Test 2
What total force will cause an object with a mass of 1kg to gain 5 meters per second every second?
5 Newtons; F = ma = (1)×(5) = 5
Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere consisting mainly of Hydrogen and Helium?
Jupiter
Which of these planets has a solar day that is shorter than half an Earth day in length?
Jupiter
Which of these sequences places the outer planets in the correct order from the Sun, from the closest to the farthest
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (farthest)
Which of these planets has a solar day that is shorter than half an Earth day in length?
Saturn
The magnetic field of Saturn is
Similar in intensity to the Earth's magnetic field
The range of temperatures on Mars is
Similar to those in Antarctica
Which of the following planets has no magnetic field of any kind?
Venus
Which of the following planets has the highest surface temperature?
Venus
Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere with about 90 times the surface pressure of Earth's
Venus
Which of the following three systems is regarded as the most normal for a terrestrial planet?
Venus, with no moons at all
The temperature at the poles of Mercury is expected to be
Very hot all of the time on mountain peaks hit by the Sun and very cold all of the time in craters never hit by the Sun
The first soft landing on Mars was by the
Viking landers
Which of the following spacecraft was the second to fly past Saturn and the first to target the moon Titan?
Voyager 1
Which of the following spacecraft is the only one to have flown past Neptune?
Voyager 2
Which of the following spacecraft is the only one to have flown past Uranus?
Voyager 2
A surface feature that is unique to Saturn is
a hexagon-shaped pattern of clouds at its North Pole
The Great Red Spot is
a hurricane on Jupiter
According to the currently accepted model of how planets generate magnetic fields, a rotating planet with a substantial magnetic field must contain
a liquid electrical conductor
The magnetic field of Jupiter indicates that its core must contain large amounts of
a liquid that can conduct electricity
Galileo's approach to science is best described as based on
active construction of simplified experiments
Newton's explanation of Kepler's Laws relied upon a force that
acts on all objects
The number of moons of Jupiter is
at least 62
Relative to the distant stars, Venus
completes less than one full rotation each time it orbits the Sun
Comets are usually made of
ice and possibly frozen gas
Kuiper Belt objects are usually made of
ice and possibly frozen gas
The circular structures on the surface of the Moon are the result of
impacts
The presence of frozen water on Venus is
impossible because every part of it is too hot for water ice
The rotation axis of Neptune is
inclined at an angle to the perpendicular that is similar to Earth's rotation axis
The rotation axis of Saturn is
inclined at an angle to the perpendicular that is similar to Earth's rotation axis
A unit of mass is the
kilogram
The Russian Venera 9 space probe was sent to Venus, where it
landed on the surface and took pictures
The jovian planets typically have
large systems of moons
The density of rock is about 3000kg/m³. The densities of the jovian planets are
less than 3000kg/m³ because they are mostly gas
So far (as of 2008), the planet Mercury has been visited by
two successful space probes
Asteroids are
usually found in.the asteroid belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
The distance from the Earth to the Moon
varies enough that sometimes we get an annular solar eclipse
Which of the following objects has no magnetic field at all?
Earth's Moon
The Law of Inertia states that a moving object will
keep moving if no force acts on it
Which of the following temperatures is closest to what you might expect on the planet Jupiter?
- 250ºF
Which of the following temperatures is closest to what you might expect on the planet Saturn?
-250°F
Which of the following temperatures is closest to what you might expect on the planet Uranus?
-350°F
The number of moons of Mercury is
0
The number of moons of Venus is
0
An ion rocket engine produces 1 Newton of thrust. What acceleration can it give to a space probe with a mass of 1000kg?
0.001 m/s²; Calculate a = F/m = 1/1000 = 0.001
An ion rocket engine produces 5 Newtons of thrust. What acceleration can it give to a space probe with a mass of 1000kg?
0.005 m/s²; a = F/m = 5/1000 = 0.005
A solar sail is a large sheet of light-reflecting plastic spread on an extremely low-mass framework and attached to a spacecraft. Sunlight exerts a force on the sail and moves the spacecraft. Suppose the spacecraft has a total mass of 1000kg (including the sail) and sunlight exerts a total force of 5N on the sail. What will be the acceleration of the spacecraft?
0.005m/s²
A solar sail is a large sheet of light-reflecting plastic spread on an extremely low-mass framework and attached to a spacecraft. Sunlight exerts a force on the sail and moves the spacecraft. Suppose the spacecraft has a total mass of 100kg (including the sail) and sunlight exerts a total force of 2N on the sail. What will be the acceleration of the spacecraft?
0.02m/s²; a = F/m = 2/100 = 0.02
Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 20 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?
10 Newtons upward
What total force will cause an object with a mass of 1kg to gain 10 meters per second every second?
10 Newtons; F = ma = (1)×(10) = 10
What total force will cause an object with a mass of 2kg to gain 5 meters per second every second?
10 Newtons; F = ma = (2)×(5) = 10
Jupiter rotates on its axis once in about
10 hours
Saturn rotates on its axis once in about
10 hours
Compared to the Earth, the planet Jupiter is roughly
10 times as large
Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 22 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?
12 Newtons; The lifting force is up and the force of gravity is down, so the total is 22 - 10 = 12
Uranus rotates on its axis once in about
17 hours
The first successful soft landing on the Moon was Surveyor 1 in
1966
The number of moons of Mars is
2
Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 12 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?
2 Newtons; The forces are opposite, so subtract: 12 - 10 = 2
A suborbital rocket such as an intercontinental ballistic missile or perhaps a passenger rocket from North America to Australia is most likely to leave the Earth's atmosphere at a speed of
4 miles per second
Compared to the Earth, the planet Uranus is roughly
4 times as large
Suppose that you try to lift an object by exerting an upward force of 5 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?
5 Newtons downward; Take the difference 10 - 5 = 5. The 10N downward force is larger, so the total force on the object is downward
What total force will cause an object with a mass of 5kg to gain 10 meters per second every second?
50 Newtons; F = ma = (5)×(10) = 50
The density of water is 1000kg/m3 while the density of iron is 7800kg/m3. Which of the following values is a plausible value for the density of a terrestrial planet?
5000kg/m³
Which of the following temperatures would be most likely at noon on the hottest day of the year in the warmest part of Mars?
50F
The density of water is 1000kg/m³ while the density of rock is 3000kg/m³. Which of the following values is a plausible value for the density of a jovian planet?
700kg/m³
The first human landing on the Moon was
Apollo 11 in 1969
Which of the following objects is a moon of Jupiter?
Callisto
The first spacecraft to go into orbit around Saturn was
Cassini-Huygens
The first spacecraft to put a lander on Titan was
Cassini-Huygens
Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere whose temperature and pressure permit all three forms of water?
Earth
Who discovered Newton's First Law of Motion?
Galileo
Which of the following objects is the largest moon of Jupiter?
Ganymede
The International Space Station (ISS) is in a roughly circular orbit near the surface of the Earth, moving at around 5 miles per second. Suppose that it is desired to raise it to a new circular orbit, farther from the surface by having the space shuttle give it one or more short boosts. Which of the following schemes will work?
Increase its speed to 6 miles per second and then give it another speed boost when its distance from the Earth stops increasing
An astronomical unit is defined to be
the average distance from the Earth to the Sun
A planet with a large system of moons would have to be a
Jovian Planet
Pioneer 10 was an early space probe sent to fly past
Jupiter
Which of the following objects has a magnetic field with about ten times the intensity of the Earth's field?
Jupiter
Which of the following planets has a magnetic field that is thought to be generated by liquid metallic hydrogen?
Jupiter
Which of the following planets is 11 times the size of the Earth?
Jupiter
The second space probe to reach the planet Mercury was
MESSENGER
Which of the following space probes made detailed three dimensional maps of Venus using radar from orbit around the planet?
Magellan
The first space probe to reach the planet Mercury was
Mariner 10
Which of the following spacecraft went into orbit around Mars only to find the surface totally obscured by a planet-wide dust storm?
Mariner 9
Mariner 9 was an early space probe sent to orbit
Mars
Which of the following objects has no overall magnetic field except for small regions due to magnetized ore deposits?
Mars
Which of the following planets has a moon that rises in the West?
Mars
Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere with about 1% of the surface pressure of Earth's?
Mars
Which of these planets is the farthest from the Sun?
Mars
Which of the following was the spacecraft that operated in Mars orbit for nine years, finding traces of water and an early magnetic field?
Mars Global Surveyor
Which of these planets has a solar day that is very close to an Earth day in length?
Mars; Just 39 minutes longer
Which of the following planets has just two moons?
Mars; Phobos and Deimos
Which of the following planets can be said to have almost no atmosphere?
Mercury
Which of the following planets has a magnetic field whose intensity is about 1% of the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field?
Mercury
Which of the following planets has no moons at all?
Mercury
Which of these sequences places the inner planets in the correct order from the Sun, from the closest to the farthest?
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (farthest)
Changes in the intensity of sunlight due to shifts in both the Earth's orbit and rotation axis cause
Milankovich cycles
In the surface Environment of Mars, water exists
Mostly as ice and water vapor
The temperature on Jupiter is
Much colder than anywhere on Earth
The temperature on Saturn is
Much colder than anywhere on Earth
The temperature on Uranus is
Much colder than anywhere on Earth; 357°F below zero
The temperature on Neptune is
Much colder than anywhere on Earth; About 350°F below zero
Which of the following objects has a magnetic field whose North and South poles are displaced from its rotation axis poles and also from the center of the planet?
Neptune
Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere consisting mainly of Hydrogen and Helium with some methane?
Neptune
Which of these planets has a rotation axis that is inclined in much the same way as that of Earth?
Neptune
Which of these planets is the farthest from the Sun?
Neptune
A unit of force is the
Newton
The first space probe to place a robotic rover on the surface of Mars was
Pathfinder
The first space probe to test the air-bag landing system was
Pathfinder
Which of these Moons rises in the West as seen from its primary planet?
Phobos
Which of the following spacecraft were the first to fly past Jupiter?
Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11
Which of the following spacecraft was the first to fly past Saturn?
Pioneer 11
The largest dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt is
Pluto
The first space probes to land on another planet were from the
Russian Venera series
The first successful soft landing on the Moon was
Surveyor 1 in 1966
A large vortex or hurricane on Jupiter has been named
The Great Red Spot
When Newton calculated the magnitude of the acceleration of Earth's Moon, and compared it to the acceleration of falling objects on the surface of the Earth, he found that
The Moon's acceleration was smaller
A book, weighing 10 Newtons, sits on a table. Which of the following pairs of forces is an action-reaction pair?
The force that the book exerts on the table and the force that the table exerts on the book
Which of the following statements about the moons of terrestrial planets is currently accepted?
They sometimes capture moons by accident
Which of the following objects is the largest moon of Saturn?
Titan
Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere with about 1.6 times the surface pressure of Earth's?
Titan
Which of the following objects is the largest moon of Neptune?
Triton
Which of the following objects has a magnetic field whose North and South poles are displaced from its rotation axis poles and also from the center of the planet.?
Uranus
Which of the following objects has a magnetic field whose origin is not explained by any currently accepted model?
Uranus
Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere consisting mainly of Hydrogen and Helium with some methane?
Uranus
Which of these planets has a rotation axis that is almost in the plane of its orbit so that its ring system can sometimes be seen as near-circles
Uranus
The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft
Went into orbit around the planet Saturn
Jupiter has
a few rings made of dark rocks
The magnetic field of Mercury is
about 1% of the Earth's magnetic field
The magnetic field of Jupiter is
about 10 times the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field
So far (as of 2008), the planet Venus has been visited by
about 20 successful space probes
Saturn's magnetic North and South poles are
almost exactly aligned with its rotation axis
The rotation axis of Uranus is
almost in the plane of its orbit so that its ring system can sometimes be seen as near-circles
Mercury has
almost no atmosphere
In comparison to Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, Newton's theory of Universal Gravitation predicted
almost the same motions but with corrections
Jupiter has
an atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium with no real surface
Saturn has
an atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium with no real surface
Neptune has
an atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium with some methane
Uranus has
an atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium with some methane
Mars has
an atmosphere of carbon dioxide with about 1% the surface pressure of Earth's
Venus has
an atmosphere of carbon dioxide with about 90 times the surface pressure of Earth's
Titan has
an atmosphere whose temperature and pressure permit liquid methane
Once its rockets have ceased firing, an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile will follow a path that is best described as
an ellipse with the center of the Earth at one focus
Saturn has
an extensive ring system made of ice-covered rocks
The Lunar Maria are actually
ancient lava flows
Current theory says that the Moon formed when
another planet collided with the Earth
Hydrated minerals on the Moon
are almost completely absent
Kepler's Laws
are explained by a force that attracts each planet to the Sun
On the present surface of Mars, water has been confirmed to exist
as ice at the poles and water vapor in the atmosphere
Asteroids are usually found in the asteroid belt, which is
between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
When Galileo dropped a wooden ball and a heavier iron ball at the same time, he was expecting that
both balls would always hit at exactly the same time
Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance. If one object is twice as heavy as the other, Galileo predicted that
both objects would hit the ground at the same time
Galileo's approach to understanding moving objects was to
build things that he could measure
Space probes often use gravitational slingshot maneuvers. The main purpose of these maneuvers is to
change the direction and speed of the probe without using rockets
At present (within the last few hundred years), the distance from Mars to the Sun
changes enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 40 percent
At present (within the last few hundred years), the distance from the Earth to the Sun
changes enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 6 percent
Milankovich cycles refer to
changes in the intensity of sunlight due to shifts in both the Earth's orbit and rotation axis
The currently accepted theory of how the Moon formed is the
collision theory
Which of the following objects would be most likely to have a long elliptical orbit that takes it from far outside the orbit of Mars to a close approach to the Sun?
comet
Relative to the distant stars, Mercury
completes 1.5 rotations each time it orbits the Sun
The impacts of large objects on the surface of the Moon have caused
craters
Most Kuiper Belt objects can best be described as
dirty snowballs or possibly flying icebergs
Most comets can best be described as
dirty snowballs or possibly flying icebergs
Neptune's magnetic North and South poles are
displaced from its rotation axis poles and also from the center of the planet
Uranus's magnetic North and South poles are
displaced from its rotation axis poles and also from the center of the planet
Mars' orbit is currently
elliptical enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 40 percent
Earth's orbit is currently
elliptical enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 6 percent
Comets usually follow orbits which are
elliptical with aphelia far outside the orbit of Mars
The magnetic field of Earth's Moon is
essentially zero
The magnetic field of Mars is
essentially zero
The magnetic field of Venus is
essentially zero
Most asteroids can best be described as
flying rocks or possibly flying mountains
The International Space Station (ISS) is in a roughly circular orbit near the surface of the Earth, moving at around 5 miles per second. Suppose the Space Shuttle pushes it and quickly increases its speed to 6 miles per second. The ISS will then
follow an ellipse that rises and then descends again
Freely falling objects with different masses fall with the same acceleration because
gravity exerts more force on the more massive object
The density of rock is about 3000kg/m3. The density of the Earth is
greater than 3000kg/m³ because the Earth has an iron core
Mars
has a solar day that is very close to an Earth day in length
Mercury rotates so that it
has a solar day that last for two complete orbits around the Sun
The moon Miranda is peculiar because it
has a surface feature that looks like a giant check mark
The side of the Moon that faces away from the Earth
has only a few small lunar maria
The force of gravity explains
how the tides work but not how lightning works
The statement that lunar material is much "dryer" than Earth material refers to the absence of
hydrated minerals
When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration for a planet that was following Kepler's Laws, he found that the magnitude of the acceleration was
inversely proportional to the square of the planet's distance from the Sun
The Earth's Moon
is 1/4 the size of the Earth, which is unusually large for a moon
The Moon's orbit around the Earth
is elliptical enough to give us an annular solar eclipse when the Moon is near its apogee
If the acceleration of an object is zero, its speed
is not changing
According to Newton's Law of Gravity, the gravitational attraction of the Earth for other objects, such as the Moon, apples on trees and space shuttles in low earth orbit,
is smaller for objects farther from the Earth but never vanishes entirely
The Moon's orbit
is somewhat tilted relative to the plane of the Earth's equator
The Law of Inertia says that if an object is not acted on by any outside force
its acceleration will be zero
The planet Neptune was located because
its gravity disturbed the orbit of Uranus
Galileo said that a moving object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always
keep moving at the same speed
The number of maria on the side of the Moon facing away from the Earth is
less than on the side facing Earth
The dark markings on the Full Moon that make up the face of the "Man in the Moon" are called Lunar
maria
When a bullet is fired from a gun, the bullet keeps moving after it leaves the gun barrel because
no force stops it
When an arrow is fired from a bow, the arrow keeps moving after it leaves the bow because
no force stops it
The Moon rotates on its axis relative to the distant stars
once every sideareal month
The distance from the Earth to the Sun is
one astronomical unit
The Mars Global Surveyor
operated in Mars orbit for nine years until 2006
The key argument against the Moon forming from the Earth alone, by breakup of a single object is that the Moon's
orbit is tilted relative to Earth's equator
Mariner 10 was the first space probe to reach the
planet Mercury
The presence of frozen water on Mercury is
possible because it has no axial tilt so that its poles never face the Sun
The Earth's magnetic field plays an essential role in
protecting the Earth from charged particles from the Sun
Space probes often visit several planets before getting to their final destinations. The main reason they do this is to
reduce the amount of rocket fuel needed
Asteroids are usually made of
rock and possibly iron
Venus
rotates backwards so that the Sun rises in the West
The current model for the way that planets acquire magnetic fields requires which of the following combinations of things?
rotation and a core that contains a liquid electrical conductor
Aristotle said that a moving earthly or 'mundane' object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always
slow down and stop
The magnetic field of Uranus is thought to be generated by
something that is not on this list
When Galileo dropped a wooden ball and a heavier iron ball at the same time, he found that
sometimes the wooden ball hit first, sometimes the iron one hit first
Since the last Apollo mission to the Moon and the last Soviet LUNA sample-return mission
spacecraft began to be sent there again starting in 1990
Aristotle said that the amount of force on a moving earthly object determines its
speed
Which of these is a distinctive feature of the Earth's atmosphere?
temperature and pressure permit all three phases of water
In Newton's Theory,
the Earth and Moon move around a common point which, in turn, goes around the Sun
An artificial satellite such as the International Space Station stays up because
the Earth curves out from under it as fast as it falls
Our Sun sends out intense streams of charged particle radiation. The radiation is prevented from hitting the Earth's atmosphere by
the Earth's magnetic field
In Newton's Theory of planetary motion,
the Sun and Earth move around each other
The recoil or 'kick' of a gun that is firing a bullet is a force exerted on the gun by
the bullet
The force that acts on a rocket because its engine is firing is exerted by
the exhaust from the rocket
According to Galileo, a thrown spear keeps moving after it has left the spear thrower's hand because
the force of friction with the air is not enough to stop the spear
According to Aristotle, a thrown spear keeps moving after it has left the spear thrower's hand because
the force of the air disturbed by the spear keeps it in motion
Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance. If one object is twice as heavy as the other, Aristotle predicted that
the heavier object would hit the ground long before the lighter one
Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance. If one object is twice as heavy as the other, Aristotle would predict that
the heavier object would hit the ground long before the lighter one
Suppose that you drop a wooden ball and an iron ball, both the exact same diameter, from the same height at the same time. Aristotle would predict that
the iron ball would hit the ground long before the wooden ball
Pluto is now regarded as
the largest dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt
Viking 1 and 2 were sent to explore
the planet Mars
Suppose that an object with a mass of one kilogram and an object with a mass of two kilograms are both in free fall near the Earth's surface. As compared to the one kilogram object, the two kilogram object accelerates
the same because gravity pulls on it more strongly and it has more inertia
The fact that the International Space Station is above most of the Earth's atmosphere is important because it means that
there is no air friction to slow the space station down
In the ancient Greek theory of gravity, everything was attracted to the center of the universe. In Newton's theory of gravity, everything was attracted
to every other object in the universe
Pathfinder was the first
to use airbags to land on Mars and to place a robotic rover on the surface of Mars
The Moon rotates on its axis so that it always keeps the same side
toward the Earth
When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of Earth's Moon, he found that the direction was
toward the Earth
When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration for a planet that was following Kepler's Laws, he found that the direction of the acceleration was
toward the Sun
The spacecraft Galileo
went into orbit around the planet Jupiter and dropped a probe into its atmosphere
The Law of Inertia says that if an object is not acted on by any outside force, its acceleration
will always be zero
If an object is moving at constant speed in a straight line, its acceleration is
zero
