuade •Engage in metacommunication

Elements of the Interpersonal Sport Communication Process (continued)

Feedback •Channels -The medium through which the message is sent: vocal-auditory, visual, olfactory (smell), tactile (touch) -Various channels are typically used simultaneously •Noise -Physical interference -Psychological, biological, and semantic noise

Forms of Nonverbal Communication (continued)

Haptics: communicating through touch •Kinesics: communication through body motion (gestures, hand movements, head nods, expressions, gaze, posture) •Proxemics: use of space in personal and social settings (categories are territoriality, personal space and interpersonal distance, orientation, seating arrangements)

How to Characterize Interpersonal Communication

Interpersonal Communication •Non-mediated communication that takes place in a dyadic or small-group setting; its form and content shaped by the personal qualities of the interactants as well as their social roles and relationships •Occurs whenever individuals in sport, sharing the roles of sender and receiver, create meaning through their personal interactions •Interactants in SC do so for a variety of reasons: to learn, relate, persuade, play, help, and influence

Small-Group Sport Communication

Involves the communication systems among individuals in small gatherings (typically three or more persons) •Characteristics -Interaction (members act and react) -Perception (members view the group as real) -Norms (members have an idea of what others expect)

Elements of the Interpersonal Sport Communication Process (continued)

Messages •Expressions of thoughts and feelings of communicators •May be verbal, nonverbal, or a combination of verbal and nonverbal

Intrapersonal Sport Communication

Occurs when communicators turn their communication inward -The speech going on inside the mind -The internal communicating that individuals do within themselves, where they are both the sender and receiver of messages -When one engages in internal dialogue and brainstorming •Most frequently used form of communication

Forms of Nonverbal Communication (continued)

Physical characteristics: height, dress, body shape and size, adornments, hair color and style •Environmental factors: physical settings •Vocalics: voice tone, speed, volume, accent, pitch, articulation •Chronemics: how time is perceived and used by individuals

Functions of Nonverbal Communication (continued)

Regulate conversation •Express emotions and interpersonal attitudes •Negotiate relationships •Convey personal and social identity •Contextualize interactions

Functions of nonverbal communication

Substitute for verbal communication •Complement verbal communication •Modify the spoken word •Contradict what is said

Levels (Unit) of Meaning

The word: semantics (word meanings) •Content meaning: denotative (the generally accepted meaning of the word) •Relationship meaning: connotative (the way an individual might give his or her own meaning to the word) •The sentence: syntactics (how words are grouped together) •The speech act: pragmatics (how to use words and sentences in interactions)

Interpersonal Sport Communication

Two-way flow of information between individuals in a sport setting or regarding a sport issue •Any activity that involves a two-way flow of messages •One on one or face to face •Between two people (dyadic) •Spontaneous, informal, and unstructured

Nonverbal Communication in Sport

Verbal communication in sport involves the actual words; nonverbal communication in sport involves all other aspects of SC. •Individuals in sport communicate nonverbally using -Body movements such as posture, facial expressions, appearance, gestures; -Nonverbal aspects of speech such as tone of voice, talk speed, volume of speech, intonation; and -Environmental factors such as noise, decorations, architecture, texture, furniture, color.

Small-Group Sport Communication (continued)

ll-Group Sport Communication (continued) -Roles (members have certain formal and informal positions) -Affective relationships (members are not indifferent) -Goals (members share purposes and objectives) •Form of communication that occurs when the flow of information is between few interactants who are in a sport environment or are involved with a sport-related subject