test 3
ch 10 q 4 Determine the political characteristics and personality traits that contributed to Jackson's image as a "man of the people
" Although Jackson was a rich man, he was considered a "man of the people" because of his backwoods and solitary upbrininging. This solitary life taught him to fight his own battles, this along with his reputation as a war hero and his lack of education made people relate to him more. Also, he held huge public rallies, picnics, or other events to campaign to the common man.
ch 8 q8. Analyze the causes, conduct, and outcome of the War 1812.
-Caused by tensions between America and Britain due to bad foreign policy especially on America's part -America was not prepared, they wouldn't pass taxes or provide resources, much of the country was against the war, and were bad at fighting on land. -Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but didn't do much, neither country gave up land, but it was better than continued conflict
ch 8 q10. Discuss the reasons for the ultimate demise of the Federalist party during this era.
-Hamilton was killed. -Many persuaded to convert into the Republican party. -After treaty of Ghent was signed the Federalist party lost all respect
ch 8 q9. Account for James Madison's ineffectiveness as president.
-He was terrible at foreign policy -Chose to rush into war -Wasn't a leader -He was convinced way too easily
ch 12 q10 Discuss the other more radical reform ventures in the mid-nineteenth century. What impact did they have on society?
A new radical belief, called spiritualism, thought everyone could speak to the dead. Also, utopian socialism came about. This was all about working for the common good and fair distribution of work. It did not last long. Shakers, who believed in equality, communal ownership, and celibacy, did not interact with society. The Oneida community believed in free love. Lastly, is transcendentalism. This was a literary and philosophical movement which greatly affected the nation
ch 11 q 5. Describe the daily lives of a typical planter, a small slave holder, a yeoman farmer, and a mountaineer.
A wealthy planter had much influence over politics and offices in the government. He had a plantation, possibly cotton or tobacco, and owned many slaves. He was a shrewd entrepeneur and was sometimes cruel to his slaves. A small slaveholder did not have many slaves, possibly under 10 in total, and kept them for mainly domestic work. These men did work by themselves, and only used slaves to lessen their own labor. A yeoman farmer did not own slaves. He did all of his work by himself - garden work, domestic chores, field work. He was not very poor and lived a decent life. A mountaineer did not have slaves either.
ch 12 q5 Explain the purpose of public education according to Horace Mann.
According to Horace Mann the purpose of public education was to design and shape individual character and to instil a capacity for self discipline. The public education system allowed the middle class to attend schooling and receive and proper education. Horace Mann created the Board of Education so more Americans could become more educated. By keeping the middle class the school could turn potentially criminals, and revolutionaries into law abiding citizens. He believed that the public education system would encourage social mobility by opening doors for lower class children who were determined to do better than their parents.
ch 9 q 1 Analyze the factors that contributed to the rise of nationalism after the War of 1812.
After the War of 1812, Americans felt that yet again, they had defeated the British and thought that they were considered a threat to other countries which contributed to the rise of nationalism. Also, economically there was nationalism because of the strong presidency, his cabinet, and Supreme Court.The Monroe Doctrine gave America pride by stating that Europeans should leave the Americas alone politically and economically.
ch 10 q 14 Paraphrase both the blessings and perils of American democracy according to Toqueville.
Alexis de Tocqueville believed that local self government was a blessing of democracy. He was impressed by the participation of local residents in town meetings he had witnessed in New England. Even though he believed American democracy was a good thing he knew it had its faults. He realized that the kind of democracy made in America had no roles for women nor slaves.He realized that the white man was so free that he would not let any other race join him ( white men had treated slaves and Native Americans cruelly). He believed that civil war and a breaking of the Union would be caused by the nullification crisis. He correctly believed that the democracy in the Jacksonian era was only for the white man not those of color
ch 9 q 6 Describe how new economic activities brought forth the early factory system
At first the putting-out system was used more throughout America instead of the factory system. However as artisans began gaining money, they expanded their shops. To keep up with the demand on textile products, artisans began expanding thier workshops into small factories, and artisans began to employ people to work for them. Eventually, many artisans became part of the factory system as owners of factories, creating a whole textile manufacturing system
ch 8 q 3. Explain the circumstances and consequences of the Louisiana Purchase.
Because the French leader Napoleon sent an army to put down a rebellion in France, his troops were able to occupy New Orleans and close down the Mississippi River which would prevent the Americans from using the river for trade. On top of that, Spanish Officials also closed the port for American commerce in October 1802. Although many urged Washington to retaliate by declaring war on the French, he decided to send James Monroe and the American minister to Paris to find out if there was any possibility of purchasing New Orleans. However by that time, due to the tens of thousands of veteran troops who died as a result of tropical disease, Napoleon no longer had any desire to create an American Empire. So the French minister for foreign relations offered the entire Louisiana territory for $15 million. After the purchase, Jefferson became worried that the purchase might be considered unconstitutional. He also realized that in the Louisiana territory there were many people who had Spanish and French backgrounds that were completely unfamiliar with representation institutions. This made Jefferson nervous that the people of Louisiana would not remain loyal to the states. So Jefferson recomended a transitional government that only consisted of appointed officials who then put forth a bill called the Louisiana Government Bill that was criticized by members of the presidents party because it taxed the people of Louisiana without their consent.
ch 9 q 9 Analyze the role played in economic and political matters by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall.
Chief Justice Marshall played an important role in the economic and political matters. He believed that strength, security, and happiness of the American people depended mainly on the economic growth and the creation of new wealth. He clarified the role of the court in the American system of government and placed the protection of individual liberty above the attainment of political, social, and economic equality. He gave shape to the Constitution
ch 9 q 7 Discuss the steps taken by Congress to encourage industry and enterprise.
Congress called for internal improvements (Erie Canal, National Road, steamboats, etc.), which greatly reduced transportation costs and boosted trade. Congress established a second Bank of the United States in 1816 to prevent runaway inflation caused by state banknotes. The BUS was a check on the state banks by forcing them to resume specie payments. Because of the rapidly rising industry, politicians and Congress created new tariffs and ways to protect local manufacturers from foreign competition. There was also the creation of the American System, a high protective tariff to stimulate industrial growth and provide a "home market" for farmers. Congress's actions were directed to making America self-sufficient.
ch 10 q1 Explain factors that contributed to the rise of democracy in the 1820s and 1830s.
Democracy can be defined as society taking control of voting and choosing presidents to their liking. Rather than having the legislature vote based on their own interests, voting was based on the people's interests. The Missouri Compromise, the Corrupt Bargain, and the Spoils System were all contributing factors in the rise of democracy. Democracy became a way for people to vote for their best interest instead of allowing political parties to decide what is the best for them.
ch 9 q 3 Understand why families moved westward and the living conditions they faced
Families moved west for more land and to start a knew life. Moving was not easy, Those thast moved by thyemselves had to become self reliant and make everything for themselves. Many moved with a group of families. When this was done the families harvested the land together and when the crops came they took part in grand festavals. In the west women were in charge of the household while the men worked in the fields. Moving west was hard, difficult so many families moved together to make the journey and new life easier.
ch 11 q 4 Discuss the relevant statistics about slave ownership in the South.
From 1820 to 1860, the amount of slaves in the united states went from 1.5 million to 4 million. while most whites in the south did not own slaves the majority of slaves were owned by a few. eighty eighty percent of the slave owners had less than 20 slaves. Wealthy planters owned 50 or more slaves;These planters made up only 1 percent of the population and owned over 50 percent of the total slave population. ninety percent of the southern slaves worked on a plantation. this clearly shows the great divide in slave ownership between the minority planters and the small slave owners.
ch 12 q11 Assess Hawthorne's interpretation of reform. Is it valid? Explain.
Hawthorne saw the world as an imperfect place that, despite all attempts at reform, will remain imperfect. In fact, he thought that pursuing perfection could be dangerous. Hawthorne wrote satires on how trying to become perfect lead to more harm than good. according to Hawthorne, religious revivals couldn't make people Christ-like, temperance couldn't solve all social problems, and abolition wouldn't lead to a peaceful end to slavery. This pessimistic view suggested that nothing close to perfection could be attained. This isn't valid simply because steps towards improving society just keep getting closer to perfection. today, for instance, we have an African American president. That is definitely a big step towards perfection in race relations.
ch 10 q 2 Analyze the effects of short-staple cotton and the cotton gin on the South.
In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which provided a more efficient and quicker way to remove fibers from short-staple cotton in the process of making cotton. The cotton gin helped the southern economy rise. The North was building more buildings and becoming city-like; however, the easier and faster production of cotton kept the South using the land to farm and build cotton industries rather than building cities. Those that planted other items such as tobacco or rice saw the profits from the cotton; so, they grew cotton instead. Additionally, planting cotton required more land which was available in the lower southern area (Louisiana, Texas, etc). Population increased in the lower south area. Since there were more cotton industries, more slaves were required to do the labor work. Thus, more slaves were labored in the South, and the slaves were taken from the North, the southern islands, Africa, and South America.
ch 10 q6 Contrast the arguments put forth by the states' rightists and the unionists regarding the nullification crisis
In South Carolina, people were furious about the "protective tariff" that was directly hurting the South because farmers had to pay extra for manufactured goods. Plus, they were scared that the federal government waas trying to curb state rights. The taxes that Jackson made seemed like they were geared against Southern farmers so, needless to say, they were not willing to pay and they nullified the tariff. Jackson was against the whole idea of nullification because he wanted to be in complete power and thought the ability for states to nullify laws could be dangerous to the union. Jackson made the force bill to give himself power to send in the military to enforce the law and stop a "treasonous attack on the Union." Jackson made it clear that he was in charge and he wouldn't compromise
ch 10 q 2 Describe how the diffusion of political power among the masses encouraged reform initiative and inspired new literary, artistic, and professional trends.
It was assumed in a democratic society that it was the responsibility of the artist to contribute to the general welfare by encouraging virtue and proper sentiments. Literature and art found new expression in the rise of the democratic spirit. "Paint pictures that will take with the public - never paint for the few but the many". Some catered to popular taste in defiance of tradition. The spirit of the age was captured by portraying ordinary Americans. Some even hoped to improve popular taste and instill deeper moral and spiritual values
ch 10 5 Summarize the problems encountered under Jackson's Indianremoval policy
Jackson encountered problems such as disrupting a well organized community and making them move thousands of miles from their home. He had to consider their involvement in government and the effectiveness of the native indian on the US government. He found out that their openion was limited and was only aknowledged by a few. Thus he made his priorities clear and decided to rid of the native indian population so there would be more farm land for the white man and cheaper. which would help him win the vote of the selected people and help him get reelected
ch 10 q 12 Evaluate Jackson's strategy in "killing the Bank" and his use of state banks as depositories.
Jackson was very much opposed to the federal bank. He waited until 1832 and then vetoed the bank's re-charter and withdrew federal funds in 1833. This succeeded in "killing the bank." Local and state banks began forming and Jackson redistributed the federal bank's funds between these smaller banks. This caused major inflation and later a depression because the paper money issued was not backed by precious metals.
ch 13 q6 Evaluate the successes and failures of James K. Polk's administration.
James K. Polk promised that he would do everything he wished to do in 4 years and that is exactly what he did. He endorsed the doctrine of Manifest Destiny ( a term for the want to expand west saying the land was already ours we just had to go get it ). Polk promise a revival on all claims on Oregon territory over Britain. He came close to another war with Britain over the fact which the US may have lost. With the campaign slogan 54 40 or fight he rallied the American people around negotiations over terms for a new border with Britain for Oregon. Congress allowed these negotiations and Polk authorized James Buchanan to reply to Britain's negotiations and in April 1846 Polk denied Britain's right to joint occupation and gained the Oregon Territory. The war with Mexico was still on however. US declared Texas independent but did not assume Texans claims over land south of the Rio Grande. Mexico fought for this land and as a result Polk was forced to send troops to help the Texans. The Mexican American War lasted longer than expected for the Mexicans refused to make peace after many huge military defeats. Polk decided to make a new military strategy. He decided to attack Mexico City itself. Meanwhile another set of troops were off to California stopping whatever was in their was annexing each area as they won. Polk succeeded and gained all the American Territory in the Main land that we have today.
ch 10 q 3 Evaluate the main political and economic issues brought forth in the 1824 and 1828 elections and explain the outcomes of those presidential elections.
John Quincy Adams had supported the "American System" created by Henry Clay, which sought to improve economic development. Jackson bombarded the public with attacks on Adams. His actions simply backfired Adam's activism. Resulting with Adams and his men accusing him and his wife Rachel. However the outcomes of the presidential election resulted with a great victory in the electoral college for Jackson. His personality portraying as an authentic man of the people, representing as one of the common peopl, allowed voters to choose him over Adams. The election proved that Jackson's organization had been far more effective and appealing to the people.
ch8 q 2 List the goals of Jefferson as president and evaluate his success in accomplishing them
Jefferson ran for presidency to achieve three specific goals. One, to reduce the size and cost of federal government; two, to repeal Federalist legislations (such as Alien Acts); and three, to maintain international peace. He realized that in order to accomplish these goals he needed a full cooperation of congressional Republicans so he established close bonds with leaders of both houses of the Congress and he kept his plan a secret to the public. He also made sure that his legislative lieutenants knew exactly what he wanted. Jefferson, carefully chose members for his cabinet since he saw that during Washington's presidency he witnessed severe infighting. He only chose members that were very enthusiastic about his plans. He appointed James Madison as secretary of state, and Albert Gallatin as treasury. Although he served as president for two terms, he never had to veto a single act of Congress. Jefferson's top priority was to cut the national debt which he was very successful at. In order to pay off the debt he started by reducing the U.S Army by 50% and retired a majority of the navy's warships. Jefferson claimed that by reducing the army, they were accountable to provoke hostilities, therefore promoting peace. Jefferson created the Army Corps of Engineers and the military academy to ensure the citizen soldiers to receive professional leadership in battle. He also urged Congress to repeal all direct taxes such as the taxes for the Whiskey Rebellion in order to lessen the activities of the federal government. Lastly, Jerfferson's political fairness helped quicken the dissapearance of the Federalist party.
chapter 8 q 1 Describe the condition and advances of the American economy in this era.
Jefferson sees a national debt as being dangerous to republican institutions and therefore tries to lower it. He is one of the few presidents who has successfully done this. Jefferson repealed direct taxes and instead funded the federal government through customs receipts and the sale of government land. As long as there was a steady amount of commerce, he was able to use that money for the national debt. This worked well for a while, but when war (especially the French and English war) closed the ports/foreign markets, funds towards the debt diminished. Jefferson also lowered the national debt by cutting the size of the military in half and retiring many Navy warships.
ch 13 q7 Discuss the rationale for expansion as expressed in the doctrine of manifest destiny.
John L. O' Sullivan coined the phrase Manifest Destiny, which stated that the United States should expand until it has absorbed all of North America, including Canada and Mexico. There were three main ideas behind the doctrine of manifest destiny. One was that God was on the side of American expansionism. This notion came out of the long tradition, going back to the New England Puritans, that identified the growth of America with the divinely ordained success of a chosen people. A second idea was that the spread of American rule meant what other propagandists for expansion described as "extending the area of freedom." Democratic institutions and local self-government would follow American expansion if areas claimed by autocratic foreign governments were annexed to the United States. Manifest Destiny's third premise was that population growth required the outlet that territorial acquisitions would provide. Behind this notion lurked a fear that growing numbers would lead to diminished opportunity and a European-type polarization of social classes if the restless and the ambitious were not given new lands to settle and exploit.
ch 13 q5 Identify the candidates and issues and explain the outcome and consequences of the election of 1844.
Many issues surrounded the election of 1844. One of these was whether or not to add Texas to the Union. John Tyler believed in Manifest Destiny and supported Texas annexation however didn't do anything about it. He believed in Henry Clay's idea of the American System to stimulate the economy and was a states right pro slavery activist. He did not have firm holds in any party. He decided to create his entire platform for reflection around annexing Texas however this did not help him. All the Northern Whigs did not agree and their attempts failed. He was not even reinstated by his party for a second term. James K Polk a dark horse candidate came out of the woodwork of the Democratic party with a platform calling for annexation of Texas and assertion American claims of Oregon creating a Nationalistic tendency in Americans and fed the expansionists a promise of new land. His political strategy was much better than Clay Tyler or the liberty nominee Berney. Polk won in a relatively close race and became our next president.
ch 12 q6 Explain the "discovery of the asylum."
Many reformers started to notice an increase in the number of criminals,lunatics,and paupers(a very poor person) and believed that these individuals were harmful to the rest of society. To get rid of this danger, private institutions were established to house them. This solution was different from how these people were treated before. The situation they were in was looked upon as divine judgment or original sin. The insane were either in their homes or wandering about. The poor were supported by private charity and criminals were whipped,locked up in jails,or executed.Reformers believed institutions were a more humane method of dealing with these people and that everyone could be changed. They thought that the insane could be cured, criminals could be corrected, and the poor could have a way to get themselves money.Institutions in Auburn,New York, and Philadelphia were held in high regard as model institutions because they had solitary confinement for inmates to reflect on their sins and to be free from the evil influence of other convicts. Institutions were supposed to have a family atmosphere with the custodians behaving as parents but in reality they separated males and females and enforced a harsh set of rules and procedures.Dorothea Dix was the advocate of humane treatment of patients in the institution. She believed that the insane should not be treated like criminals and be separated from them to a more humane environment. This thought was incorporated into the new asylums built for the insane
ch 13 q10. Describe the changing composition and attitudes of the American working class during this era.
Many social classes began to be created during this time period. One was the new working class. Many immigrants worked as low wage earners in factories and did not fight for better pay or conditions which lead to huge profits for American entrepreneurs. Women began to work in textile mills creating a large part of the workforce. As more and more factories and businesses more and more whites began to fight for jobs with blacks. This created a American movement to want to make goods instead of having blacks make them for them. This movement gave whites more jobs and further increased friction with southern plantation owners and Northern factory workers.
ch 8 q5. List and explain the sources of political dissension with which Jefferson had to contend.
Midnight Appointments- Jefferson felt that the Federalists were attempting to take over the government when Adams made his "Midnight Appointments." When the Judiciary Acts were passed, Jefferson wanted them repealed immediately, but the Federalists claimed it was against the Constitution to remove judges without evidence of them committing a crime. In this case, he was caught between political rivalries and the Constitution, and he chose the latter. Samuel Chase Trial- Samuel Chase was put on trial for a "treasonous" speech against Republicans. Jefferson found it very offensive and reacted by pushing Congress to have him impeached. The defense took Senate by storm, so Chase was not formally punished. He did, however, change his style of writing which pleased Jefferson. Aaron Burr Trial- Being a Federalist, Marshall took any opportunity to oppose Jefferson. Even though Burr could have easily been charged for treason, Marshall found a way to let him off the hook. He did not want to do any favors for Jefferson. With this trial, it seems that politics got in the way of justice, but Jefferson just had to deal with it.
ch 10 q 8 Summarize Jacksonian arguments in their attack against the Bank of the United States.
One of the Jacksonian's arguments about the Bank of the United States was that it was unconstitutional. Since there was nothing in the Constitution about such a bank, they felt that creating it would only allow further stretching of Constitutional boundaries in the future. Jackson and his followers were also unimpressed by the balance of power that would result from a national bank. They felt that a small, elite group would have unfair advantages over the people, as well as decrease the president's power over national finances. Credit was also an issue as the Jacksonian's felt the Bank would overextend credit and not uphold the value of loans. Basically, Andrew Jackson and his followers felt that the bank would bring more harm than good for the nations economy.
ch 12 q2. Show how the religious revivals became reform movements and why.
Religion led to changes in moral ethics during and after the Second Great Awakening. People started to look at their actions, and apply religious ethics to it. Examples of that can be seen in the decrease in dueling, gambling and prostitution. Before, going to a brothel was commonplace. After the religious revivals, it became uncouth. The American Temperance Society was also started as a result of the revivals. People started to view alcohol as detrimental to religious well-being. It caused sin and other such problems. The role of women also changed drastically due to the revivals. They were looked to as keepers of the virtue. Educations was also reformed by religion. They became places to shape individual character. Because of the religious revival, people were more concerned about the moral well-being of their children and, as such, reformed education
ch 11 q9. Explain the importance and development of slave religion
Religion was extremely important to the slaves. It held them together, and gave them hope. Although it was Christianity that they believed in, their version was different. Black Christianity was practiced by participating in a celebration for the joy of life. It developed into a festive, emotional affair with singing and dancing. They talked about their rights to be free, sang songs of freedom, and used biblical stories to arise emotions. Religion helped them create a world of their own, one where they belonged. It also helped their self esteem. In other words, their religion served to meet their need (as it always does) for hope, unity, and strength.
ch 9 q 5 List and explain the reasons why the South became the world's greatest cotton producer
Several factors made the South the world's greatest producer of cotton. First was the great demand generated by the rise of textile manufacturing in England. The invention of the cotton gin also had a lasting effect on processing. It cut the labor costs involved in cleaning short-sample cotton, thus making it an easily marketable commodity. The availability of good land in the Southwest also contributed to the rise of cotton. The opening of the rich and fertile plantation areas of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana resulted in a vast increase in total production. The existence of slavery provided a flexible system of forced labor. It permitted operations on a scale impossible for the family labor system of the North. Finally, the cotton economy benefited from the South's splendid natural transportation system. This made shipping very easy and affordable
ch 11 q 3 Explain the arguments and issues surrounding the profitability and efficiency of slavery.
Slavery was very controvertial because of the ability to estimate whether or not having large amounts of slaves really incresed profit. From what I have read slaves were only allowed to pick cotton on certain areas during the day. Having less would just mean that you work a smaller area and then you turn out more profit faster. The slaves were run down everyday and by the end of the week were beat from working days that could last well over twelve hours of work. Thus leading to possible over working and death of slaves that you'll now have to pay to replace. Having slaves was very profitable to the plantation owners because they were able to work them as hard as they wanted to but unfortunately it could cost them in the long run. They might have to sell off one of their mothers to provide more money to get two more males to pick up the extra slack. Some might say that slavery was bad because it was using humans as property to do your dirty work to turn a profit. Slavery was a billion dollar industry for the time period. Anyone who owned slaves and a plantation showed what cheap replaceable labor was capable of. Though the true efficiency did not arrive until the cotton gin was created because the slaves spent far too much time picking the seeds out of the cotton
ch 12 q3. Describe the "cult of true womanhood" and the doctrine of separate spheres
The Cult of True Womanhood, or Republican Motherhood, was based off putting the woman as the spiritual head of the household. It was their job to pass down morals and values to their children as the "guardians of virtue." This was seen as an extremely important task, so at times the women were considered superior to the man. Since men worked outside of home in public areas while the women were trapped inside, they were said to be in "separate spheres." The ideal woman according to this doctrine was one who kept the house clean, nurture the children, and provide for her husband after a long day at the factory.
ch 10 q 9 Evaluate the Depression of 1837's causes and Van Buren's attempts to correct the financial disorder.
The Depression of 1837 was caused by forces unrelated to Van Buren, and his attempts to help were not very successful. Jackson's issue of his specie circular curbed inflation and land speculation, although too quickly. Prices fell drastically and the sell of public lands fell. Also, complex changes in the world economy caused the depression. Van Buren, in return, planned to establish a public depository of government funding, called the Independent Subtreasury Bill. The Whigs, though, stalled the bill up until 1840, which caused Van Buren's loss in the election of 1840. The attempt by Van Burhe Depression of 1837, which happened out of reasons unrelated to him, was not successful
ch 13 q9 Discuss the factors that contributed to American economic growth from 1830 to 1860.
The Industrial Revolution contributed to American economic growth. During this time period there were many new inventions, all contributing to economic growth. Textile mills greatly raised the production of wool in the economy through the use of power looms. Factories also started producing iron in great quantities, resulting in more inventions. Howe's invention os the sewing machine helped artisans in workshops output more into the economy. There were also factors contributing to economic growth in agriculture. Deere's steel plow and McCormick's mechanical reaper made farming easier and more productive. These were factor's that contributed to American economic growth from 1830 to 1860
ch 13 q8 Summarize the causes, events, and outcomes of the Mexican War, including the experiences of "Hispanic America.
The Mexican war was caused by the pride of our country and manifest destiny. It was also caused by a large population of Americans inhabiting Texas that wanted to regain their american citizenship. We were more than willing to go to war over Texas and we knew that war would be likely if we wanted gain California and New Mexico. When congress discussed how to go about obtaining these lands they said they didn't want to be the first ones to fire. They sent a man to discuss a treaty and sent troops around the backside to be ready to attack. They found and shot at and the war began. During the war congress started sending troops to California to cause uprisings and make the natives believe they wanted to be american citizens. The outcomes were The U.S. gained Texas, New Mexico and California and now congress would argue about if they should be free or slave states.
ch 9 q 10 Explain the perceived international conditions that led to the Monroe Doctrine as well as the specific intent of this statement
The Monroe Doctrine was a policy that opposed further colonization in the Americas by the Europeans and Asians, and the extension of European political power outside of the Eastern Hemisphere. Monroe made diplomatic ties with Latin American republican which could cause major issues with power between the United States and European powers. In the Pacific, the Russian were keeping their ships close to the land. This was a threat to America from the "Grand Alliance." (Grand Alliance: the monarchs of Europe joined to protect their authorization government over democracy). The US saw that the Spanish and the French can restore their power on the new land, and the US definitely did not want to give up its Independence or struggle to keep it. The United States decided that they would not interfere in European politics and war conflicts
ch 11 q10. Describe the life of free Blacks in the Old South.
The Old South was a very unsafe setting for all African Americans. Many of these free blacks worked independently and tried to remain as separated from the regular plantation work.Most of the free African Americans tried to make there way North to avoid future conflict and to create a more safe and better living. Although some of these black people were free from slavery, you were not safe to stay in the Old South. They had to carry their own papers to assure that they were free slaves. Even then, many plantation owners and slave hunter would recapture these "free" people and re-institute them into slavery. Although these people were free, they were still referred to the notion of free slaves.
ch 12 q9 Evaluate the results of the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848.
The Seneca Falls Convention, on paper, would not be considered a success. Politically and legally no laws were changed. It did, however, help to give power to the feminist movement. The campaign, started to Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton, brought awareness and got more people involved. At the convention the Declaration of Sentiments was formed, which proposed that the lines in the Declaration of Independence be changed to include "men and women." It also called for the right of women to vote, along with relief from laws that gave husbands control of children and property. None of these were put into place though.
ch 13 q2 Explain the causes, events, and results of the Texas revolution.
The Texas Revolution was caused during the time of expansion in America. Many people living in the Texas area wanted to have more freedom and be able to take part in the government. The Texas settlers and the Mexicans had a military conflict because of the governing issues. Throughout the revolution, many battles took place with victories on both sides, but the Texas settlers won in the end. The first battle was the Battle of Gonzale. The Mexican army tried to attack the Texas army led by Sam Houston and were successful at the Battle of Almaco. Finally, the Battle of San Jacinto was where the Mexican President Santa Anna was captured, and the Mexican army returned back to Mexico, ending the revolution. With the president as a prisoner, Santa Anna was forced to sign the Treaty of Velasco that gave Texas its independence. The Mexicans did not recognize the treaty; so, the Texas navy battled with the Mexicans until Texas's freedom was accepted. From this, Texas was working more towards becoming a real state and became the Republic of Texas with Sam Houston as the president. The aggressiveness of the Texas people shows how the people during that time period truly wanted more land and independence.
ch 10 q 10 Compare and contrast the ideologies and objectives of the Whigs and Democrats and identify the socioeconomic groups from which they drew their support.
The Whigs believed in loose construstion of the constitution and that the government should have a voice in the economy. They were supported by Industrialists and merchants who liked internal improvements and bigger farmers and planters. They believed the rich and well educated were able to lead the American people. The Whigs also believed that commercial and industrial capitalism would be good in the long run so it wouldn't matter if there were negative effects now. The Democrats on the other hand believed in a strict constructino of the constitution and in laissez-fair, they believed the government had no part in the economy. The Democrats were usually followed by thw poorer citizens. Their main ideas revolved around white male equality and personal liberty and self sufficiency. They did not believe in market economy or anything that would interfere with man's independence
ch 10 q 13 Understand the reasons for political realignment in the 1830s and the emergence of the Whigs.
The Whigs were the oponents of the Jacksonians. These were people who didn't agree with Jackson's laws/beliefs and wanted someone with a different view on the government in power. They saw Jackson as someone who was abusing his power and on the verge of tyranny. This view came from Jackson's seemingly unconstitutional wirhdrawl and deposit of federal money from the BUS in to pet banks. The Whigs were supporters of states right's, which directly contrasted Jackson's stand on nullification. They also believed in internal improvements and that the government had the duty to protect enterprises (with taxes, duties, ect)
ch 8 q6. Evaluate the success of American efforts to end the slave trade.
The attempt to end the slave trade in America was an overall failure. After the three-fifths agreement made at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 the South gave up very little and just agreed that they "might consider" banning slave trade. This was by no means any type of solid promise for stopping the importation of slaves. Northerners felt like it should be made a capital offense to import slaves, but people from the south didn't see anything evil about slavery so it wouldn't be enforced. Jefferson signed a bill in 1807 outlawing slavery. Despite the new bill, slaves kept pouring into the South. Britain also outlawed slavery in 1807 and the Royal Navy began to capture American slave trading ships saying that they, "were enforcing American law." If the British had to enforce American law then the attempt to stop the slave trade was an obvious disaster
ch 10 q 11 Reveal how the conflict over the Bank's recharter dominated political banter.
The conflict over the Bank's recharter was dominated by political banter because the reason that the rechartering was stopped was due to the rivalry of Henry vs Andrew Jackson. Henry thought that this was an opportunity for him to finally stop the popularity of Jackson, however it failed. Jackson responded with vetoing the bill and reasoned sympathy for the common people. The reason behind the rechartering being stopped was not due to economical reasons, but a play in politics.
ch 12 q1. List the factors that caused the Second Great Awakening and discuss the differences between the revivalism that swept the South and the North.
The desire to make the nation a Protestant country and to rid the country of Catholics, Mormons, Enlightened Thinkers, and any other non-Protestant religion started the Second Great Awakening. This process was accomplished through revival meetings in both the North and the South. The Southern Revival camp, mainly Baptists and Methodist, was a highly emotional experience usually lead by a circuit rider, common people chosen by the churches to go to the people. These camps were held in rural fields or open areas. The South tended to focus on improving morals over social reform, due to slaveholding, and was successful in increasing their attendance. The Northern movement, mainly Congregationalist and Presbyterians, focused on social reform as they focused on redeeming humans especially as they defended against ideas like Enlightened Thinking. They were held in small or medium sized churches instead of the large fields of the South. Major voices of this movement were Lyman Beecher, Nathanial Taylor, and Charles G. Finney.
ch 13 q4 Trace the development of the Mormon Church and the westward trek of its members.
The founder of the Mormon Church Joseph Smith claimed to have a new revelation from God. Thus creating the Mormon Church. This Church was strong persecuted by the populus for its teaching were very outward and seemed to be in defiance of the Christian churches of the time. Eventually Joseph Smith was assassinated by a group of angry mobsters in Illinois. After this the Mormons split into two groups one lead by Brigham Young who lead his group one the Mormon Trail to Utah to find their Zion in the wilderness. This created a large population of Mormons in the area which still exists today and which they fought for, for so long after fighting the US government to keep their practices. This large group helped create the population needed for the state of Utah to become a state.
ch 13 q3 Discuss the importance of the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails in expanding American trade and settlement.
The importance of the travel trails in the west was to increase trade and expansion. By having a road to follow out into the western end of the United States. Unfortunately the Santa Fe trail was relatively short lived because the Mexicans decided to place taxes and fees on the goods traveling through. For the short time it was in use helped encourage settlers to travel westward because they knew that the materials and supplies that would normally be needed would be accessible from their new locations. Once we were fed up with the taxes and fees we stopped traveling on the Santa Fe trail. The Oregon trail was now the trail leading west and to the coast. It had previously been owned by the British, but was turned over to us when we acquired the Oregon Territory. The westward expansion of civilization also increased trade to countries outside the the continent. Now having easy access to the Pacific ocean meant we could openly trade with Asian countries more easily as opposed to sailing around the southern tip of south America or over the top of Canada. Now the economy had a good chance to flourish and people could start expanding without fear of having to thrive on the natural surroundings instead of a store up the road.
ch 9 q 4Explain the development of a national transportation network and its contribution to a market economy.
The national transportation system was necessary for economic progress. Madison called for the construction of the National Road between Cumberland, Maryland and Vandalia, Illinois. The road enabled for easier travel east and west, however heavier agricultural cargo such as wheat and flour wasn't affordable to transport. The steamboat made it possible to move people and cargo up and down the Mississippi, which used to be a one way river. The construction of the Erie Canal was the greatest improvement in transportation. it allowed for the western farm products to be shipped to the east for trade. the cost of consumer goods was also lowered due to the cheaper transportation cost which were 1/12 of what they originally were. These new innovations made it possible to transport goods at lower costs, which lowered the price for the consumer.
ch 11 q7. Explain the various methods used by slaves to resist the oppression of their masters.
The normal way of expressing discontent was engaging in a kind of indirect or passive resistance. Many slaves worked slowly and inefficiently as a gesture of protest. Others withheld labor by feigning illness or injury. Stealing provisions was another way to show contempt for authority. Substantial numbers of slaves committed acts of sabotage. Tools and agricultural implements were deliberately broken, animals were willfully neglected or mistreated, and barns or other outbuildings were set afire. The ultimate act of resistance was poisoning the master's food.
ch 12 q7 Why did Black leaders establish a separate Black antislavery movement?
The relations between white and black abolitionists were often very uneasy and tense.Many blacks protested that they didnt have their fair share of leadership positions or influence over policy. In the beginning of 1830, The Negro Convention movement which sponsored national meeting of black leader, provided them an important forum of independent black expression.Some of Frederick Douglass prominent black male abolitionists were Charles Remond, William Brown, Robert Parvis and Henry Garnet. These abolitionists played many significant role in the black antislavery activity.
ch 11 q8. Discuss the role of the slave family.
The slave family was the most important institution for African Americans. Even though many times the slave were broken up, families provided a foundation that prevented the slaves from becoming separated and demoralized. The slaves were more comfortable by having their slave family. Most importantly, families provided the slaves a feeling of a community and not just an oppressed individual. Slave families helped the slaves feel better.
10 q 7 Explain why South Carolina seized the tariff issue to mount its support for.
The south as a whole was not happy with the protective tariff. Since the south is mainly a place full of rich farmers, they felt it favored the northern merchants as opposed to them. While the rest of the south gave up on Congress, South Caolina held a state convention. They felt the whole thing was unconsitutional and thus decided to protest it. Calhoun, the leader against the bill, went off the the Virgina and Kentucky resolutions to say that a state could nullify a law made by Congress. Calhoun saw this as a perfect way to go against Jackson.
ch 11 q6. List the arguments for and against slavery offered by southerners.
The southerners tried to support slavery in many ways. One way they supported slavery was religion. The bible includes talk of servants and slaves and the south said that if it was in the Bible god must approve. The argument that may have been most effective for slavery was their ability to provide a free labor force for the plantation owners. This was extremely important for the production of cotton. The south argued that if the cotton industry was to be disrupted with no more free labor than the north and the rest of the country would feel the effects. One more argument that was made for slavery was the farmers saying they would be able to better care for the slaves than the slaves could themselves. Arguments against slavery said that it was wrong on a moral level to control and own another human being. the abolitionists said they should deny slavery on principle. They also said it denied basic rights to those in slavery.
ch 13 q1 Describe the conditions of the western "borderlands" of the 1830s as well as the factors attracting American settlers.
The western borderlands were scarcely populated at the time for there were disputes over borders between U.S. and Britain for the Oregon. Many squatters lived in these areas forming small settlements. However Spanish settlement were thriving creating Free Trade making their economy boom. Many Indians lived in these areas which made settling hard for Americans however Indians were treated well by Spanish missionaries. Because of all these successes many expansionists began looking towards the West.
ch 9 q 2 Describe the process by which western lands were organized and sold.
There really wasn't much organization to how the western lands were sold and organized. The land that was gained in the 1820's went to speculators that bought the land and sold it cheap to farmers at auctions. Sometimes squatters settled in land that was untaken and formed an auction group to keep their land. Laws were passed that helped the squatters keep their land; the squatters still payed a little money for the land they obtained.
ch 9 q 8 Develop the main issues of sectional disturbance that accompanied the Missouri Compromise.
These main issues involved the competition between the southern states and northern states. The states debated over power in Congress and whether the North or South would control the future of the Louisiana Purchase. The country was equally divided between slave and free states. Admiting Missouri as a free state would jeopardize the future of slavery in America. On the other hand, if Missouri was to become a slave state, it would tip the balance in the Senate in favor of the slave states. Therefore, Congress decided that the northern states admit Maine as a free state and allow Missouri to be a slave state
ch 11 q 1 Offer an overview of the complicated and diverse institution of slavery.
Throughout the South there were different situations for the slaves. In the lower South, because of how much poorer the white people were, there were fewer slaves than the upper South. Among the slaves, a few of them worked in the industry while most of them worked on plantations. However, even on plantations there were divides between slaves, there were the field hands and then there were the household servants. There were also divides in where you worked, in the "low country" there was less supervision, a 'task system', which gave the slaveholders more control over pace, and the slaves had 8 hour work days. While slaves on large plantations worked in 'gangs', had 'drivers', worked from sunup to sundown six days a week, brought their children with, and had the older children work in 'trash gangs'. Even with these harsh conditions slaves everywhere usually had a two parent household, had close bonds, and their marriages lasted for 20-30 years.
ch 8 q 4. Describe the background, results, and significance of the Marbury v. Madison decision (1803).
William Marbury was one of the men John Adams secretly appointed in order to have all judiciary jobs given to federalists. Marbury was angry that the new administration had not granted him the authority to become part of the office of justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. He went to the Supreme Court to complain demanding that James Madison get forced to deliver the commission. The chief justice, John Marshall, another of Adam's secret appointees, scolded Madison for withholding the commission. However, no charges were pressed as Marshall decided the Supreme Court did not have the authority for the matter. The republicans considered this a victory. This case was significant because it was the first time the Supreme Court used the idea of constuionality to make their decision.
ch 12 q4. Analyze the impact the reform of family life had on lower, middle, and upper-class women
Women had the most important objective during the reforms. Many women believed that a woman's place is in the home cooking and cleaning, while raising the children to have morals and character. They would teach them to follow moral standards. Women charted the future by being the ones to guide the children in the direction of their choosing. Women were also in charge of keeping their husbands good and sinless. Women started voicing grievances about their husbands to their husbands, privately and publicly, to keep them in line with the reforms. Because of their control over moral behavior, women were the biggest contributors to the reforms because they kept their men in line and raised their children with reform morals
ch 12 q8 Describe the factors and events that led to the rise of the women's rights movement.
Women were offended by the fact that asylum were established to "abandoned women" because people claimed that prostitutes were out in the cities hunting for innocent men. Although as a result they were abandoned, middle-class women created a team to observe men that entered brothels to prove that men were the ones in need of prositutes laying around the cities. The main catalyst for the women's rights movement was abolitionism. Antislavery women demanded an equal role in the leadership of antislavery societies. This battle made a number of women become aware of the male dominance and oppression. They considered the principles that claimed liberation of the slaves were the same with the emancipation of women because they had restrictions with their rights as citizens. These factors led women to develop the campaign called Seneca Falls Convention to demand the women's right to vote and married women to be freed from laws giving their husbands control of their property.