St Bartholomew's day massacre
Who were the key reformers/protestants?
-Calvin (protestant) -Briconnet (bishop of Meaux 1516) -Lefevre d'Etaples published French translations of Gospels and Bible
What short term impacts did the Massacre have on the Huguenots?
-Deaths -Conversions -fled to the south
What impact does the Massacre have on the Catholics?
-Full control over the crown -Still fractured in court (hard line vs more moderate)
What was Henry II's stance on reform and protestantism?
-Hard line -Pursuits Heretics -Passes Edict of Chateaubriant 1551 (banning protestantism formally in France)
What longer term impacts did the Massacre have on the Huguenots?
-Huguenots receive full religious freedoms everywhere but Paris 1576 (Treaty of Monsieur) -And begin to build themselves back up as religious group (Languedoc)
Who were the Catholic League?
-Lead by Duke of Guise, hard line against Huguenots and moderate catholics at court (led by Aleçon)
Who was the growth of the Huguenots a threat to and a cause of SBDM?
-Ordinary french catholics perceived their everyday way of life to be under threat from the huguenots -This is also a threat to the crown as the church and crown are so closely aligned (more in France than elsewhere in Europe) and the huguenots were becoming anti- royalist
What are the 3 short term causes of the SBDM?
-The wedding (opportunity, leaders in Paris) -Coligny's growing influence over Charles IX -Unpopular decisions amongst population (domestic issues) -2nd Edict of St Germain ordered the removal of the Gastine Cross (angered Parisians)
What are the 3 long term causes of SBDM?
-growth of the huguenots (threatened ordinary people, and the crown) -Years of normalized violence towards Huguenots -Political instability and weakness (increased by wars)
How did Francis I support reform?
-reasonably accepting -prevented French translations of the bible from being added to the French Index
When does Francis I die, and who succeeds him?
1547, Henry II
When was the Edict of Chateau Briant?
1551
When does Francis II come to the throne?
1559
When does Francis II die?
1560
When does Charles IX come to the throne, how old is he and who is his regent?
1560, aged 10, Catherine De Medici
When is the 2nd Edict of St Germain?
1570
When is the Massacre of Rouen?
1571
When is the Wedding?
18 Aug 1572
How many died in Paris?
2000
When is the first (failed) assassination of Coligny?
22 Aug 1572
When does Charles IX order the assassination of several dozen Huguenot leaders?
23 Aug 1572, because Charles IX is worried that the failure of Coligny assassination will result in the huguenots seizing Paris (leaders killed to prevent this)
How long did the Massacres last in the whole of France?
3 months- thousands more killed
What decisions had been made that angered and frustrated the people, at this point?
Against a background of- Harvests poor, and taxes high -2nd Edict of St Germain prohibited catholics from stealing the Huguenot property and making money of it also orders removal of Gastine cross
Who does Catherine appoint to the royal court after the 2nd Edict of St Germain?
Coligny (1570)
Why is Coligny's growing influence over Charles IX significant?
Court is a constant competition for power, divided and all are wanting the favor of the king, coligny included Catherine is not happy with this influence/ she doesn't agree with his policies
Why is Catherine de Medici more tolerant to Huguenots?
Due to political weakness, fear of opposition to crown
Who does Coligny replace in court?
Duke of Guise (catholic noble)
Who were the French Kings at this time?
Francis I (1515-1547) Henry II (1547-1559) Francis II (1559-1560) aged 15 Charles IX (1560-1574) aged 10
What was the issue of Henry of Navarre and how did he fix this?
He was protestant, but converted to Catholicism and ruled signed the Edict of Nantes
Who is next in line for the Throne?
Henry of Navarre
What was the Edict of Nantes? (1598)
Henry of Navarre (Henry III) signs toleration of Huguenots
Who does Catherine de Medici appoint to a court role?
Henry of Navarre, a protestant (1560)
How do the people kill the huguenots?
In religious ways (basptising, trying to save their souls)
Who is Briconnet and why is he important?
Influential reformer, and rallies large groups of reformers as well as reforming the dioceses of Meaux.
When does Catherine pass the Edict of St Germain?
Jan 1562, declares tolerance of Huguenots
What does Catherine do to appease to the huguenots, and encourage cohesion in the population?
Marriage of Marguerite and Henry of Navarre (Protestant)
When is the first large massacre of huguenots?
Massacre of Vassy, March 1562
When did the Massacres begin?
Night between 23 and 24 of Aug 1572
What did the wars of religion do?
Normalized violence towards huguenots
Which city remains strongly catholic throughout?
Paris
What did the Edict of Chateau Briant do?
Prohibited the right to shelter protestants and gave authorities ability to search homes to detect protestants
Who is Lefevre d'Etaples?
Published French translations of Gospels (1523) and Bible (1530)
What does the Massacre of Vassy trigger?
Religious wars, (1562-1572)
What does the 2nd Edict of St Germain do?
Renews the idea of tolerance of the Huguenots prohibits taking of Huguenot property removal of Gastine cross - highly symbolic
How long to do Massacres last in Paris?
Several weeks
What long term problem arises?
Sucession
Who is the Gallican church under the control and influence of?
The French Kings
What is the name of the French Catholic Church?
The Gallican Church
Who are not tolerant of the huguenots, despite the crown's tolerance?
The people of France
What does the massacre of Rouen represent?
The people's discontent about tolerating the huguenots
What was the wedding in 1572 an attempt of?
To reunite the factions within court and religiously
What continues despite Catherine's best efforts?
Violence towards the Huguenots
What is the reputation of the monarchy at this time?
Weak -2 kings have died in the last year -both new kings are minors (minority rule is very weak)
What does Francis II's short reign do to the monarchy?
Weakened it
When are Calvinists sent to France from Switzerland?
throughout 1550's
