Test #2 APES
What is the equation for percent change?
(Final-Initial)/Initial * 100
Approximately ______ of the sun's energy is captured during photosynthesis
1%
What percent of the suns solar energy is captured by photosynthesis?
1%
Roughly ______ of energy is passed on to the next trophic level as heterotrophs consume prey
10%
If a grass hopper is the second order and owls are in the third, how much energy would the owl obtain from grasshoppers if 1000 kg of grasshoppers exist?
100 kg
The net primary productivity of a wetland is 8,000 kcal/m2. The respiration is 12,000 kcal/m2, what is the GPP?
20000
Which of the trophic levels would you expect to find the smallest biomass of organisms? Producer, 1st order, 2nd order or 3rd order
3 order
If there are four species pictures in a diagram what is the richness?
4
What is the Percentage of NPP of the amount of solar energy captured?
40%
What is the percent change from an initial of 620 to a final of 3100?
400% increase
163 square-kilometer (km2) small island is found 2,000km from the mainland. A second, larger, 230,000km2 island is found 1,000km1from the mainland. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following statements is most likely true about the small island when compared with the large island? A The rate of immigration is lower for the small island than for the large island. B The small island has niches that are more like the mainland than the large island. C The small island has more available resources than the large island. D The rate of species extinction is lower on the small island than on the large island.
A
Algae in an aquatic food chain convert solar energy into 93,00093,000 kilocalories of plant tissue. Which of the following values best represents the amount of energy available for secondary consumers in the food chain? A 930 kilocalories B 9,300 kilocalories C 93,000 kilocalories D 930,000 kilocalories
A
Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent? A There are more species that have the ability to travel 5 kilometers than can travel 15 kilometers. B Islands that are closer to continents always have a wider range of habitats than more distant islands do. C There are smaller populations of each species on islands that are at greater distances from continents. D Islands that are closer to continents always have more ecological niches than more distant islands do.
A
The diagrams above show an area that was once a pasture that has since undergone changes to the vegetation over time. Which of the following changes in the hydrologic cycle is most likely to occur as a result of the change in vegetation in the area? A Increased infiltration B Increased runoff C Decreased transpiration D Decreased precipitation
A
Which of the following best describes the process of leaching? A Water percolating through soil, dissolving some of its material B The falling of acid precipitation from the atmosphere to Earth's surface C The use of chemicals to reduce the amount of E. coli in wastewater D Rocks embedded in a glacier being carried downslope E The use of drip irrigation on a crop of wheat
A
Which of the following increases the rate of runoff? A. Replacing forest with apartment buildings B. Planting more trees at a park C. Increasing the size of a residential lawn D. Adding conifer trees to the center median of a highway
A
Which of the following would be categorized as a cultural ecosystem service of forests? A Recreation and scenic areas for tourism B Timber and landscape materials C Mushroom and plant harvests D Soil stabilization and air purification
A
one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. Which of the following can be estimated from the sample for the invertebrates in the pond? A The species richness B The pond's productivity C The uniformity of species distribution in the pond D The degree of disturbance E The stability of the ecosystem
A
If a fox only eats animals what is it considered?
A carnivore
Which surface would likely have the lowest rate of water infiltration? A. Pavement B. Grass C Forest D. Vegetable Garden
A. Pavement
Single species rapidly evolving into several new species to use different resources to reduce competition
Adaptive radiation
Larger island typically have ______ compared to smaller islands? More species diversity, more habitat, more food sources or all of the above?
All of the above
What is an omnivore?
An organism that eats both plants and animals
What is cultural?
Any recreational parks or trails
What is an organism that makes their own food?
Autotroph
Highly specialized species tend to evolve on islands because of the environmental conditions and resource availability. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following would most likely experience the greatest decline of specialist species if an invasive species emigrated from the mainland? A A small island a far distance from the mainland B A small island in close proximity to the mainland C A large island a far distance from the mainland D A large island in close proximity to the mainland
B
In a given ecosystem, producers convert solar energy into 15,000kcal15,000kcal of chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Which of the following is the most likely amount of energy available to secondary consumers? A 1.5kcal1.5kcal B 150kcal150kcal C 1,500kcal1,500kcal D 13,500kcal
B
Of the following organisms, which occupies the lowest trophic level? A Spider B Deer C Lion D Hawk E Snake
B
Scientists are interested in determining the average number of species that have migrated from the mainland to a group of islands, as shown below. Partway through their study, they decided to include an additional island in their study group. Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following best explains how the scientists' calculation of average number of species would change with the inclusion of this new island in their study? A The average would increase because more species would have migrated directly to the farther island. B The average would decrease because fewer species would have migrated directly to the farther island. C The average would not change because it is likely that the additional island has about the same number of species that migrated as the original island group. D The average would not change because the island is approximately the same size as those in the original group and therefore just as likely to recruit species from the mainland.
B
The consumption of mosquitoes by bats and the control of flooding provided by tropical forests in mountainous areas of Central America are examples of A adaptive radiation B ecosystem services C evolution by natural selection D ecological equilibrium E positive feedback loops
B
The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called A infiltration B transpiration C sublimation D reflection E percolation
B
Which of the following best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem? A Energy is constantly recycled by decomposers for use by producers. B Energy is harnessed by producers, and available energy decreases with each trophic level transfer. C Energy is absorbed by plants through water and soil and then moves up the food chain through consumers. D Energy is magnified as it moves up the trophic levels, and tertiary consumers store the most energy in a food web.
B
Is inbreeding good or bad?
Bad because it reduces diversity
The more ______ the better?
Biodiversity
What is another name for a environmental disturbance that drastically reduces population and organisms regardless of genome?
Bottleneck effect
Which of the following best explains how environmental stressors, such as wildfires, can affect biodiversity in an ecosystem? A After an environmental stress, a genetic bottleneck may occur, which will increase genetic diversity. B Habitat diversity will increase the available niches if the landscape becomes more uniform after a disturbance. C Ecosystems with more species diversity are more likely to recover after a disturbance than ecosystems with low species diversity. D Smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant.
C
Which of the following best explains why terrestrial trophic pyramids usually do not have levels higher than tertiary consumers? A Tertiary consumers are the largest organisms in an ecosystem and require the most space to survive. B Plants can only perform photosynthesis during the day, so tertiary consumers cannot get enough energy from consuming plants. C A large proportion of energy is lost as heat as it is transferred up the pyramid, so there is not enough energy available to support another level. D Tertiary consumers are often indicator species and are the first to be affected by environmental disturbances.
C
Would a community with more richness and evenness withstand an enviromental disturbance or a community with richness but not even?
Community with R and Eveness
Name one thing to immediately think of when thinking supporting?
Cycles
An energy transformation occurs and results in increased disorder. A Heat flow B Kinetic energy C Potential energy D First law of thermodynamics E Second law of thermodynamics
D
For which of the following reasons do small isolated islands have a greater rate of species extinction than larger, less isolated islands? A Small isolated islands are more likely to receive more migrating species. B Small isolated islands provide opportunities for a greater diversity of species. C Because of their size, small isolated islands accumulate more species by chance. D Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources. E Because they have fewer available niches, small isolated islands are targeted and colonized by species.
D
Small populations of animals, such as those typically found on islands, are prone to extinction because A they contain a high degree of genetic variability B they tend to have more predators C their habitats are more stable D they are more vulnerable to unpredictable events E they are usually generalist species
D
The Devils Hole pupfish is one of the world's rarest fishes, spending most of its life in the top few meters of very warm waters of a cavern located in the middle of the Mojave Desert. Devils Hole, a geologic pool, is the only naturally occurring habitat for the endangered Devils Hole pupfish. This fish's habitat is one of the smallest natural ranges known for any vertebrate. Devils Hole is an extreme environment, with water temperatures and dissolved oxygen concentrations near the lethal limits for most fish species. Which of the following statements best explains why the Devils Hole pupfish are able to live in this environment? A Climate change led to the death of other organisms at Devils Hole, reducing competition for the pupfish. B Thermal inversions have limited the species diversity at Devils Hole, and only a few fish species can survive the high temperatures. C A trophic cascade in the Devils Hole food chain decreased the number of pupfish predators. D The pupfish are well adapted to the habitat of Devils Hole and can thrive in conditions that are outside of the range of tolerance for most other species.
D
Which of the following explanations is best supported by the data shown in the map above? A Earth's climate has changed over geological time, and plates on Earth's crust have shifted. B Sea level rise has led to an increased concentration of wildlife inland as the coastal areas flood. C Organisms adapt to human population growth by changing at the genetic level. D Animals migrate seasonally to mate and to find food in different habitats.
D
Which of the following is most likely to be the direct result of lack of genetic diversity in a food crop such as corn? A Decreased kernel size B Decreased potential yield C Decreased dependence on chemical fertilizers D Increased susceptibility on plant disease
D
Which of the following statements about levels of biodiversity is correct? A Genetic biodiversity is a measure of the total number of genes in a community. B A narrow distribution of habitats leads to an increase in species diversity. C Global hotspots are areas where species diversity is thriving due to habitat restoration. D A population with high genetic biodiversity is better able to respond to environmental stressors.
D
What is typically not on food webs? Carnivore, herbivore or decomposer?
Decomposer
Which of the following will likely occur after a major disturbance, such as the introduction of a new species? Increase in species richness, increase in genetic diversity, increase in species evenness, decrease in biodiversity
Decrease in biodiversity
Which of the following would not make an ecosystem more resilient to disturbances? An increase in species diversity, increased species eveness, increased species richness or decrease genetic diversity
Decreased genetic diversity
Name two things to think of when something is provisional?
Drinking water, wood. Anything that provides us goods
A one-hectare pond is sampled in early September. The sample yields 1 small catfish as well as 17 benthic invertebrates that represent 10 species. If the pond is resampled a year later, which of the following would best indicate that the pond had been adversely affected by adjacent development? A An uncommon species has become more numerous. B An increase in low-tolerance species has occurred. C A decrease in high-tolerance species has occurred. D Phylogenetic diversity has increased. E The biodiversity of the pond has decreased.
E
The greatest amount of fresh water is found in which of the following? A The atmosphere B Estuaries C Lakes D Rivers and streams E Polar ice caps and glaciers
E
Which of the following can be used to assess the biological diversity of an area? A Population size of each species and area occupied by each population B Minimum population area and minimum viable population size C Ratio of r-strategists to K-strategists and life expectancy of K-strategists D Number of individuals under fifteen years old and number of individuals over sixty-five years old E Genetic variation within each species and number of species present
E
Range of conditions that an organism or species can endure before injury or death results?
Ecological range of tolerance
What type of diversity involves difference in habitat?
Ecosystem diversity
What is surface to atm?
Evaporation or transpiration
What is another name for the distribution of different species?
Eveness
T/F food chains are more realistic than food webs?
False, food webs are more realistic
What will survive better a specialist or generalist?
Generalist
What type of diversity involves the genes of individuals with a population?
Genetic diversity
What is the amount of energy acquired from photosynthesis?
Gross PP
What is an organism that needs an outside source for energy?
Heterotroph
High NPP= _____ Biodiversity
High
What are the fresh waters in terms of the hydrological Cycle?
Ice and ground waters
What is another name for people mating with family members?
Inbreeding
Based on the theory of island biogeography, which of the following is the most likely reason that an island in the ocean that is 5 kilometers from a continent would have a higher number of species than one that is 15 kilometers from a continent?
It is far easier for species to travel 5 km than 15km
Why so much energy loss?
Lost as heat, not all organisms are consumed, not everything in an organism is consumed
High PP equals what for animals?
Lots of shelter+food
What should we know for regulating?
Marshlands protecting flooding
Why do blue whales feed at the bottom of the food chain?
Most energy at the bottom, most organisms at the bottom
What is the amount of mass/energy left for consumers?
NPP
Largest Reservoir of water is found in which of the following? a. Glacier and ice caps B. Rivers and streams c. Lakes d. Oceans
Oceans
What is the ten percent rule?
Only 10% of biomass can be converted into energy at the next level
Which biome has the lowest PP? Swamps and marshes, tropical rainforests, open ocean or coral reefs
Open ocean
What is the difference between percolation and infiltration?
Percolation is the water moving and infiltration is the water breaking through
Surface -> ground
Percolation or infiltration
Which term describes an organism that makes it own food using sunlight?
Photoautotroph
When going from the atmosphere to surface what are the two possible names for this?
Precipitation and condensation
What is the thing always found at the bottom of the base of a food web?
Primary producers
What is the process in which measures the amount of plant growth in an area?
Primary production
Which of the following would likely survive a widespread disease? Population of r=45, another with r=10, another with r=12 or another with r=1
R=45
What is the ability of an ecosystem to return to its original condition after major disturbances?
Resilience
What is the amount of energy used by plants?
Respiration
What is another name for the total number of different species found in an ecosystem?
Richness
What is an organism that eats dead animals?
Scavenger
What is something provisioning?
Something that provides us with good. For example: drinking waters or collecting firewood
What type of diversity involves number of different species in an ecosystem?
Species diversity
Which of the following with the bottleneck event is false? Biodiversity is decreased, species diversity is increased, species richness decreases or genetic diversity decrease
Species diversity increased
What is ground -> surface?
Springs or return flows
The Hydrological cycle is powered by which force on Earth?
The Sun
What do the arrows in food webs show?
The transfer of energy
What is the process in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere?
Transpiration
What is the successive of organisms consuming each other?
Trophic Levels
As species diversity goes up, ecosystem resilience goes ______
Up
Name the factors for productivity?
Water availability, temp, sunlight, nutrient availability
What is percolation?
Water moving through the ground
Are swamps and marshes very productive?
Yes
What is transpiration?
evaporation of water from plant leaves
What are cultural services?
the spiritual and recreational benefits that ecosystems provide
