STS 323 FINAL exam

Wheat CG

Nutritional Traits=11-14% oil, 14-17% protein Center of Origin= Mesopotamia hard red winter/soft red winter/durum

Can be the result of poor soil quality, leading to reduced quantity and quality of nutrients in food supply:

loss of cognitive potential

can be the cause of relatively high cereal grain yields

low night temperatures

Kwashiorkor

"taken from the mother's milk" protein/energy deficiency, not getting enough amino acidsdiagnosed by= thumb into belly to see how much water is retained in the bellytreatment= provide easy access to plant protein and amino acids for a well balanced diet, - the crop least likely to be useful in suppressing kwashiorkor when the grain is used in the diet of a newly weaned infant is RICE

7. What is the real value of cooperatives/associations (such as the "Forum Associacoes Produtores"Dr. Jordan described) to human development goals? Describe briefly two distinctly different values.

1) Organizations that create sustainable results and train people to work independently and efficiently. 2) Catch these trainee's interest so that they will enjoy doing the things they love and make a difference

b. Alex Martin (microloan and microfinance):

Alex Martin is works as a Director of Strategic Partnership as he introduced himself to us. He works with an organization called ePesos. Alex focused on teaching us the different ways to help the Sustainable Human Development by financial sustainability. First, he explained Aid and Development to us and showed the differences. Where Aid is long term relief project while Development is a long-term participating project. The difference there is that Development focus on for example women empowerment, making education easier, working on the market, and increasing or creating the positive uses of the local resources that these foreign countries are not using in their advantage. Aid focuses on canceling out paternalism which is basically as we learned the result of notletting the developers learn from their mistakes, we are not letting them experience life and gaining knowledge from their own achievements. Aid is more of government handouts, developing loans, andso on. Second, he focused on Fair Trade Organizations which is like the organization that he is working for. The producer (business or organization) lets the secondary producer export to the west, and helping them with marketing services for example, or skill and communication development. Micro Credit are small loans people can use in undeveloped countries to help them build a business of their own. Women can as well be their own boss and take care of their families. Alex told us so much about ePesps and how they are expanding. They're mostly located in Mexico where most of thepeople there never had access to financial services now, they have fintech that Alex's organization provides to make paying bills, transferring money, and getting cash easier for people. I learned from Alex that financial sustainability is very important, and it should be a right for every human to be have the opportunity to open their open business and provide their family with the food and shelter they need no matter where the location is around the world and that's why they're focusing on those foreign countries where people don't have these opportunities. There are many success stories that hehas told us about from all around the world like in Ecuador, Vietnam, and so on. Alex also encouraged us to start our own fundraiser whether it is in a student organization or something bigger, to get involved, travel the world, obtain summer internships to gain our experiences and learnhow we can provide a better financially stable world.

Dietary Amino Acid

Cannot be synthesized by body so it must be in the diet, dietary essential amino acids, those substances our bodies are UNABLE to synthesize in adequate amounts from simpler substances normally obtained in the foods we at, are most likely to be found in the LEGUME category of food crops

Grain Sorghum CG

Center of Origin= Africa Nutritional Traits= 95% feeding value of corn drought and flood tolerant

Sugarcane S

Center of Origin= Caribbean

Millet CG

Center of Origin= China Nutritional Traits= good source of amino acids most drought tolerant of cereal grains

Peas L

Center of Origin= Mediterranean

White/Sweet Potato RT

Center of Origin= S America WP= 3-4% protein

Center of origin of soybeans:

China

5. Mike Giancola and PDail inspired us during their respective presentations in so many thoughtful ways. Provide the core message of each lecturer, including your thoughts about why their perspective is so relevant to our course goals.

Communicating and connecting with other in healthy ways which enables us to live life with a purpose, and with passion and love, and to serve, to work with not for, and to aid in finding sustainable solutions. This is what our course is all ab out and what all the topics end up to a better sustainable more developed world with healthier people, healthier minds, a healthier environment, and healthier choices.

d. Dr. Craig Yencho (approaches being taken to increase the genotypic compatibility of potatoes, especially sweet potatoes, in certain parts of the world. What steps are being taken to accomplish the objectives Dr. Yencho described, and why?)

Dr. Craig Yencho focused on the development of breeding told to be able to provide a better future for our crop productions and solve the crop problems that we struggle with today. The steps that are being taken to accomplish that. There are many Programs located here in North Carolina that Dr. Yencho informed us about that make profits every day and help the science of breeding to grow. Sweet potatoes are important and thanks to these programs their growth is growing globally, they have vitamin A that are healthy for our immune system and this growth will help solve many malnutrition or calorie deficiency problems in the world.

c. Dr. George Place (Peace Corps & agricultural extension work at home (NC) and abroad—both positives and areas of concern, especially in his Panama PC work.

Dr. George brought to our attention many ideas on feeding the future and creating a sustainable agriculture in areas where it is extinct. He encouraged us to get involved in Agriculture because of its10 diversity, and impactful and empowering experience, and also always seek knowledge, and not chase happiness. We as individuals need to know our purpose in life and live for it, understand our value, and service other with all that we have. Dr. George taught us about Peace corps and how they don't only work in agriculture but in education and many other areas. They care very much about Equality and strongly represent it through their volunteering experiences. Feeding the future was a very important part of his lecture because this organization is working on sustainable changes that will teach locals how to manage their food and feed their families.

3. When Drs. Holland and Gould posed the question, "What is the best way to ensure food security for 10 billion people?," two fundamentally different approaches were described by each guest lecturer, along with the pros and cons of each approach. Identify each approach in detail, including the key points emphasized in each case, and especially the potential positive and negative aspects of each approach. Finally, summarize both scientists' beliefs (or "gut feeling," as Dr. Holland so eloquently expressed his "conviction") regarding the role of biotechnology "in all of this," (as he phrased it...). Basically, summarize your understanding of their thinking about this exceedingly course-relevant subject. Be sure to include your thinking about the key points you derived from the NY Times article ("Can We Grow More Food on Less Land? We Must") in the context of this question.

Dr. Hollands suggests the transgenic plants are going to solve global hunger and genetically enable researchers to adapt chromosomes to be enhanced and cause less difficulties for farmers. That said they would improve the soil quality and farming conditions using development initiatives and also support transgenic plants. Where Dr. Gould also thinks of supporting transgenic plants due to the impacts GMO's had on Africa. NYTIMES ARTICLE- From this article I learned that not only do cars and factories impact climate change but also do our agricultural systems. In my opinion we can improve in fertilizer usages and import ways to improve our croplands to protect our forests.

(40 points) 1.Provide a definitive summary statement regarding the key points made by each of the following guest lecturers, & also provide a brief and well-focused comment concerning why the key points you have identified were emphasized so strongly. a. Dr. Stephany Dunstan (linguistics)

Dr. Stephany taught us that we all speak different accents or ways, even If we don't notice the differences between them. What is important is what we have in common which is that we all speak dialect no matter where we came from. They can be different from location to location, from city to city, from country to country, but we all speak dialect so why should we discriminate upon somethingso mutual between all mankind something that makes each person special and unique and points him out. We learned that language barriers or accent barriers are something we should break and not let come between us.

Now, address the various parts of the major questions stated above these two questions (i.e., above your definition and your comment regarding conditions leading to the aerobichypoxicanoxic sequence)..{Because, class, so much of our eventual success in achieving global food security depends on hungry children and our critically important food crops having access to abundant quality water.}

Fertilizers are usually the main cause of eutrophication which are used in farming. Most of the undeveloped countries do not know how harmful these chemicals are and at times can overuse fertilizers which cause the nutrients to runoff into the water. Hypoxia kills the fish and so as eutrophication becomes more severe the deaths of the fish will increase and eventually affect the whole aquatic ecosystem very badly which toxicants the water where people from undeveloped countries bring their everyday water from. They walk miles and miles with huge gallons just to get water and at the end it is not clean? Instead of giving them life it will give them diseases and sickness that will kill many humans as well. Eutrophication is a very serious issue that we humans all around the world should help improve and isolate it from our lands.

2. The importance of clean, potable water to the health of children living in villages where access to quality health care is limited is abundantly clear. The great value of unpolluted water in ponds and streamsto the entire ecosystem of which the children's village is a part is equally clear. What approaches should conscientious development specialists (including the villagers themselves...) take to assure clean water for cooking, bathing, irrigating crops, and other human needs in locations where many kinds of human activity occur—quite near the very water upon which the villager's health is dependent. Include in your answer what you have learned about eutrophication, a naturally-occurring process, which can lead to severe ecosystem problems if not addressed in a healthy manner. First, describe what basically causes eutrophication to become accelerated (what conditions cause this), and what can be the longer term adverse consequences if this condition is allowed to continue without being addressed properly. Finally, what should be done, and why, to reduce the potential damage to an ecosystem upon which we are so dependent for our food, clothing, and shelter needs?Basically, explain, using appropriate terms and carefully labeled drawings, how an ecosystem must bedesigned to assure a well-protected water source—including surrounding area. Also, using information derived from our lectures on this critically important subject, explain what may happen to this ecosystem if proper steps are not taken to protect the waterway as indicated. Please include a sketch, with proper labeling, that supports your narrative.

First, define eutrophication Eutrophication is the process where a body of water obtains excessive amounts of nutrients because of runoff from the land which gives life to plants and the animal that were there eventually die because of the lack of oxygen after the high decomposition of all the organic matter.

10. Assume that you are responsible for establishing a new CGIAR facility in Africa. You have been assured that funding will be sufficient for whatever approach you decide to take regarding program development and execution. What reasoning should you use to decide where to locate in Africa, what overall goals for the research facility are appropriate, and how to accomplish these goals in the most effective, responsible way possible? Explain your reasoning for each of these three target areas. {Think about Chancellor Woodson's remarks regarding this particular challenge, class, and also your response to the previous question.}

I would choose Nigeria because it has major food and agricultural problems. Poverty is very high as well as ignorance. My goals would be to start educating people about their health and the importance of their lives and then study how they think and why they think that way to come up with the best solution to improve their personal and psychological state towards their health and education. We would have to test the crop genetics and find ways to improve. Also collect information and research around the different types of food they eat and try to find small solutions or changes to their daily lives and environments slowly but surely.

11. While home for that visit with your grandparents, you noticed that their backyard garden was so green, and this observation reminded you that their garden was always green during the wintertime!! Upon closer observation, you noticed that the reason for their green (!!) winter garden was the very healthy-looking crimson clover. You could not resist digging up a wee bit of their clover, and looking at the root system. Then you noticed those strange-looking "bumps" on the root system, and this reminded you of the comments made during a STS 323 lecture about the great value of including legumes in crop rotations (and also in mixed plantings) to sustaining production of cereal grains, vegetables, and many other kinds of food crops (such as wheat, rice, and corn). Drawing on your understanding of the reasons for the inclusion of legumes in food cropping systems of many kinds—including your Grandparents' garden!!—and also your understanding of the biology of the symbiotic BNF system, provide to your Grandparents (because by now they are wondering what is going through your mind, standing in their garden so thoughtfully!!) a biologically sound explanation for precisely how and why the crimson clover in their garden is likely to support their next season's vegetable garden as well as it most likely will, weather permitting...). Include in your response details regarding how and why the symbiotic system functions as it does (i.e., what is required for this "symbiotic system" to work properly)? And, just think how proud your grandparents are going to be of you when you have shared with them your thoughtful and encouraging statement (!!). Yes, students, very proud!! Grandmother and Granddad, this is what is happening, and why:

Legumes have great benefits for agriculture. They contribute to reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and save fossil energy. They also increase crop diversity and fix the atmospheric nitrogen which make them have high potential for conservation agriculture. This process that legumes are capable of is called Biological nitrogen fixation where it can fix the N2 gas from the atmosphere that comes usually from fertilizers and turns itinto organic N forms.

center of origin of wheat

Mesopotamia

center of origin of many kinds of beans

Mexico/guatemala

8. During the semester we have discussed the most disturbing reality of women in so many poverty- stricken parts of the world not having opportunities equivalent to those readily available to the males of their societies. What steps must be taken to assure equivalent opportunity for the women living in such disadvantaged circumstances, so that their freedom to choose their preferred path toward achieving their dreams is equivalent to the opportunities already available to the men in their culture? {Please include your understanding of the key take-home messages in our "Women in Development" lecture in your response.}

Most importantly creating organizations to empower women! Being proud, address, and respect current womenleaders so that the younger women will have a role model and fight for their dreams and goals. Have protective rights to protect women and end their harassments and abuses. Educating women and giving them the best care for them to raise healthy and educated girls.

Sugarbeet S

Nutritional Traits= 19% sugar Center of Origin= Europe

Soybean L

Nutritional Traits= 40% protein, 20% oil Center of Origin=China

Peanut L

Nutritional Traits= 45-50% oil, 23-25% protein, high levels of lysine, methionine, tryptophan Center of Origin= Latin America

Corn CG

Nutritional Traits= 75% carbs, 8-11% protein, 5-6% oil Center of Origin= Mexico %90 is used for animals and ethanol

cassava RT

Nutritional Traits= 99% starch, (leaves) 26.5% protein... must be boiled to get all of protein out Center of Origin= S America has an acid to prevent pests and bacterial from eating it

beans L

Nutritional Traits= variable proteinCenter of Origin= S America

12. Throughout our lives we encounter many opportunities to contribute to the empowerment of thosewhose circumstances have compromised—in some cases to a most distressing extent—prospects for achieving their hopes and dreams for a satisfying life for themselves and their families, and also for their communities—and beyond. In this regard, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (UNFAO) once convened the World Food Summit at its headquarters in Rome to address the question of global food security. One outcome of this conference was "The Rome Declaration on World Food Security:" "We pledge our political will and our common and national commitment to achieving food security for all, and to an ongoing effort to eradicate hunger in all countries, with an immediate view of reducing the number of undernourished people to half their present level no later than 2015." Needless to state, class, this goal was not achieved, but I sincerely believe is attainable... Yes, we possess an inherently tribal nature, and we can be self-centered, and also "power hungry." We also can be altruistic and empathetic—capable of adapting—and also fully capable of desiring that our world should be—and can be—a "better place." Identify the "Four Principles of Community-based Development" described in your last handout, summarizethe key points made regarding each Principle, and conclude with a statement in which you share your views regarding what must happen, both locally and globally, for each inhabitant of our planet to achieve the freedom of choice you and I are experiencing today. {Students, we trust that our time together this semester will serve you in a useful manner as you seek to use both your personal and professional time and other available resources to contribute to the well-being of our world in a manner important to you personally, and equally important to all others, who clearly deserve to have equivalent opportunity.}

Ownership, Transformation, Sustainability, and Procedure. Owning something gives us humans a great feeling that this is mine, this belongs to me, and so we will work to continue on benefiting or having what we have or better and that is why Ownership is very important in the community. Also, when it is a shared ownership, it brings people together and gives them the skills and capabilities to understand and communicate and give to and with each other. Decision making and commitment is also a huge part of ownership. The Procedure is where all the activities happen, to be able to have a developed community we need to do activities together. Group work. Right? That way we learn, not only to speak but also to listen to others. Through this process we work for our goals and needs and commit to those goals. Transforming is important to motivate and express thechanges for the better, the organization structure, and the respect and pride in every individuals voice that is aiding in this transformation or in this development. Sustainability represents whether the final result can keep succeeding and improving whether it is financial, environmental, or even cultural.

Rice CG

Rice CG Center of Origin= southeast Asia (flood/upland)

the center of origin of millet is

Southeast Asia

Oat CG

Southeast Turkey

And, under what conditions is the process aerobic--->hypoxic--->anoxic most likely to occur?

Sulfide is the product of the aerobic condition where the microorganisms start to break down because of the absence of oxygen. Hypoxic occurs when there is very low oxygen and that condition kills all the aquatic animals. In the Anoxic condition bacteria decomposes the organic matter using sulfate instead of oxygen.

(8points) 9. Summarize the key points Chancellor Woodson discussed concerning the roles the United State Land-Grant Universities are playing regarding the compelling issues ("Challenges for Public Universities") that must be addressed to achieve a greater level of global food and nutrition security than exists presently in those parts of our world where the present need is so great. Summarize (just briefly) the organizational arrangement the Commission identified, and also the approaches our public universities are taking to achieve the goals he identified. Several of our guest lecturers shared portions of their international work that serve as excellent examples of pathways being taken to address in very responsible ways these Grand Challenges so critically important for us to embrace in a responsible manner. Feel free to cite any of these activities that you believe support your thinking about this compelling issue—challenges that must be met satisfactorily if your world is going to be healthier for today's children, and also for children yet to be born. {Students, why is the key question not simply "How much food will we be able to produce in the next century?"}

The land grant is given to students taking U.S. Agricultural History. He surveyed farmers and established farm schools so that it could be applicable in all US public Universities.

paternalism is

a consequence of not allowing the development partner to learn from her/his mistakes

12. Tensions between Egypt and her neighbor _________have increased dramatically in recent years as Nile River water flowing through this country is funneled away from the main channel going toward Egypt, and is being used for irrigating crops in the desert of this increasingly unhappy neighbor.

a) Sudan

13. The Ghanat system of irrigation (practiced in _________), after it has been established & is functioning, can be used to provide a(n) ____________ of irrigation water for sustaining crops that are in need of a continuing supply of water.

a) The Middle East; a modest amount

25. Reflecting on the shape of the "Corn-grain-yield-in-response-to-time" curve (beginning with ~1900), yield (in the U. S.) clearly has increased over time (in response to genetic and environmental adjustments), and the variation in yield has ______________ over time.

a) decreased

26. While humankind has been purposefully genetically modifying organisms (especially crops) throughout human history, genetic engineering is different, and our "greatest mistake of all" would be to blindly _______ this new technology {according to scientists & National Geographic...}.

a) endorse

39. A worthy food crop improvement objective for any respectable plant breeding/genetics research program having the goal of increasing food availability globally is to ___________________.

a) focus on a very few traits that hopefully will make a positive difference, i.e., narrow the gene base.

3. If the poor of our planet are to be fed, ____________________________________________.

a) food production must increase on the lower-yield-potential lands where populations are highest.

5. Concerning systems designed to provide for our food, clothing, & shelter, uniformity leads to ____ stability & ____ efficiency, while diversity leads to ____ stability & ____ efficiency.

a) high; low; low; high

17. Schistosomiasis, a seriously debilitating human disease that can rival malaria in terms of severity in some parts of Africa, became ______________ of a problem following completion of the High Aswan Dam.

a) more

4. A technology-adopted food crop production cycle ________ leads to an increased need for volume, or efficiency of production, of the marketable crop.

a) most often

70. When establishing a riparian buffer strip between human activity and a source of drinking water,only ___vegetation should be used.

a) native

33. The initial "Green Revolution" research was focused on _________.

a) pest tolerance

10. Increasing global demand for food-based products requires enhancing agricultural productivity while maintaining healthy function of all ecosystems, & ultimately requires that we increase primarily ______.

a) the amount of arable/suitable land that can be brought into efficient and effective production.

61. The greatest extent of biological diversity, critically important for genetic improvement of the food crops upon which we are so fully dependent, and whose preservation therefore is absolutely crucial for our well-being, is located primarily in_____ regions.

a) tropical

18. Overgrazing of pasture land, or allowing the salt content of the soil to increase too much—leading to elevated desertification in the Sahel of Africa—may lead to alteration of albedo (i.e., increase in reflectivity of incident radiation), and eventually changes in weather patterns, leading to less rainfall in that area.

a) true

21. The Bedouin sheepherding families with whom your teacher interacted in the Sinai told me that they were very comfortable with their circumstances where they were living, and that they just wanted to be left alone, and to be free to live their lives in the desert just as they had been doing---"Please just leave us alone, and we will be fine..." Wonderful people!!!!

a) true

22. The Technoserve initiative to establish a functional and well-received banking system for loaning money to dairy farmers in southern Poland became successful because this non-profit organization was able to identify talented loan officers who turned out to be so proficient in their decision-making ability that they were kept in their positions as a functioning "loan committee" for many years, thus allowing the committee's membership to benefit from that committee's collective wisdom acquired throughout a long period of time. a) True b) False

a) true

28. Generally speaking, at least one-half of the grain yield improvement observed during the interval from the end of WWII to the present has been the result of plant breeding and genetics achievements.

a) true

29. Dr. Holland mentioned that recent field data from research designed to investigate the impact of transgenes on corn drought tolerance is encouraging, in that there is the hint of increased drought tolerance in corn plants experiencing dry weather during growth stages when the crop is quite sensitive to drought.

a) true

30. Norman Borlaug lobbied the Indian government to subsidize fertilizer purchases to assure that the new (in the 1960s...) so-called Green Revolution wheat varieties would perform as he and his colleagues predicted, based on their research at facilities such as CIMMYT.

a) true

35. While pests & pathogens in general have the ability to adapt, through natural selection, to new situations, & to evolve resistance to threats and adverse circumstances, the GR kinds of plants (i.e., those initially developed by Borlaug and his associates, have maintained a high level of pest resistance since their introduction in the 1960s.

a) true

41. When a relief-type response is applied to a chronically underdeveloped situation, the consequence could be a rise in dependency, or paternalism, in the poverty-stricken society.

a) true

58. For a given child, the first onset of childbirth (i.e., the average age of that girl/woman's first birth) increases if that girl/woman has access to a school lunch feeding program.

a) true

60. Food production/availability problems globally appear to be localized, for the most part at the in-country level, and these complex and interrelated problems cannot be addressed using just one approach; moreover, the focus that will make a positive difference is one that targets low input agriculture, with reasonably low risk for the food producer, because so many farmers in hungry parts of our world cannot afford a crop loss (i.e., they of necessity must be risk-averse).

a) true

64. A key point Alex Martin made during his presentation is that empowerment of women is a key to global sustainable human development, and that if the initiative reaches the women, then that initiative just might reach the children.

a) true

65. One of the challenges Dr. Jordan mentioned (regarding the USAID/Cuttington University initiative) had to do with a "top-down directive" approach, meaning that the expatriate partner (RTI) did not properly/adequately include (in the planning phase) the university people who would be playing a major role in implementation of the project.

a) true

68. Regardless of where one is farming, if no one is willing or able to give the food producer something the food producer and her/his family values for their product, they will not produce beyond the subsistence level.

a) true

56. One of the greatest lessons Mike Giancola has learned as a result of his interactions with the Haitian people is that sustainable solutions must be developed _______, and not ______the local population.

a) with; for

62. Generally speaking, at least one-half of the grain yield improvement observed during the interval from the end of WWII to the present has been the result of plant breeding and genetics achievements.

a)true

53. Of all the human development programs that are (theoretically) available to the community in which the Mbuji Mayi "fully integrated" village-level health center is located, the only one that is self-financing is ___.

b) curative

66. The inclusion of legume crops in food crop production systems ______ our dependence on costly & potentially environmentally damaging fertilizer nitrogen.

b) decreases

15. Fortunately for the Egyptian farmers who depend on a consistent and reliable supply of water for their crops such as wheat, the construction of the High Aswan Dam has not interrupted the hydrologic cycle enough to restrict wheat and other grain production, thus allowing this developing country, even with all its current political problems, to be able to export wheat to regions experiencing a small grain deficit.

b) false

16. Fortunately, two-way shipping traffic has now become possible on the Suez Canal, thus allowing a much more rapid (and efficient) movement of resources such as food and food production, processing, packaging, and distribution far more efficient and effective, to and from the coastal areas of Egypt.

b) false

19.Most legume crops, especially those capable of providing substantial quantities of nutrients critical to the growth & development of just-weaned children, have been found not to perform well in the arable parts (i.e., regions having crop productive potential) of Egypt.

b) false

20. Most commercial farms in present-day Egypt fortunately are quite large (involving hundreds of hectares per farm), thus allowing the farmers to qualify for enough credit to be able to afford the key resources required to produce enough crop product annually to meet the farm family's food and financial needs on an annual basis.

b) false

23. Following the initiation of "Privatization," and also "Solidarity," much change began to occur in Poland, including (during this tumultuous time of huge national adjustment) enhanced opportunity for Polish wheat-producing farmers to access the Russian grain market.

b) false

24. Fortunately for Polish families with young children during this time when the Soviet Union was collapsing—resulting in food inadequacies in many parts of the country—the supply of milk was sustained, with the result that the flow of milk from dairy farm to market was able to meet demand reasonably well.

b) false

31. On the environmental side, Borlaug found the opposition to the transgenic crops carrying the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene to be especially discouraging/ironic.

b) false

32. Unfortunately there is virtually no evidence that Chinese rice geneticists have made progress in breeding for drought tolerance in their new rice lines.

b) false

36. Although The Gates Foundation presently has decided not to fund the global CGIAR initiative, there is the prospect that they may change their policy, and should that happen, we can anticipate much progress in research conducted at these critically important research stations around the world.

b) false

42. One of the great benefits of the Medika Mamba "Meds & Foods for Kids" (Ready to Use Therapeutic Foods, RUTF) project is that Haitian farmers are able to grow enough peanuts of sufficiently high quality so that this program does not need to import peanuts from elsewhere, thus providing a satisfying market for the local Haitian farmers.

b) false

45. Interestingly, Mobutu supported the construction of a bridge across the Mulungoyi River, because this action would provide access to market for remote villagers.

b) false

47. At the present time food imports are just about balanced by food exports in Egypt.

b) false

48. Fortunately, two-way shipping traffic has now become possible on the Suez Canal, thus allowing a more rapid (and efficient) movement of resources such as food and food production inputs, processing, packaging, and distribution far more efficient and effective.

b) false

52. Fortunately, education of young girls is now becoming emphasized at the village level throughout most of the DRC.

b) false

63. Edible leaves, for example young leaves from plants such as cassava and sweet potato, usually are poor sources of dietary essential amino acids.

b) false

69. Fortunately, as a result of encouragement by the RTI/USAID initiative at Cuttington University, theLiberian government was willing to pay the teachers at the university a good salary regardless of the number of courses they taught each semester, thus ensuring that faculty morale would remain strong, regardless of their teaching load.

b) false

11. The single greatest requirement for any producer of food to have the motivation to produce beyond thesubsistence level is that s(he)________________________________________.

b) have reliable access to a viable market for the crops produced

44. Mike Giancola emphasized that complex problems require ________ solutions.

b) interdisciplinary

59. The essential plant nutrient element most likely to become yield-limiting first in hungry parts of Africa—even though it is quite abundant for mining in certain places on the African continent—because of its sparse abundance in most of the highly weathered soils throughout the continent, is ____.

b) phosphorous

6. Sustainable agricultural systems target the _____, while "conventional" systems target the _____.

b) soil; plant

27. Regarding genetic engineering, we are encouraged by plant geneticists to emphasize _________ .

b) the product rather than the process

8. The more times the money earned from the farmer's toil "turns over at the community level," (i.e., cycles throughout the local community where the produce is grown), the more fully will the local community benefit from the local farming enterprise.

b) true

38. Tree legumes, which are excellent sources of soil nitrogen for food crops incapable of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation, generally are prevalent to the extent of about _____ % of the total quantity of vegetation in the region of Nigeria where IITA is located (Ibadan), & this is very encouraging, class—{{Why? Just think, don't answer}}.

c) 45

43. Tree legumes, which are excellent sources of soil nitrogen for food crops incapable of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation, generally are prevalent to the extent of about _____ % of the total quantity of vegetation in the region of Nigeria where IITA is located (& this is very encouraging,class—think about why...).

c) 45-50

37. If you were a peanut breeder, seeking to improve the genetics of this crop for resistance to a pathogen such as a serious root fungal problem, you would want to visit_______as your highest priority.

c) Latin America

67. As a cassava breeder, seeking to improve the genetics of this crop for a trait such as cassava leaf blight (a serious disease problem in many parts of the world...), you would want to visit_________________ as your highest priority.

c) Latin America

40. The avoidance of painful feelings, as when you are interacting with development partners, _____.

c) allows you to be more connected to other people.

46. The number of hectares of arable land in Egypt available per person has _______ since the completion of the construction of the High Aswan Dam.

c) decreased

14. Comparing population density in Egypt from ancient times to the present, the average number of hectares per person has _____________________as a function of time.

c) decreased dramatically

1. We have learned during our time together this semester, while on "journeys" to Congo, Egypt, and other poverty-stricken areas, that the single greatest impediment to increased food production (as measured by yield per unit land area) by villagers living in tropical and sub-tropical countries is a lack of ______ .

c) quality soil and water

49. ________is a major food crop which today Egypt must import in large quantities to meet domestic needs, in contrast to former times (before the dam was closed), when Egypt was a major exporter of this food crop, including to the Roman Empire, and even beyond!

c) wheat

9. ________is a major food crop which today Egypt must import in large quantities to meet domestic needs, in contrast to former times (before the dam was closed).

c) wheat

57. The primary reason Mike Giancola & his NCSU team went (and still go) to Haiti was (is) to _____.

c). bond, and to engage.

Crops that stand b/ween humankind and starvation

cereal grains, legume, root/tuber, sugar, pasture/forage, tree

the center of origin of soybeans is

china

soybean seed

contains about 40% protein

34. The so-called "Green Revolution" initially was a fortunate response to

d) genetic manipulation of cereal grain germplasm that led to increased yield response to N fertilizer.

51. The initial "Green Revolution" research was focused on _________.

d) genetic manipulation of grain germplasm that led to increased yield response to N fertilizer.

50. Schistosomiasis {caused by a schistosome, a worm that parasitizes blood vessels = fact} would be expected to be more prevalent in ___-moving water flowing down the Nile River, & ____ the High Aswan Dam was completed.

d) slower; after

7. When an intervention treadmill is driving the "system," any system imbalance leads first to a ____________, then to a ___________, then to a _____________, & finally to a ____________.

d) symptomatic problem input intervention short-term response system counter-move

55. About _______% of the population of Mbuji-Mayi is less than 15 years of age.

d)40

54. About _____% of the children being born in Mbuji-Mayi today do not live beyond age 5.

e) 50

Initiative requiring a rather heavy investment of chemicals/pesticides:

green revolution

sharing tasks even when you feel more competent

harambe spirit

Marasmus

insufficient nutrient and calories, energy deficiencydiagnosed by= kids look emaciatedtreatment= provide access to nutrient and calories, marasmus: a human nutritional disorder (especially an under and malnourished child) resulting from the child not getting enough calories, and also having an inadequate balance of nutrients in her/his diet, and is normally characterized by a wsting of the muscles, a relatively thin body profile, and poor cognitive development -most children less than 5 years of age suffering from marasmus and/or kwashiorkor in less industrialized countries will actually die from some diseas they have contracted, such as measles or malaria, and in theri weakend condition(due to poor quality diet) will actually die from the pathogen (measles, malara,etc) rather than directly from hunger/malnutrition= TRUE

good outreach(extension) strategy for distributing plants to people

keep the back fences low

home of symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation

legume root nodule

2. Both rotation and interplanting (or, "crosscropping") of __________crops with ___________crops is anespecially good crop management practice, from the standpoint of preservation of soil quality, management of pests, minimizing the need for heavy inputs of commercial fertilizer nitrogen, & also for achieving a sustainable (i.e., environmentally sound in the long term) crop management system.

legume; cereal grain

__________________ is a human nutritional disorder(especially an under- and malnourished child) resulting from the child not getting enough calories, and also having an inadequate balance of nutrients in her/his diet, and is normally characterized by a wasting of the muscles, a relatively thin body profile, and poor cognitive development.

marasmus

the primary requirement for British OXFAM to be willing to support a development initiative that_____

only locally available resources be used

curative program

self (auto) financing program

What is the "Harambee spirit"? (midterm)

sharing the work, and also the ownership, in a development project is the most certain way to ensure accountability, and thus sustainability, of any gloabl sustainable human development initiative.

Role of young edible green leaves for protein for poor country? What are some good sources of edible leaves?

source of dietary amino acids (lysine, methionine, tryptophan) proteins, carbs, minerals, vitamins, fibers, beta-carotene (Vit. A)cassava and sweet potato

center of origin of grain sorghum

sub-Saharan africa

Legumes

unitize N2 (nitrogen gas) biological nitrogen fixation (BNF)- has a symbiotic relationship b/ween bacterial and leguminous plants= so plants can receive a usable form of nitrogen while providing carbs

relatively high in most important dietary essential amino acids

young, tender edible leaves

ownership

~All partners full participation in all decision making at all points ~resource and time commitment of the beneficiary~degree of which the activity fits the needs and interests of all people. ~both partner's participation in asking the questions about the progress and success of the activity.

transformation

~group- where collective action and working together for the good of the larger community are valued.~organizational structure~ the idea that socio economic systems are flawed, and may require change to reflect values of justice and equality. individual- recognizing each of us has some gift or talent to offer to the world, and respecting other talents and gifts. Asking for help when needed for someone who has the skill that your looking for. ~is elevated individual freedom of choice a clear and transforming outcome of the developmental process?

process

~timing- start small, start slowly, and be the very best observer and listener you can be~learning- developing skills and increasing capacities, especially learning how to listen sensitively. ~good continuity between programs and beneficiaries, needs and goals, actions and goals, goals and resources, and resources and the overall program. ~critical reflection-examining attitudes and beliefs about development

sustainability

~will the resources continue to be available?~will the children and grandchildren of the beneiciaries benefit from the project?~All beneficiaries must feel a strong sense of ownership in the activity for it to be sustainable. ~How participatory are the women and children of the village in the project?