survey 2351 final exam
Chicago-Tribune Tower- Eeliel Saarinen-1922
abstract style-art deco emphasis on linearity and symmetry
Paris, Swiss Pavilion- Le Corbusier & Jeanneret- 1932
beton brut: rough concrete nothing is painted building composed of 3 separate parts: lower curving section (communal: admin, lounge, cafe and offices) tower, covered with glass block rectangle: dormitories elevated up from the ground on pilotis (heavier) operable windows exterior: translucent and opaque screens facade is constantly changing space from bottom recuperated on rooftop more volumetric furniture corridor naturally lit
Columbus, IN- First Christian Church- Eero and Eeliel Saarinen- 1942
big complex box=chapel materials=brick and limestone panels, reinforced concrete and wood interior is complex reinforced concrete posts, steel truss system for ceiling 2 sets of pues and central altar altar and cross is not on center wall angles in balance in harmony rather than symmetry white, gray and wood wall curves for acoustical purposes skylight behind wall one wing of school elevated on a piloti cork for floors and leather for columns brick left exposed
Viipuri, Finland- Municipal Library- Alvar Aalto- 1935
two bars 3 different floors rectangular bar in all levels and then a longer bar that intersect intersection becomes communal space head and tail-head is larger piece reading room lit from above with skylights lower level-books mid-auditorium upper-admin reinforced concrete structure accessories are wood auditorium is in the tail ceiling curves like a wave-designed acoustically curves calculated so that everybody can hear equally well
La Jolla, CA-Salk Institute- Kahn- 1966
two horizontal bars direct view to pacific ocean turns vertical brick towers (servant) horizontally and places them in between floors 6 floors on each side 2 underground mechanical spaces are inserted into box beams in between each lab floor lab floors that structure is open- reinforced concrete can be open and partitioned any way continuous walkway into labs stairs on either side pods attached (offices/studies) clean air and stainless steel area (labs) rug and wood area - offices, spaces with views to the ocean labs enclosed with glass studies with triangular windows that face the ocean materials: parts enclosed with tik, not finished or covered with anything panels closer to ocean have weathered more all walkable surfaces are covered with travertine vertical structure is exposed plaza in middle with a single line with a shallow pool and unobstructed view materials constantly changing because of climate
Cambridge, MA- MIT Kresge Auditorium and Chapel- 1955
Auditorium: begins with reinforced concrete, thin shell structure supported on three concrete points 1/8 of a sphere sits on a brick stepped platform interior is enclosed by curved glass walls is in a con caved bowl, opposite of roof when inside you're completely enclosed enter from beneath Chapel: brick cylinder 50 ft. in diameter set in a pool of water approached by a long corridor no exterior windows looks like a free standing building rested on a series of arches arches rest on concrete footing double shell structure ext= brick int= different natural light reflects on water and then reflects into the space if the water is moved, looks like interior is moving int. wall undulates mechanical system in between walls openings in brick allow air flow focus is in altar elevated in 3 steps sculpture is an abstract tree of life and an abstract cross
Marseille, France- Unite d'Habitation-1952
big rectangle elevated on massive tapered piloti rough concrete allow movement on ground larger and heavier pilotis 12 stories 23 interlocked apartments double loaded- no natural light structure is a bottle rack- apts inserted in the bottle rack building is angled for sunlight east west solar orientation roof terrace for rec kind of utopia modern interpretation of acropolis mainly primary colors
deconstructivism
break down of modernism
Ronchamp, France- Notre-dame du Haut-1955
church dedicated to mary free standing approached from below 4 external walls one is very thick 2 are con caved 2 are con vexed 3 entrances just one right angle two walls with punctured windows that allow natural light in heavy walls are not structural because roof is "floating" pilotis for structure supporting the roof telescopic points of light light washes down the walls concrete triangular structural wedges that support the roof
Chandigarh, India- Le Corbusier- capital of the state of Punjab-1959
grid of sectors each was supposed to be a unit:residential, commercial, green space, and communal combining volumetric forms with the gridded rectangular blocks reflecting pool on one side one side is a scoop that creates roof for brise soleil rain falls into the scoop and then pool uses color to identify different section rough concrete (baton brut) hand sculpture- symbol of piece and reconciliation, symbol of our age, era of machinist has begun
Imatra, Finaland-Church of the three crosses-Aalto-1959
heterotopian building-different forms in same building one side is flat exterior black and white, concrete with stucco complex form for roof and interior for acoustics 3 separate sections created by partitions pocket walls that hold the partitions angled window walls and curvature for acoustics crosses have a skylight above that create more shadows irregular space
Mexico City-Casa Barragan-Luis Barragan- 1947
house and studio work unremarkable from the inside everything turned inward linked by cantilever staircases unframed window @ living room connect nature and arch space integration of light and color floors and walls are diff volumes composition of intersecting planes, constantly moving
Rochester, NY- First Unitarian Church- Kahn, 1967
idea for building taken from fortification arch looking at Scottish castles plan with very open section in center surrounded by thick wall on exterior that had openings allowing pockets of light basic parti gave him the form of the building square on center ambulatory goes around hollow column of light giant growing vault made of concrete derived space-main space in center and other spaces around are servant spaces servant spaces are divided into individual fragments around the center uses reinforced concrete and light wood to warm concrete diff quality of light within central space all structural material exposed
Philadelphia, PA,Richards Medical Research Laboratory, Kahn, 1964
idea of served and servant spaces laboratories require ventilation scientists require flexible interior spaces towers-brick, servant spaces, fixed spaces that contain stairs fixed and variable floors- laboratories,served reinforced concrete frame, structure is on outside and interiors are hollow spaces 2 diff structural systems and materials 5 pots- numerous floors stacked towers encased in brick laboratory- enclosed in brick and glass
Saynatsalo, Finland- Aalto- Town Hall-1952
library and civic center modulates intersection between human and environment center is open 3 story building head and tail-civic council chamber (head) steel structure, cladded with brick and wood ceiling is sladded wood large window modulates light "palms and fingers" holding up the ceiling
Cambridge, MA- Baker House MIT- Aalto-1948
located at edge of campus rethinking of swiss pavilion almost all rooms arranged within an s idea was that students had views along the river brick on one side suspended staircase room have nicknames depending on shapes: wedge (pies), couches, and coffins two story cafe with round skylights (moon room)
Ft. Worth- Kimbell Art Museum- Kahn- 1972
museum with private collection organized in a series of parallel and spacial bars bars are punctured in certain spaces to allow pockets of natural light 2 entrances from street and lawn which is now occupied by second addition concrete and travertine general idea ancient roman warehouses: long building like cylos turned on their side thinks of museum as storage space for art curves are cycloids cycloids broken in middle with a skylight and metal reflectors that allow natural daylight to reflect onto concrete introduces light into space without damaging art admin spaces=direct daylight
Vienna, Austria- Coop Himmelblau- Law Office-1989
not thinking in walls or volumes thinking about movement and time arch should be as light and variable as a cloud in the sky law office in pent house traditional materials are rejected roof line is broken (pulled apart) idea of nose idea of wing that projects out spine/backbone that creates structure for roof lightning bolt tension created no comprehensible volume natural light enters directly from roof
Chantilly, VA- Dulles International Airport Terminal- Eero Saarinen- 1963
reinforced concrete dramatic form against sky one large building 2 floors one universal space-mies interior spaces are divided by movable partitions parking on one side, planes on the other buses take you to plane roof, thin shell con caved roof roof takes form of a catenary, form of chain hold by two fingers at diff points concrete piers are on an angle and curve up to grasp a long concrete beam roof is hung on both sides from beam glass on inside is slightly curved and on angle form has to function with everthing metaphor is an abstracted wing of a bird concrete glass and concrete create reversal of light and dark between day and night
N.Y.- JKF Airport,TWA Terminal- Eero Saarinen-1962
reinforced concrete modern, early 20 cent. expressionism concrete encloses volume no longer used now historic monument form of bird is more literal two wings, thin shell concrete roof made of 4 sections structure frame of concrete 4 shells supported by 4 y shaped columns in front beak multiple floors connected by stairs and escalators modern version of corbusier's free plan lips that gave departure and arrival signs interior has partitions form is diff. molded shapes designed to fit with the airport curves
Mexico City- Capuchin Convent and Chapel- Luis Barragan- 1960
renovation project 2 spaces turned inward enters to a terraced courtyard you see nothing extraordinary from the street perforated walls in order to separate spaces but allow air and sound thru uses color chapel doesn't stand out on the outside focus on altar and gold altar back drop oranges, red and gold colors reflected on vernacular tradition free standing cross lit with natural light constantly changing and creates shadow on wall screen separates secluded nuns color, texture, and light creates space 1
post modernism
return to history
St. Louis, MO- Gateway Arch- Eero Saarinen-1947
symbol to represent westward expansion of US and commemorate Thomas Jefferson's role stainless steel parabola ocuppiable rises 630 ft. arch straddles in east west axis similar to one of Gustave Eiffel train bridges
modulor man
system of proportions based on golden section on human body shorter section of a rectangle is proportional to longer section human scale and nature to architecture
brise-soleil (break sun)
system of vertical and horizontal slabs project out of the windows and create a grid create shades