Test 2

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What total force will cause an object with a mass of 1kg to gain 5 meters per second every second?

5 Newtons; F = ma = (1)×(5) = 5

Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere consisting mainly of Hydrogen and Helium?

Jupiter

Which of these planets has a solar day that is shorter than half an Earth day in length?

Jupiter

Which of these sequences places the outer planets in the correct order from the Sun, from the closest to the farthest

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (farthest)

Which of these planets has a solar day that is shorter than half an Earth day in length?

Saturn

The magnetic field of Saturn is

Similar in intensity to the Earth's magnetic field

The range of temperatures on Mars is

Similar to those in Antarctica

Which of the following planets has no magnetic field of any kind?

Venus

Which of the following planets has the highest surface temperature?

Venus

Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere with about 90 times the surface pressure of Earth's

Venus

Which of the following three systems is regarded as the most normal for a terrestrial planet?

Venus, with no moons at all

The temperature at the poles of Mercury is expected to be

Very hot all of the time on mountain peaks hit by the Sun and very cold all of the time in craters never hit by the Sun

The first soft landing on Mars was by the

Viking landers

Which of the following spacecraft was the second to fly past Saturn and the first to target the moon Titan?

Voyager 1

Which of the following spacecraft is the only one to have flown past Neptune?

Voyager 2

Which of the following spacecraft is the only one to have flown past Uranus?

Voyager 2

A surface feature that is unique to Saturn is

a hexagon-shaped pattern of clouds at its North Pole

The Great Red Spot is

a hurricane on Jupiter

According to the currently accepted model of how planets generate magnetic fields, a rotating planet with a substantial magnetic field must contain

a liquid electrical conductor

The magnetic field of Jupiter indicates that its core must contain large amounts of

a liquid that can conduct electricity

Galileo's approach to science is best described as based on

active construction of simplified experiments

Newton's explanation of Kepler's Laws relied upon a force that

acts on all objects

The number of moons of Jupiter is

at least 62

Relative to the distant stars, Venus

completes less than one full rotation each time it orbits the Sun

Comets are usually made of

ice and possibly frozen gas

Kuiper Belt objects are usually made of

ice and possibly frozen gas

The circular structures on the surface of the Moon are the result of

impacts

The presence of frozen water on Venus is

impossible because every part of it is too hot for water ice

The rotation axis of Neptune is

inclined at an angle to the perpendicular that is similar to Earth's rotation axis

The rotation axis of Saturn is

inclined at an angle to the perpendicular that is similar to Earth's rotation axis

A unit of mass is the

kilogram

The Russian Venera 9 space probe was sent to Venus, where it

landed on the surface and took pictures

The jovian planets typically have

large systems of moons

The density of rock is about 3000kg/m³. The densities of the jovian planets are

less than 3000kg/m³ because they are mostly gas

So far (as of 2008), the planet Mercury has been visited by

two successful space probes

Asteroids are

usually found in.the asteroid belt, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter

The distance from the Earth to the Moon

varies enough that sometimes we get an annular solar eclipse

Which of the following objects has no magnetic field at all?

Earth's Moon

The Law of Inertia states that a moving object will

keep moving if no force acts on it

Which of the following temperatures is closest to what you might expect on the planet Jupiter?

- 250ºF

Which of the following temperatures is closest to what you might expect on the planet Saturn?

-250°F

Which of the following temperatures is closest to what you might expect on the planet Uranus?

-350°F

The number of moons of Mercury is

0

The number of moons of Venus is

0

An ion rocket engine produces 1 Newton of thrust. What acceleration can it give to a space probe with a mass of 1000kg?

0.001 m/s²; Calculate a = F/m = 1/1000 = 0.001

An ion rocket engine produces 5 Newtons of thrust. What acceleration can it give to a space probe with a mass of 1000kg?

0.005 m/s²; a = F/m = 5/1000 = 0.005

A solar sail is a large sheet of light-reflecting plastic spread on an extremely low-mass framework and attached to a spacecraft. Sunlight exerts a force on the sail and moves the spacecraft. Suppose the spacecraft has a total mass of 1000kg (including the sail) and sunlight exerts a total force of 5N on the sail. What will be the acceleration of the spacecraft?

0.005m/s²

A solar sail is a large sheet of light-reflecting plastic spread on an extremely low-mass framework and attached to a spacecraft. Sunlight exerts a force on the sail and moves the spacecraft. Suppose the spacecraft has a total mass of 100kg (including the sail) and sunlight exerts a total force of 2N on the sail. What will be the acceleration of the spacecraft?

0.02m/s²; a = F/m = 2/100 = 0.02

Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 20 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?

10 Newtons upward

What total force will cause an object with a mass of 1kg to gain 10 meters per second every second?

10 Newtons; F = ma = (1)×(10) = 10

What total force will cause an object with a mass of 2kg to gain 5 meters per second every second?

10 Newtons; F = ma = (2)×(5) = 10

Jupiter rotates on its axis once in about

10 hours

Saturn rotates on its axis once in about

10 hours

Compared to the Earth, the planet Jupiter is roughly

10 times as large

Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 22 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?

12 Newtons; The lifting force is up and the force of gravity is down, so the total is 22 - 10 = 12

Uranus rotates on its axis once in about

17 hours

The first successful soft landing on the Moon was Surveyor 1 in

1966

The number of moons of Mars is

2

Suppose that you lift an object by exerting an upward force of 12 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?

2 Newtons; The forces are opposite, so subtract: 12 - 10 = 2

A suborbital rocket such as an intercontinental ballistic missile or perhaps a passenger rocket from North America to Australia is most likely to leave the Earth's atmosphere at a speed of

4 miles per second

Compared to the Earth, the planet Uranus is roughly

4 times as large

Suppose that you try to lift an object by exerting an upward force of 5 Newtons on it. If gravity exerts a force of 10 Newtons downward on the object, what is the total force on the object?

5 Newtons downward; Take the difference 10 - 5 = 5. The 10N downward force is larger, so the total force on the object is downward

What total force will cause an object with a mass of 5kg to gain 10 meters per second every second?

50 Newtons; F = ma = (5)×(10) = 50

The density of water is 1000kg/m3 while the density of iron is 7800kg/m3. Which of the following values is a plausible value for the density of a terrestrial planet?

5000kg/m³

Which of the following temperatures would be most likely at noon on the hottest day of the year in the warmest part of Mars?

50F

The density of water is 1000kg/m³ while the density of rock is 3000kg/m³. Which of the following values is a plausible value for the density of a jovian planet?

700kg/m³

The first human landing on the Moon was

Apollo 11 in 1969

Which of the following objects is a moon of Jupiter?

Callisto

The first spacecraft to go into orbit around Saturn was

Cassini-Huygens

The first spacecraft to put a lander on Titan was

Cassini-Huygens

Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere whose temperature and pressure permit all three forms of water?

Earth

Who discovered Newton's First Law of Motion?

Galileo

Which of the following objects is the largest moon of Jupiter?

Ganymede

The International Space Station (ISS) is in a roughly circular orbit near the surface of the Earth, moving at around 5 miles per second. Suppose that it is desired to raise it to a new circular orbit, farther from the surface by having the space shuttle give it one or more short boosts. Which of the following schemes will work?

Increase its speed to 6 miles per second and then give it another speed boost when its distance from the Earth stops increasing

An astronomical unit is defined to be

the average distance from the Earth to the Sun

A planet with a large system of moons would have to be a

Jovian Planet

Pioneer 10 was an early space probe sent to fly past

Jupiter

Which of the following objects has a magnetic field with about ten times the intensity of the Earth's field?

Jupiter

Which of the following planets has a magnetic field that is thought to be generated by liquid metallic hydrogen?

Jupiter

Which of the following planets is 11 times the size of the Earth?

Jupiter

The second space probe to reach the planet Mercury was

MESSENGER

Which of the following space probes made detailed three dimensional maps of Venus using radar from orbit around the planet?

Magellan

The first space probe to reach the planet Mercury was

Mariner 10

Which of the following spacecraft went into orbit around Mars only to find the surface totally obscured by a planet-wide dust storm?

Mariner 9

Mariner 9 was an early space probe sent to orbit

Mars

Which of the following objects has no overall magnetic field except for small regions due to magnetized ore deposits?

Mars

Which of the following planets has a moon that rises in the West?

Mars

Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere with about 1% of the surface pressure of Earth's?

Mars

Which of these planets is the farthest from the Sun?

Mars

Which of the following was the spacecraft that operated in Mars orbit for nine years, finding traces of water and an early magnetic field?

Mars Global Surveyor

Which of these planets has a solar day that is very close to an Earth day in length?

Mars; Just 39 minutes longer

Which of the following planets has just two moons?

Mars; Phobos and Deimos

Which of the following planets can be said to have almost no atmosphere?

Mercury

Which of the following planets has a magnetic field whose intensity is about 1% of the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field?

Mercury

Which of the following planets has no moons at all?

Mercury

Which of these sequences places the inner planets in the correct order from the Sun, from the closest to the farthest?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (farthest)

Changes in the intensity of sunlight due to shifts in both the Earth's orbit and rotation axis cause

Milankovich cycles

In the surface Environment of Mars, water exists

Mostly as ice and water vapor

The temperature on Jupiter is

Much colder than anywhere on Earth

The temperature on Saturn is

Much colder than anywhere on Earth

The temperature on Uranus is

Much colder than anywhere on Earth; 357°F below zero

The temperature on Neptune is

Much colder than anywhere on Earth; About 350°F below zero

Which of the following objects has a magnetic field whose North and South poles are displaced from its rotation axis poles and also from the center of the planet?

Neptune

Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere consisting mainly of Hydrogen and Helium with some methane?

Neptune

Which of these planets has a rotation axis that is inclined in much the same way as that of Earth?

Neptune

Which of these planets is the farthest from the Sun?

Neptune

A unit of force is the

Newton

The first space probe to place a robotic rover on the surface of Mars was

Pathfinder

The first space probe to test the air-bag landing system was

Pathfinder

Which of these Moons rises in the West as seen from its primary planet?

Phobos

Which of the following spacecraft were the first to fly past Jupiter?

Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11

Which of the following spacecraft was the first to fly past Saturn?

Pioneer 11

The largest dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt is

Pluto

The first space probes to land on another planet were from the

Russian Venera series

The first successful soft landing on the Moon was

Surveyor 1 in 1966

A large vortex or hurricane on Jupiter has been named

The Great Red Spot

When Newton calculated the magnitude of the acceleration of Earth's Moon, and compared it to the acceleration of falling objects on the surface of the Earth, he found that

The Moon's acceleration was smaller

A book, weighing 10 Newtons, sits on a table. Which of the following pairs of forces is an action-reaction pair?

The force that the book exerts on the table and the force that the table exerts on the book

Which of the following statements about the moons of terrestrial planets is currently accepted?

They sometimes capture moons by accident

Which of the following objects is the largest moon of Saturn?

Titan

Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere with about 1.6 times the surface pressure of Earth's?

Titan

Which of the following objects is the largest moon of Neptune?

Triton

Which of the following objects has a magnetic field whose North and South poles are displaced from its rotation axis poles and also from the center of the planet.?

Uranus

Which of the following objects has a magnetic field whose origin is not explained by any currently accepted model?

Uranus

Which of the following planets or moons has an atmosphere consisting mainly of Hydrogen and Helium with some methane?

Uranus

Which of these planets has a rotation axis that is almost in the plane of its orbit so that its ring system can sometimes be seen as near-circles

Uranus

The Cassini-Huygens spacecraft

Went into orbit around the planet Saturn

Jupiter has

a few rings made of dark rocks

The magnetic field of Mercury is

about 1% of the Earth's magnetic field

The magnetic field of Jupiter is

about 10 times the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field

So far (as of 2008), the planet Venus has been visited by

about 20 successful space probes

Saturn's magnetic North and South poles are

almost exactly aligned with its rotation axis

The rotation axis of Uranus is

almost in the plane of its orbit so that its ring system can sometimes be seen as near-circles

Mercury has

almost no atmosphere

In comparison to Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, Newton's theory of Universal Gravitation predicted

almost the same motions but with corrections

Jupiter has

an atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium with no real surface

Saturn has

an atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium with no real surface

Neptune has

an atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium with some methane

Uranus has

an atmosphere of Hydrogen and Helium with some methane

Mars has

an atmosphere of carbon dioxide with about 1% the surface pressure of Earth's

Venus has

an atmosphere of carbon dioxide with about 90 times the surface pressure of Earth's

Titan has

an atmosphere whose temperature and pressure permit liquid methane

Once its rockets have ceased firing, an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile will follow a path that is best described as

an ellipse with the center of the Earth at one focus

Saturn has

an extensive ring system made of ice-covered rocks

The Lunar Maria are actually

ancient lava flows

Current theory says that the Moon formed when

another planet collided with the Earth

Hydrated minerals on the Moon

are almost completely absent

Kepler's Laws

are explained by a force that attracts each planet to the Sun

On the present surface of Mars, water has been confirmed to exist

as ice at the poles and water vapor in the atmosphere

Asteroids are usually found in the asteroid belt, which is

between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter

When Galileo dropped a wooden ball and a heavier iron ball at the same time, he was expecting that

both balls would always hit at exactly the same time

Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance. If one object is twice as heavy as the other, Galileo predicted that

both objects would hit the ground at the same time

Galileo's approach to understanding moving objects was to

build things that he could measure

Space probes often use gravitational slingshot maneuvers. The main purpose of these maneuvers is to

change the direction and speed of the probe without using rockets

At present (within the last few hundred years), the distance from Mars to the Sun

changes enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 40 percent

At present (within the last few hundred years), the distance from the Earth to the Sun

changes enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 6 percent

Milankovich cycles refer to

changes in the intensity of sunlight due to shifts in both the Earth's orbit and rotation axis

The currently accepted theory of how the Moon formed is the

collision theory

Which of the following objects would be most likely to have a long elliptical orbit that takes it from far outside the orbit of Mars to a close approach to the Sun?

comet

Relative to the distant stars, Mercury

completes 1.5 rotations each time it orbits the Sun

The impacts of large objects on the surface of the Moon have caused

craters

Most Kuiper Belt objects can best be described as

dirty snowballs or possibly flying icebergs

Most comets can best be described as

dirty snowballs or possibly flying icebergs

Neptune's magnetic North and South poles are

displaced from its rotation axis poles and also from the center of the planet

Uranus's magnetic North and South poles are

displaced from its rotation axis poles and also from the center of the planet

Mars' orbit is currently

elliptical enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 40 percent

Earth's orbit is currently

elliptical enough to make the intensity of sunlight vary by 6 percent

Comets usually follow orbits which are

elliptical with aphelia far outside the orbit of Mars

The magnetic field of Earth's Moon is

essentially zero

The magnetic field of Mars is

essentially zero

The magnetic field of Venus is

essentially zero

Most asteroids can best be described as

flying rocks or possibly flying mountains

The International Space Station (ISS) is in a roughly circular orbit near the surface of the Earth, moving at around 5 miles per second. Suppose the Space Shuttle pushes it and quickly increases its speed to 6 miles per second. The ISS will then

follow an ellipse that rises and then descends again

Freely falling objects with different masses fall with the same acceleration because

gravity exerts more force on the more massive object

The density of rock is about 3000kg/m3. The density of the Earth is

greater than 3000kg/m³ because the Earth has an iron core

Mars

has a solar day that is very close to an Earth day in length

Mercury rotates so that it

has a solar day that last for two complete orbits around the Sun

The moon Miranda is peculiar because it

has a surface feature that looks like a giant check mark

The side of the Moon that faces away from the Earth

has only a few small lunar maria

The force of gravity explains

how the tides work but not how lightning works

The statement that lunar material is much "dryer" than Earth material refers to the absence of

hydrated minerals

When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration for a planet that was following Kepler's Laws, he found that the magnitude of the acceleration was

inversely proportional to the square of the planet's distance from the Sun

The Earth's Moon

is 1/4 the size of the Earth, which is unusually large for a moon

The Moon's orbit around the Earth

is elliptical enough to give us an annular solar eclipse when the Moon is near its apogee

If the acceleration of an object is zero, its speed

is not changing

According to Newton's Law of Gravity, the gravitational attraction of the Earth for other objects, such as the Moon, apples on trees and space shuttles in low earth orbit,

is smaller for objects farther from the Earth but never vanishes entirely

The Moon's orbit

is somewhat tilted relative to the plane of the Earth's equator

The Law of Inertia says that if an object is not acted on by any outside force

its acceleration will be zero

The planet Neptune was located because

its gravity disturbed the orbit of Uranus

Galileo said that a moving object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always

keep moving at the same speed

The number of maria on the side of the Moon facing away from the Earth is

less than on the side facing Earth

The dark markings on the Full Moon that make up the face of the "Man in the Moon" are called Lunar

maria

When a bullet is fired from a gun, the bullet keeps moving after it leaves the gun barrel because

no force stops it

When an arrow is fired from a bow, the arrow keeps moving after it leaves the bow because

no force stops it

The Moon rotates on its axis relative to the distant stars

once every sideareal month

The distance from the Earth to the Sun is

one astronomical unit

The Mars Global Surveyor

operated in Mars orbit for nine years until 2006

The key argument against the Moon forming from the Earth alone, by breakup of a single object is that the Moon's

orbit is tilted relative to Earth's equator

Mariner 10 was the first space probe to reach the

planet Mercury

The presence of frozen water on Mercury is

possible because it has no axial tilt so that its poles never face the Sun

The Earth's magnetic field plays an essential role in

protecting the Earth from charged particles from the Sun

Space probes often visit several planets before getting to their final destinations. The main reason they do this is to

reduce the amount of rocket fuel needed

Asteroids are usually made of

rock and possibly iron

Venus

rotates backwards so that the Sun rises in the West

The current model for the way that planets acquire magnetic fields requires which of the following combinations of things?

rotation and a core that contains a liquid electrical conductor

Aristotle said that a moving earthly or 'mundane' object with nothing pushing or pulling on it will always

slow down and stop

The magnetic field of Uranus is thought to be generated by

something that is not on this list

When Galileo dropped a wooden ball and a heavier iron ball at the same time, he found that

sometimes the wooden ball hit first, sometimes the iron one hit first

Since the last Apollo mission to the Moon and the last Soviet LUNA sample-return mission

spacecraft began to be sent there again starting in 1990

Aristotle said that the amount of force on a moving earthly object determines its

speed

Which of these is a distinctive feature of the Earth's atmosphere?

temperature and pressure permit all three phases of water

In Newton's Theory,

the Earth and Moon move around a common point which, in turn, goes around the Sun

An artificial satellite such as the International Space Station stays up because

the Earth curves out from under it as fast as it falls

Our Sun sends out intense streams of charged particle radiation. The radiation is prevented from hitting the Earth's atmosphere by

the Earth's magnetic field

In Newton's Theory of planetary motion,

the Sun and Earth move around each other

The recoil or 'kick' of a gun that is firing a bullet is a force exerted on the gun by

the bullet

The force that acts on a rocket because its engine is firing is exerted by

the exhaust from the rocket

According to Galileo, a thrown spear keeps moving after it has left the spear thrower's hand because

the force of friction with the air is not enough to stop the spear

According to Aristotle, a thrown spear keeps moving after it has left the spear thrower's hand because

the force of the air disturbed by the spear keeps it in motion

Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance. If one object is twice as heavy as the other, Aristotle predicted that

the heavier object would hit the ground long before the lighter one

Suppose that you drop two objects from the same height at the same time. Both objects are heavy enough to be unaffected by air resistance. If one object is twice as heavy as the other, Aristotle would predict that

the heavier object would hit the ground long before the lighter one

Suppose that you drop a wooden ball and an iron ball, both the exact same diameter, from the same height at the same time. Aristotle would predict that

the iron ball would hit the ground long before the wooden ball

Pluto is now regarded as

the largest dwarf planet in the Kuiper Belt

Viking 1 and 2 were sent to explore

the planet Mars

Suppose that an object with a mass of one kilogram and an object with a mass of two kilograms are both in free fall near the Earth's surface. As compared to the one kilogram object, the two kilogram object accelerates

the same because gravity pulls on it more strongly and it has more inertia

The fact that the International Space Station is above most of the Earth's atmosphere is important because it means that

there is no air friction to slow the space station down

In the ancient Greek theory of gravity, everything was attracted to the center of the universe. In Newton's theory of gravity, everything was attracted

to every other object in the universe

Pathfinder was the first

to use airbags to land on Mars and to place a robotic rover on the surface of Mars

The Moon rotates on its axis so that it always keeps the same side

toward the Earth

When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration of Earth's Moon, he found that the direction was

toward the Earth

When Newton calculated the magnitude and direction of the acceleration for a planet that was following Kepler's Laws, he found that the direction of the acceleration was

toward the Sun

The spacecraft Galileo

went into orbit around the planet Jupiter and dropped a probe into its atmosphere

The Law of Inertia says that if an object is not acted on by any outside force, its acceleration

will always be zero

If an object is moving at constant speed in a straight line, its acceleration is

zero


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