Terms/ Artists Art History

Dr. Saida Seddik

"Perspective in Italian Painting during the Renaissance" Around 1415 Italian Renaissance architect Filippo Brunelleschi used mathematics and lines and was able to create the art style, linear perspective. This was a great new technique for painting due to its ability to create a realistic depiction of space, depth, and proportion. Artists could express and show off their skills with this new technique. Other techniques that came up during this period

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

Leonardo Da vinvi

•study of nature through direct experience of reality expressed in drawings • •interest in optical studies resulting in the development of optical illusions • •study of the human figure through the analysis of movement, gesture and expression • •study of new painting techniques > chiaroscuro and sfumato

Contraposto pose

A pose in which the weight is shifted to one leg, causing hips and shoulders to tilt in opposite directions

Body 2- Artists who used this technique

Artists all over Italy were influenced by this technique and wanted to incorporate it into their own work. Raphael studied under the artist Perugino where he learned the method of linear perspective Raphael's innovative use of linear perspective in his paintings during the High Renaissance, One of Raphael's most famous works, "The School of Athens," is a prime example of his use of linear perspective. ​​Leonardo da Vinci incorporated linear perspective into his works as well. In his masterpiece "The Last Supper," he used this perspective to create a sense of depth and a sense of balance.

Conclusion

Conclusion: The mastery of linear perspective by artists created a significant advancement in the presentation and skill of painting. This technique elevated the level of realism, providing viewers with an increased sense of engagement with the artwork. Other techniques that emerged during this time were significant as well but nothing compares to the effect of linear perspective.

Evolution of art

During the High Renaissance, Raphael and Leonardo looked to create artwork that depicted the reality. They used techniques like chiaroscuro and linear perspective to depict exactly what they were seeing. In Raphael's "The School of Athens" we can see how the anatomy of the body was studied which created a sense of reality. During the Maniera artists like Parmigianino looked to push the boundaries of reality by distorting proportions, and elongating figures, as seen in Parmigianino's "Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror" which is a prime example of the stylized approach, featuring an elongated hand of the Parmigianino. During the Counter-Reformation, which aimed to reaffirm the teachings of the Catholic Church, Annibale Carracci aimed to create emotional impact and engage the viewers' senses through heightened realism. We see this in his frescoes in the Palazzo Farnese, which showcase a balance between naturalism and idealism. Throughout these different artistic periods, the concept of verisimilitude was reinterpreted and was constantly evolving.

Maniera

Maniera: the stylish style •virtuosity (elongated forms) • •complexity • •use of classical inventions in a non-functional way • •variety > figura serpentinata • •difficulty

Painting in Venice

Painting in Venice in the 16th century •Titian (Pieve di Cadore 1490 - Venice 1576) • •Tintoretto (Venice 1518 - Venice 1594) • •Paolo Veronese (Verona 1528 - Venice 1588) • •disegno and colorito (drawing and colouring) • •theatricality

Rapahel

Raphael (1483-1520) • •harmony and grace • •commissions • •"rivalry" with Michelangelo • •sprezzatura

impasto technique

The Impasto technique is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface thickly, so the strokes become visible. This technique was first introduced by Titian and Tintoretto, an artwork that uses this technique is the Assumption of the Virgin where the warm colors were painted with a thick brush over several months.

Renaissance to high renaissance

The passage of paintings from the Renaissance to the High Renaissance can be seen in Leonardo da Vinci's work where the use of nature is very immense and the study of human figures in motion emerged. Raphael also had a big influence on paintings in the high Renaissance and used the Sprezzatura technique in his paintings such as The Marriage of the Virgin. Michelangelo impacted the look of Sculptures during the high Renaissance and really focused on the position of the figures and the attention to detail of the clothing and muscles. We can see this in how Christ was depicted in Michelangelos Pietá where Christ's arm looks limp. This technique was used by many artists that were inspired by this artwork.

Sprezzatura

The sprezzatura technique is a technique to show nonchalance or grace in a painting which was commonly used by Raphael. A piece of art that uses this technique is the Portrait de Baldassare Castiglione. In the portrait, we can see Castilonge from the waist up with his arms crossed, looking at the viewer creating this calm and easy feeling to the artwork, which is considered to be the sprezzatura technique.

Chiaroscuro

The treatment of light and shade in a work of art, especially to give an illusion of depth.

Sfumato technique

the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms. This technique is used to create a shadowing that is meant to produce a transition between colors and tones. We can see the Sfumato technique being used on the Mona Lisa which was made by Leonardo Da Vinci. We can see the technique being used on the eyes of the Mona Lisa, where there has been shading that creates a smokey look.