Synthesis EAQ

55 year old female reports cessation of menstrual periods for a year during annual exam. Which term would the nurse use to describe the client's condition

menopause rationale: cessation of menstruation is called menopause; this is an aging process and occurs due to the functional decline of ovaries. the first episode of menstrual bleeding is called menarche. dyspareunia refers to painful sexual intercourse. menorrhagia is excessive vaginal bleeding

how many days is the neonatal period

28 days

which blood glucose levels would the nurse identify as hypoglycemia a. 68mg/dL b. 78 mg/dL c. 88 mg/dL d. 98 mg/dL

a. 68 mg/dL rationale: normal blood glucose for adults is 72-108 mg/dL

which activity by the community nurse is an illness prevention strategy?

arranging an immunization program for chickenpox rationale: illness prevention program protects people from actual or potential threats to health. chickenpox immunization program is an illness prevention program. it motivates the community to prevent a decline in health or functional levels. a health promotion program encourages the client to maintain their present levels of health. the nurse promotes health of the client by encouraging the client to exercise daily. wellness education teaches people how to care for themselves in a healthy manner. the nurse provides wellness education by teaching about stress management. the nurse promotes the health of the client by teaching the client to maintain nutritious diet

which hormone aids in regulating intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption?

glucocorticoids rationale: adrenal glucocorticoids aid in regulating intestinal calcium and phoshporous absorption by increasing or decreasing protein metabolism. insulin acts together with growth hormone to build and maintain healthy bone tissue. thyroxine increases the rate of protein synthesis in all types of tissues. parathyroid hormone secretion increases in response to decreased serum calcium concentration and stimulates the bones to promote osteoclastic activity

to which client would the nurse provide education regarding the pubertal growth spurt

12 year old school age female client rationale: pubertal growth spurt reaches a peak for female clients at 12 years of age; therefore the nurse would provide education to this client regarding expected growth during this time period. The 8 year old male client would not expected to experience the pubertal growth spurt until the age of 14 years. the 16 year old and 18 year old adolescent clients would have already experienced pubertal growth spurt

by which age does the anterior fontanel of the skull close

12-18 months rationale: anterior fontanel usually closes between 12-18 months

which average height of a 4 year old child 3 feet, 4.5 inches (103 cm) 3 feet, 1.5 inches (95 cm) 2 feet, 10 inches (86.6 cm) 3 feet, 7.5 inches (110 cm)

3 feet, 4.5 inches (103 cm) rationale: the average height of a 4 year old child is 3 feet, 4.5 inches (103 cm). The average height of a 2 year old child is 2 feet, 10 inches (86.6 cm). the average height for a 3 years old is 3 feet, 1.5 inches (95 cm). the average height for a 5 year old is 3 feet, 7.5 inches (110 cm)

which age is considered critical for speech development during preschool years

3-4 years old rationale: most critical ages for speech development for preschool -aged clients are 3 and 4 years of age. although critical speech development occurs at age 2, this is the toddler, not preschool, stage of development. the ages 5 and 6 are not considered critical ages for speech development for preschool aged client

which is the min number of hours of sleep the nurse would recommend for an 11 year old client

9 years rationale: school-age client who is 11 years of age is recommended to receive 9-11 hours per night. The min number of hours the nurse would recommend is 9. 8 hours is the min number of hours for adolescents. 10 hours is the min number of hours for preschool. 11 hours of sleep is for toddlers.

which potential health problem would the nurse include in the young adult's discharge teaching?

accidents, including their prevention rationale: accidents are common during young adulthood because of immature judgment and impulsivity associated with this stage of development. kidney dysfunction is not a problem specific to any one stage of growth. cardiovascular disease is a common health problem in middle adulthood. glaucoma is common health

when conducting a client interview, which nurse's response is an example of backchanneling? all right.. go on.. what else is bothering you? tell me what brought you here? how would you rate your pain on a scale of 0-10

all right.. go on.. rationale: back channeling involves the use of active listening prompts such as "Go on" "all right" and "uh huh". such prompts encourage the client to complete the full story. the nurse uses probing by asking the client, " what else is bothering you?". such open-ended questions help obtain more information until the client has nothing more to say. The statement "tell me what brought you here" is an open-ended statement that allows the client to explain his or her health concerns in his or her own words. close-ended questions such as " How would you rate your pain on a scale of 0-10 are used to obtain a definite answer.

in which stage of erikson's theory does the child initiate self care activities

autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt rationale: developmental of self care activities in toddler occurs at stage of autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt. this is the second stage of erikson's theory. during this stage children like to pretend and try out new roles. integrity vs despair is the 8th stage. at this stage many older adults view their lives with a sense of satisfaction. middle age adults achieve success at the stage of generativity vs self-absorption and stagnation. individuals contribute to future generations through parenthood, teaching and community involvement

in which stage of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development would toilet training to be achieved trust vs mistrust initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority autonomy vs shame

autonomy vs shame rationale: children between the ages of 18 months and 3 years attempt to develop independences; control over them selves; mastery of toileting, dressing and feeding. infants between birth and 1 year attempt to meet basic oral and sensory needs and develop a sense of trust in themselves and others. children between the ages of 3-6 years develop a sense of purpose; they accept responsibility, learn to be cooperative and are enthusiastic about helping others. children between ages 7-11 years develop sense of competence; through learning and mastery of skills, they develop self assurance

which stage must a 3-year-old accomplish according to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame industry vs inferiority generatively vs stagnation

autonomy vs shame rationale: for children 18 months to 3 years of age, the autonomy vs shame stage is about acquiring mastery over self and the environment. the trust vs mistrust stage is associated with infancy. industry vs inferiority stage is associated with middle childhood. generatively vs stagnation is associated with middle childhood

which structure protects a client's internal organs, supports blood cell production and stores minerals

bones rationale: bones are the framework of the body; they support and protect internal organs. they also help in stem cell production from bone marrow, and they store minerals. joints (articulations) help articulate the bones. muscles are the bundles of fibrous tissue that contract to produce movement and maintain body posture. cartilage is a hyaline, elastic and fibrous tissue that often functions as shock absorber

which term refers to the Cowper gland? skene gland prostate gland Bartholin gland bulbourethral gland

bulbourethral gland rationale: Cowper glands are accessory glands of the male reproductive system; they are also referred to as the bulbourethral glands. skene glands are a part of the female reproductive system. the prostate gland is also a gland of the male reproductive system. Bartholin glands are part of the female reproductive system

which nutrient is broken down into glucose, fructose, and galactose

carbohydrates rationale: through digestion, carbs are broken down into glucose, fructose and galactose. lipids consist of fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol and cholesterol esters. proteins are made up of amino acids. vitamins are nutrients; however, they ARE NOT broken down into glucose, fructose, galactose

which consideration would nurse identify as the most important need of a hospitalized toddlers

contact with their parents rationale: separation anxiety becomes an issue at this age; toddlers need contact with their parent, who provides a sense of security. stimulating play may offer a distraction but greater need is for parental contact. Toddlers DO NOT need social opportunities but parental contact is important. gentle discipline from the nurse may be necessary at times, but the greatest need of hospitalized toddlers is parental contact

the client reports difficulty breathing. nurse auscultates lungs sounds and assessed RR. What is the purpose of the nurse's action

data collection rationale: nurse is gathering objective data to support subjective data. client reports difficulty breathing is subjective data that must be supported by data obtained during physical examination. the nurse reviews the database after data collection to decide if it is accurate and complete. this step is called data validation. The grouping of data that forms a pattern is called data clusters. the nurse uses critical thinking to interpret the data and analyze it before it is classified and organized into data clusters

which finding in older adult clients is associated with aging? a. decreased in height b. decreased neck rigidity c. increased fine motor dexterity d. increased range of motion (ROM)

decrease in height rationale loss of height and deformity and shortening of the trunk are common in older adults because of vertebral compression and degeneration. rigidity in the neck, shoulders, back, hips, and knees increases with age because of loss of elasticity in ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. ad decline in fine motor dexterity occurs in older adults because of slow impulse conduction along motor units. Range of motion is limited in older adult because of cartilage erosion, increased friction between the bones, and overgrowth of bone around joint margins

which therapeutic response would the nurse provide to the parents of an adolescent treated for allergies who privately tell the nurse that they suspect that their child is hypochondriac? a. discussing developmental behaviors of adolescents b. explaining potentially serious complications of allergies C. discussing some of the underlying causes of hypochondriasis d. explaining that the parents may be transferring their fears to their adolescent

discussing developmental behaviors of adolescents rationale: adolescents are aware of their changing bodies and become especially concerned with any alteration resulting from illness or injury. explaining the complications of allergies does not address concepts related to the growth and development of adolescents and may cause unnecessary concerns about the child's physical condition. a discussion about hypochondriasis may reinforce the parent's concern. indicating that the parents may be engaging in transference is accusatory and is not supported by adequate data; this response may precipitate such feelings as anger and guilt

which statement is true about Piaget's theory of cognitive developmental

during a sensorimotor stage, infants develop an action pattern for dealing with their environment rationale: according to Piaget's theory, during a sensorimotor stage, infants develop a schema or action pattern for dealing with the environment. piaget's theory includes 4 periods that are related to age. in the early pre-operational stage, children experience animism. During the concrete operations stage, children are able to perform mental operations

which information would the nurse focus on teaching a high school student about scoliosis treatment options a. effect on body image b. least invasive treatment c. continuation with schooling d. maintenance of contact with peers

effect on body image rationale: establishing an identity, a major developmental task of adolescents, is related to the affirmation of self-image. to achieve this task there is a need to conform to group norms, one of which is appearance. The type of treatment is not an issue. Although it is important to continue schooling and maintain contact with peers, the effect on body image is more important

which is primary teaching point for a pregnant adolescent at the first prenatal clinic visit

encouraging her to continue regularly scheduled prenatal care rationale: it is NOT UNCOMMON for adolescents to avoid prenatal care; many do not recognize the deleterious effect that lack of prenatal care can have on them and their infants.

which statement describes erythropoietin? a. erythropoietin is released by the pancreas b. erythropoietin deficiency causes diabetes c. erythropoietin deficiency is associated with renal failure d. erythropoietin is released only when there is adequate blood flow

erythropoietin deficiency is associated with renal failure rationale: erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys; its deficiency occurs in renal failure. erythropoietin is released by the kidneys and not the pancreas. erythropoietin deficiency causes anemia. erythropoietin is secreted in response to hypoxia, which results in decreased oxygenated blood flow to tissues

which synovial joint movement is described as turning the sole away from the midline of the body

eversion rationale: eversion is a synovial joint movement that describes turning the sole outward away from the midline of the body. pronation is a synovial joint movement that describes turning the palm downward. adduction is a synovial joint movement that describes movement toward the midline of the body. supination is synovial joint movement that describes turning the palm upward

which korotkoff sound represents the diastolic blood pressure in an adolescent a. first b. third c. fifth d. fourth

fifth rationale: fifth korotkoff sound corresponds to the diastolic pressure. the first korotkoff sound, which is sharp represents the systolic blood pressure, which is heard in all individuals. the third korotkoff sound is crisper, more intense tapping, the fourth korotkoff sound is muffled and low. this sound corresponds to diastolic pressure in the toddler

The parent of an infant with heart failure questions the necessity of weighing the baby every morning. which would the nurse say that this daily information is important in determining?

fluid retention rationale: fluid retention is reflected by an excessive weight gain in a short period. inadequate cardiac output decreases blood flow to the kidneys and thus leads to increased intracellular fluid and hypervolemia. although this assessment may add information to the data regarding kidney function, other assessments such as hourly urine output, blood urea nitrogen concentration, and creatinine levels more significantly reflect kidney function. weight gain resulting from the nutritional intake is gradual and will not vary greatly on day to day basis. although weight is used to determine medication dosages, dosages do not need to be recalculated according to changes in daily weights

which stage is followed by society maintaining orientation, according to Kohlberg's theory a. social contract orientation b. good boy-nice girl orientation c. instrumental relativist orientation d. punishment and obedience orientation

good boy-nice girl orientation rationale: according to Kohlberg's theory, good boy-nice girl orientation (stage 3) is followed by society maintaining orientation (stage 4). social contract orientation is stage 5. instrumental relativist orientation is stage 2, punishment and obedience orientation is stage 1

which disease is caused by virus that causes chickenpox

herpes zoster rationale: invasion of posterior (dorsal) root ganglia by the same virus that causes chickenpox can result in herpes zoster or shingles. This may be caused by reactivation of a previous chickenpox virus that has lain dormant in body or recent contact with an individual who has chickenpox. athlete's foot is caused by fungus. german measles is caused by a virus, not herpes virus. Hepatitis type A is caused by virus, not the herpes virus

in which settings would the nurse perform developmental assessments for pediatric clients? SATA HOME SCHOOL HOSPITAL DAYCARE CENTER ASSISTED LIVING CENTER

home, school, hospital, daycare center rationale: pediatric developmental assessments are performed in many settings, including home, school, hospital and daycare center environments. unlikely that a pediatric developmental assessment would be performed in a assisted living center

which factor influences acne in adolescent women in? a. stress b. dietary intake c. family history d. hormonal imbalance

hormonal imbalance rationale: hormonal imbalances cause premenstrual flares of acne in nearly 70% in women. a clear association between stress and acne has not been demonstrated. studies show some evidence of an association between the intake of dairy products and high glycemic- index foods and acne.

which developmental conflict affects a 4 year old child according to erikson's psychosocial stages of development initiative vs guilt industry vs inferiority trust vs mistrust autonomy vs shame

initiative vs guilt rationale: the developmental conflict that faces the preschool child; the child will feel guilty if an initiative is stifled by others. industry vs inferiority is the conflict of the school-aged child. trust vs mistrust is the conflict between infants aged 0-18 months. autonomy vs shame is conflict for children aged 18 months to 3 years

the nurse teaches a new mother how to position her newborn during feedings. which is the best way to evaluate if teaching is effective

observe the mother feeding the infant rationale: return demonstration can confirm that the desired learning from earlier teaching has taken place. developing teaching plan is part of the planning of the nursing process, not evaluating. return demonstration is more effective way of evaluating than asking the mother if she understands. determining the mother's readiness to learn is part of planning in the nursing process, not evaluating

which term is used for the tip of a pyramid in the kidney? calyx papilla renal pelvis renal column

papilla rationale: pyramids are components of the renal medulla, the tip of each pyramid is called a papilla. calyx is a structure that collects urine at the end of the pyramid. The renal calices join together to form the renal pelvis. the renal column is cortical tissue that separates the pyramid

which type of play do 2 year old toddlers engage in

parallel rationale: toddlers play independently but besides other children. group play is characteristic of older children. dramatic play or acting is characteristic of older children; starting preschool age, they assume and act out roles. cooperative play is characteristic of older children; starting at preschool age; they learn to share, wait their turn, and become sensitive to their peer needs

which substance is released in response to low serum calcium a. renin b. erythropoietin c. parathyroid hormone d. artial natriuretic peptide

parathyroid hormone rationale: if Ca is declined, the parathyroid gland releases a parathyroid hormone to maintain Ca homeostasis; this hormone is responsible for regulating blood pressure. erythropoietin is released by the kidneys in response to poor blood flow to the kidneys; it stimulates the production of RBC. atrial natriuretic peptide is produced by the right atrium of the heart in response to increased blood volume. this hormone then acts on the kidneys to promote sodium excretion, which decreases the blood volume

parent asks the nurse what to do when toddler has temper tantrums. which play materials would the nurse suggest that the child be offered as another means of expressing anger

pegs and pounding board rationale: pounding board with pegs to hammer into hole is a safe toy for toddlers because it is fairly large, easy to manipulate and sturdy. it is an acceptable way for anger to be expressed

which type of rehabilitation is an essential component to a client's recovery from Guillain-barre syndrome

physical therapy rationale: rehabilitation needs for a client with guillain-barre syndrome focus on physical therapy and exercise for the lower extremities because of muscle weakness and discomfort. a client with guillain-barre syndrome does not need speech or swallowing exercises. a client with barre syndrome does not need vertebral support. problems with cataracts are not associated with guillain-barre syndrome

which hormone is crucial in maintaining the implanted ovum at its site? a. inhibin b. estrogen c. progesterone d. testosterone

progesterone rationale: progesterone is necessary to maintain an implanted egg. inhibin regulates the release of follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. estrogen plays a vital role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics. testosterone is important for bone strength and development of muscle mass

nurse is teaching birthing/prenatal class about breast feeding. which hormone stimulates the production of milk during lactation

prolactin rationale: prolactin is a hormone that initiates and produces milk during lactation. inhibin prevents the secretions of follicle-stimulating hormone and gonadotropin- releasing hormone. estrogen and progesterone are sex hormones produced by the ovaries

which stage of development classifies boys and girls as differing very little in terms of size?

school age rationale during school age stage of development, boys and girl differ very little in terms of size. during toddler, preschool, and adolescence stages of development boys are often larger than girls

which toys would the nurse suggest to the parent of a 4 month old infant to help promote child's growth and development

soft squeeze toys rationale: soft, noisy squeeze toys are appropriate for a 4-month-old; the infant enjoys squeezing and hearing the sounds of the squeaker. push pull toys are appropriate for a toddler 12-24 months of age. nesting toys are appropriate for toddlers 16 months of age. banging toys are appropriate for children from 12-18 months of age

rank order of appearance of each play, starting with infant play

solitary, parallel, associative, and cooperative rationale: infant plays alone with others initiating the play activity. toddlers' play activity is described as parallel (play beside children but not with them). preschoolers' play is associative in loose groups with activities involving the interaction among players. the school-age child is capable of cooperative play, which includes organized play such as sports, board games and card games

which condition poses an increased risk for injury for an adolescent? SATA a. poisoning b. abduction c. home accidents d. substance abuse e. motor vehicle accidents

substance abuse and motor vehicle accidents rationale: substance abuse and MVA pose an increased risk of injury among adolescents. poisoning and child abduction are more common among toddlers and preschool. home accidents are more common among toddlers

which information about a teenager's developmental stage would be considered before starting a counseling program for a 15-year-old with type 1 diabetes who has a history of noncompliance with the therapy regimen a. they usually deny their illness b. they have a need for attention c. struggle for identity is typical d. regression is associated with illness

the struggle for identity is typical rationale: striving to attain identity and independence are tasks of the adolescent and rebellion against established norms may be exhibited. although the adolescent may be using denial, denial is not developmentally related to the adolescent. This behavior is not a bid for attention; adolescents want to be like their peers and not stand out. Nor is this behavior regression; regression is use of patterns of coping associated with earlier stages of development

in which way would the nurse respond to a parent who is concerned about separation anxiety in their 15 month old child

this is expected developmental reaction rationale: understanding separation anxiety is an expected developmental occurrence will be reassuring to the parents. commenting that the parent may be spending too much time with their child is value judgment and does not address this expected stage of development. Giving advice is not therapeutic and does not need to address the child's separation anxiety. There is NO connection betweeen anxiety in 15 month old child and difficulty starting school

the nurse instructs the parents of an adolescent with asthma on how to reduce allergens in the child's bedroom. The mother tells the nurse she plans to do to make the room hypoallergenic. Which idea indicates further teaching is needed. a. removing stuffed animal collection b. storing off-season clothing in another room c. covering the mattress with plastic slipcover d. using flat outdoor carpeting to cover hardwood floors

using flat outdoor carpeting to cover hardwood floors rationale: hardwood floors are cleaned more easily than rugs can and are more hypoallergenic than outdoor carpeting. stuffed toys are often sources of dust and mold. out-of-season clothing harbors dust and should not be stored in an allergic child's room. using a plastic slipcover reduces child's exposure to dust generated by mattress

which joint is an example of condyloid

wrist rationale: the joint between radial and carpals. the elbow joint is an example of a hinge joint. the shoulder joint is an example of a ball and socket joint. the sacroiliac joint is an example of a gliding joint. wrist joint is an example of condyloid joint