Test 3 Psychology
Studies indicate that the proportion of college students who are classified as identity achievement increases from around ______% during freshman year to as much as ______% by senior year.
20; 40
Ethnic differences in self-esteem favoring Black adolescents has increased over the past ______ years.
25
Match the following age groups with the percentage reporting have had a romantic relationship in the past 18 months. 12-year-olds:
25%
What percentage of adolescents report having been the victim of violence within the context of a romantic relationship?
40%
About 1 in ______ American adults are individuals who identify themselves as men but who were labeled female at birth.
400,000
Intimacy between individuals and their parents declines primarily between grades ______.
5 and 10
Match the following age groups with the percentage reporting have had a romantic relationship in the past 18 months. 15-year-olds:
50%
What proportion of American adolescents say formal religious participation is an important part of their lives?
50%
Match the following age groups with the percentage reporting have had a romantic relationship in the past 18 months. 18-year-olds:
67%
What proportion of American adolescents report an affiliation with a religious group?
85%
Studies have shown that a strong sense of personal ______ is predictive of identity achievement across ethnic and socioeconomic groups.
agency
Young people who take responsibility for themselves, feel in control of their decisions, and have confidence that they will be able to overcome obstacles along the way demonstrate a strong sense of ______.
agency
The most consistent sex differences are seen in the ways in which boys and girls express ______.
aggression
Because social situations can be ______, younger adolescents learn that it is not always possible to tell what others are thinking on the basis of how they act or what they say.
ambiguous
Co-rumination contributes to ______.
anxiety; emotional mimicry; depression
Self-esteem is enhanced by having the ______ of others.
approval
Adolescents who date and go to parties regularly ______.
are more popular; have a stronger self-image
Individuals with homosexual or bisexual interests (are/aren't) ______ generally confused about their gender identity.
aren't
The three least important aspects of self-esteem in adolescence are ______ self-esteem.
athletic; moral; academic
Infant ______ is defined as a strong and enduring emotional bond between infant and caregiver.
attachment
The strong and enduring emotional bond that occurs in infancy is known as ______.
attachment
Compared to children, adolescents ______.
attempt to organize discrepant bits of information into more highly organized statements
In general, positive mental health among ethnic minority adolescents is associated with ______, having a strong, positive ethnic identity and a healthy awareness of the potential for discrimination, while maintaining involvement in the mainstream culture.
biculturalism
Relationships with the other sex play a more important role in the development of intimacy among (boys/girls) ______ than among (boys/girls) ______.
boys; girls
Compared to early adolescent (boys/girls) ______, early adolescent (girls'/boys') ______ self-esteem is lower, their degree of self-consciousness is higher, and their self-image is shakier.
boys; girls'
Some theorists distinguish between two different stages of identity development ______. (Select all that apply.)
breadth; depth
The development of a more complicated view of the self is one way that individuals ______.
cope with the recognition of their strengths and weaknesses
According to Erikson, at each stage of development, people experience a psychosocial ______.
crises
Sullivan viewed psychosocial development as (linear/cumulative) ______.
cumulative
Insecure infants are more likely to ______.
develop psychological problems during childhood and adolescence; develop social problems during childhood and adolescence; exhibit poor self-regulation during childhood and adolescence
Identity ______ is characterized by an incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self.
diffusion
Identity ______ leads to problems in the areas of autonomy, intimacy, sexuality, and achievement.
diffusion
One explanation about young adolescents' susceptibility to peer pressure is that it ______.
doesn't change
Preconventional morality is ______.
dominant in most of childhood
Adolescents' feelings about themselves fluctuate from day to day, particularly during (early/middle/late) ______ adolescence.
early
Changes in self-perceptions are greatest during (early/middle/late) ______ adolescence.
early
An adolescent who enters into serious dating relationships before they are normative is termed a(n) ______ ______.
early starter
Those who enter into dating relationships well before their peers are termed "______."
early starters
Adolescents who report less ______ support from parents and peers are more likely to present false fronts.
emotional
An adolescent who can sympathize when her mother has a bad day at work is demonstrating ______ autonomy.
emotional
The establishment of more adultlike and less childish close relationships with family members and peers is an example of ______ autonomy.
emotional
Advances in adolescents' thinking enable them to establish and maintain relationships with greater ______.
empathy
Research suggests that ethnic socialization may ______.
enhance interracial relations
A strong ______ identity helps to foster a sense of meaning in life, which has been shown to be related to overall adjustment.
ethnic
A very strong sense of ______ ______ enhances Black adolescents' overall self-esteem.
ethnic identity
Mr. and Mrs. Vitalle, Italian immigrants, enjoy talking to their children about their ethnic identity. They also share with their children the special experiences they may encounter within the broader society as a result of their ethnic background. Mr. and Mrs. Vitalle are engaged in ______.
ethnic socialization
The process by which parents teach their children about their ethnic or racial background is called ______.
ethnic socialization
Having the time to ______ is an important prelude to establishing a coherent sense of identity.
experiment with roles
Regarding ethnic identity development, between middle and late adolescence, ______.
exploration declines
Research on personality traits and identity development indicates that adolescents who are classified as identity achievers score higher in ______ than other adolescents.
extraversion
Acting in a way one knows is inauthentic is called ______-______ behavior.
false-self
Depression and hopelessness are highest among adolescents who engage in ______-______ behavior.
false-self
Gavin comes from a modest, working-class family. His father is a mechanic and his mother works as a bank teller. Gavin's family doesn't have much money but his parents are hard-working. Gavin recently met a girl from another town. He bragged that his dad is a corporate attorney and that his mother owns her own craft shop. Gavin's story is an example of ______.
false-self behavior
Puberty drives the adolescent away from exclusive emotional dependence on ______.
family
Academic success leads to improvements in how adolescents ______.
feel about themselves
Adolescents who do not date at all show signs of ______.
feelings of insecurity; stunted social development
Adolescent boys' conflicts with close friends are more likely than girls' conflicts to ______.
focus on power and control
Gabby's father, sister, uncle, and grandmother are all physicians. The expectation in the family is that all of the children will work in the medical field. Gabby has decided to major in pre-med and plans to attend medical school for pediatric neurology. When asked why she chose this path, Gabby replied, "It's just the norm in the family. Everyone is a doctor." This example illustrates identity ______.
foreclosure
Identity ______ is the premature establishment of a sense of identity, before sufficient role experimentation has occurred.
foreclosure
Some studies show that rates of identity (foreclosure/moratorium/diffusion) ______ are higher among religious adolescents.
foreclosure
Research suggests that ______ and ______ may be temporary stages of identity development, rather than permanent ones.
foreclosure; diffusion
Adolescents spend more time in conversation with their ______ than in any other activity.
friends
Puberty drives the adolescent toward dependence on ______ for emotional support.
friends
Questions about the (past/future) ______, which inevitably arise as the adolescent prepares for adulthood, raise questions about identity.
future
The ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of one's decisions and imagine what one's life might be like in the years to come is called ______.
future orientation
Adolescents living in countries with high levels of _____ tend to have greater life satisfaction.
gender equity
The idea that pressures to behave in sex-stereotypic ways intensify during adolescence is known as the ______.
gender-intensification hypothesis
Physical self-esteem is a more important influence on overall self-esteem among (girls/boys) ______.
girls
During early and middle adolescence, (boys/girls) ______ are more emotionally and socially mature than (boys/girls) ______.
girls; boys
Adolescents whose parents have failed to provide sufficient ______ are likely to become psychologically dependent on their friends.
guidance
Adolescents who date early are likely to ______.
have a sexually active single mom
Individuals who score high on moral reasoning are likely to ______. (Select all that apply.)
have higher levels of sympathy and empathy than their peers; engage in service activities; engage in more prosocial behaviors than their peers
One explanation as to why young adolescents are more susceptible to peer influence is because of their ______.
heightened orientation toward social stimuli
Teenagers who experience frequent fluctuations in mood report ______.
higher levels of anxiety and depression
One advantage of having a more differentiated self-concept is the ability to distinguish among one's self (who one really is) ______, self (who one would like to be) ______, and self (who one most dreads becoming).
ideal; feared
The term ______ ______ refers to the point in the identity development process that characterizes an adolescent at a given time.
identity status
Among ______ adolescents, there is considerable vacillation between identifying oneself as a member of a broad ethnic category and identifying oneself as a member of a group defined by one's country of origin.
immigrant
Despite the fact that they score lower on many measures of psychological functioning and mental health, adolescents who have immigrated more recently to the United States score higher on measures of adjustment than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose family has lived in the United States for several generations. This phenomenon is called the ______ ______.
immigrant paradox
Teenagers who are better able to stand up to their friends are better able to control the ______.
impulsive, emotional decision making that often occurs in the peer group
According to Sullivan, the need for (intimacy/sex) ______ precedes the development of romantic relationships.
imtimacy
Involvement with delinquent peers may lead to a(n) (increase/decrease) ______ in self-esteem.
increase
Friendship quality (decreases/increases) ______ over adolescence.
increases
The amount of time spent with same-sex peers remains stable through early and middle adolescence, whereas the amount of time adolescence spend with other-sex peers (increases/decreases) ______.
increases
The proportion of adolescents who give opposite traits in their self-descriptions, who feel conflicts over such discrepancies, and who feel confused over such discrepancies (increases/decreases) ______ markedly between 7th and 9th grades.
increases
The number of peers listed as important in the life of an adolescent ______.
increases throughout adolescence
The progressive sharpening of an individual's sense of being an autonomous, independent person is known as ______.
individuation
In both ______ and ______ families, youngsters do not acquire adequate standards for behavior.
indulgent; indifferent
Growing up in a racially isolated, poor neighborhood ______.
intensifies feelings of discrimination
Identity foreclosure ______.
interferes with the individual's discovery of his or her full range of potentials
The ______ ______ model determines in large measure whether people feel trusting or apprehensive in relationships with others and whether they see themselves as worthy of others' affection.
internal working
An emotional attachment characterized by concern for each other's well-being, a willingness to disclose private topics, and a sharing of common interests is a(n) ______ relationship.
intimate
Relationships during the adolescent years become more ______.
intimate
Those who do not have a romantic relationship until young adulthood are said to be a(n) ______ bloomer.
late
Those who date in early adolescence typically do so to ______.
learn about themselves as a romantic partner; further the development of their gender identity; establish emotional and behavioral autonomy from their parents
Adolescents who are not conventionally heterosexual may be categorized as ______.
lesbian; bisexual; gay; transgender; questioning
Adolescents are (less/more) ______ likely than adults to think about the long-term implications of their decisions.
less
Adolescents who have more complex and clearer self-conceptions are (more/less) ______ likely to become depressed or anxious.
less
Adolescents who use the Internet a lot for social networking are (more/less) ______ socially isolated than their peers.
less
Changes in identity status are (more/less) ______ systematic than originally had been hypothesized.
less
In adolescence, young people become (more/less) ______ likely to say that they have the same opinions as their parents.
less
People who have others to turn to for emotional support are (more/less) ______ likely to suffer from psychological and physical disorders.
less
Religious adolescents are ______ compared to their peers. (Select all that apply.)
less depressed; better adjusted; less likely to have premarital sex
Religious adolescents are ______ compared to their peers. (Select all that apply.)
less likely to use drugs; less likely to engage in delinquency
Political thinking during adolescence becomes (more/less) ______ authoritarian and (more/less) ______ rigid.
less; less
Research that has focused on changing from one identity status to another indicates that turning points in the development of a sense of identity are provoked both by internal factors and by specific ______ ______.
life events
Believing that the public has high regard for one's ethnic group ______.
lifts school performance
Establishing a coherent sense of identity takes a (short/long) ______ time.
long
The price that young people pay in the absence of a moratorium leads to ______.
lost potential
Many studies of Asian, Black, and Latino youth have found that feeling discriminated against is predictive of ______. (Select all that apply.)
lower achievement; depression; conduct problems
Anxieties over rejection become significantly more pronounced during ______.
middle adolescence
The tendency to justify one's own bad acts is called ______.
moral disengagement
The tendency to rationalize immoral behavior as legitimate is called ______ ______.
moral disengagement
According to Erikson, a psychosocial ______ is a "time out" during adolescence from excessive responsibilities and obligations that might restrict the pursuit of self-discovery.
moratorium
Jerri is currently exploring her identity options in the realms of career, relationships, religion, and politics. Jerri's identity status is ______.
moratorium
The ______ that Erikson described might be a luxury of the affluent.
moratorium
Without a (moratorium/diffusion/foreclosure) ______, a full and thorough exploration of the options and available alternatives cannot occur.
moratorium
Adolescents' feelings about their own ethnic group become (more/less) ______ positive during both early and middle adolescence.
more
Greater susceptibility to peer pressure is found among (more/less) ______ acculturated Latino adolescents.
more
Growing up in contemporary America is far (more/less) ______ likely to provoke an occupational identity crisis than is growing up in a small agrarian community.
more
Individuals' beliefs about gender roles become (more/less) ______ flexible as they move through adolescence.
more
Teenagers' close friendships are (more/less) ______ likely to have a strong emotional foundation than children's close friendships.
more
With age, adolescents are (more/less) ______ likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions that they make.
more
Political thinking during adolescence becomes ______.
more independent
Relationships during the adolescent years become ______. (Select all that apply.)
more involved; closer; more personal
Having race as a central part of one's identity makes adolescents ______.
more sensitive to discrimination
The adolescent's ideal self becomes ______.
more stable over time
According to the internal working model, individuals who enjoyed a secure attachment relationship during infancy will have a ______ positive and healthy internal working model of relationships during adolescence, whereas those who were anxiously attached as infants will have a ______ positive one.
more; less
The ______ ______ of racial identity emphasizes three different phenomena: racial centrality, private regard, and public regard.
multidimensional model
Adolescents whose parents are not from the same racial or ethnic group are called ______.
multiethnic
Jerrod's father is Black and his mother is Asian. Jerrod is ______.
multiethnic
In adolescence, young people become much more able to imagine their ______ ______, the various alternative identities that they may adopt.
possible selves
The various identities that an adolescent might adopt are called ______.
possible selves
According to Sullivan, forming intimate friendships during (childhood/preadolescence) ______ is a necessary precondition to forming close relationships as an adolescent or young adult.
preadolescence
Acts people engage in to help others are termed ______ behaviors.
prosocial
Amber's mom is overcontrolling to the point of trying to control Amber's emotions. Amber's mom is exerting ______ control.
psychological
According to Erikson, ______ is a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities.
psychosocial moratorium
The biological, cognitive, and social changes brought about by ______ play a large role in sparking identity development during adolescence.
puberty
The label "sexual-minority youth" refers to ______ youth.
questioning; transgender; bisexual; lesbian; gay
In one study, boys who had been ______ felt less similar to other boys when they were adolescents and were not especially drawn to traditionally male activities.
rated as more feminine when they were preschoolers
The normal and adaptive motivation that prompts most people to reconnect with others when they feel lonely is known as ______ ______.
reaffiliation motive
Kaden, age 15, has authoritarian parents. Kaden's parents are likely to view his emotional independence as ______.
rebellious
A heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others is called ______ ______.
rejection sensitivity
Rita emerged from infancy with an insecure attachment, making her more sensitive to being rejected by others in later romantic encounters. We can surmise that Rita has ______.
rejection sensitivity
Adolescence is a time of important decisions about ______. (Select all that apply.)
relationships; the future; school; work
The religious practices one engages in are called ______.
religiosity
Research indicates that (religiosity/spirituality) ______ is a stronger predictor of staying out of trouble than (religiosity/spirituality) ______.
religiosity; spirituality
When adults look back on their past and attempt to tell a story that makes sense, they tend to put more weight on events that took place in adolescence and young adulthood, a phenomenon described as a(n) "______ ______."
reminiscence bump
A heightened reward sensitivity combined with immature impulse control often leads adolescents to make (risky/mature) ______ decisions.
risky
Changes in sexual impulses at puberty provide interest in sex, which leads to the development of ______.
romantic relationships
Excessive talking with another about problems is called ______.
rumination
According to Sullivan's theory, the quality of individuals' ______ is predictive of the quality of their later romantic relationships.
same-sex friendships
Mary is constantly worrying about what other people think of her. She insists on having the latest clothes, is always changing her hair color, and only hangs out with people who make her "look good." Mary's concerns are an example of ______.
self-consciousness
How positively or negatively you feel about yourself is your ______.
self-esteem
Across many different cultural contexts, one of the most robust predictors of success in life is strong ______.
self-regulation
Brain research on neural influences on peer pressure indicate that the development of ______ is a key aspect of positive development in adolescence.
self-regulation
Who you are, where you have come from, and where you are going are aspects of your ______.
sense of identity
Identity development is best understood as a(n) ______.
series of developments
Volunteering in community service activities is also called ______ learning.
service
Many cross-sex friendships draw females into traditional caregiving roles, reinforcing traditional ______-role stereotyping.
sex
In the study of adolescence, intimacy does not include a(n) ______.
sexual connection
Whether one is sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex, other sex, or both is called ______ ______.
sexual orientation
A term that represents the group of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) is ______ youth.
sexual-minority
The process of ethnic identity development is (similar to/different from) ______ ______ the process of identity development more generally, with an unquestioning view of oneself often being displaced or upset by a crisis.
similar to
Sex and birth order differences in behavioral autonomy tend to be very (large/small) ______.
small
Sex differences in adolescents' self-perceptions become (smaller/larger) ______ over the course of adolescence.
smaller
Biological, cognitive, and ______ changes are the primary types of changes that affect the development of adolescent autonomy.
social
The ______ context in which an adolescent attempts to form an identity exerts a tremendous influence on the nature and outcome of the process.
social
The development of ethnic identity is strongly influenced by the ______ context in which adolescents live.
social
People's security of attachment in infancy predicts their ______.
social competence; romantic relationship quality; security of attachment to close friends
The most important influence on the political behavior of young people tends to be the ______ in which they grow up.
social context
Ethnic ______ by parents encourages adolescents to think more positively about their ethnic heritage, which may lead to a stronger sense of ethnic identity.
socialization
Adolescents are more likely than children to link traits and attributes that describe themselves ______ ______ to than to global characterizations.
specific situations
One's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life is ______.
spirituality
Generally speaking, individuals' degree of masculinity or femininity is highly (stable/unstable) ______ over time.
stable
Apart from differences in ______, adolescent males and females do not differ in their abilities.
strength
When a friend has a problem, older adolescents are most likely to try ______ him or her.
supporting
Adolescents whose self-esteem is too wrapped up in ______ may be at risk for developing self-image problems.
the approval of others
Changes in identity that take place during adolescence involve ______.
the first substantial reorganization and restructuring of the individual's sense of self
Despite their encounters with prejudice and racism, Black teenagers often benefit from ______.
the support and positive feedback of adults in the Black community
Research suggests that Black adolescents' self-esteem is particularly influenced by ______.
the support of family members
The challenges of dealing with issues related to identity, intimacy, and sexuality are greater for sexual-minority adolescents because ______.
they lack the same degree of social support as their heterosexual peers
Service learning is the act of learning ______.
through volunteering in community service activities
One report estimates that about 1 in 100,000 American adults are (bisexual/transsexual) ______ women.
transexual
Marcus is 15 years old. As he moves into late adolescence and early adulthood, he will view lying to his parents as ______.
unacceptable
Adolescents who have ______ score higher on measures of moral reasoning than those who have not.
volunteered considerable amounts of time in service activities
The absence of parental ______ is associated with problems in making commitments, with the most extreme case being identity diffusion.
warmth
Adolescents' self-descriptions take into account ______.
who is doing the describing
In adolescence, girls can be highly pressured to behave in feminine ways ______.
without being punished for exhibiting some masculine traits at the same time
Match the long-term effect of secure attachment in infancy with the life stage in which it first appears. Secure attachment to close friends:
Adolescence
Which of the following are signs of emotional autonomy? (Select all that apply.)
Adolescents are able to interact with their parents as people.; Adolescents may be more attached to a girlfriend or boyfriend than their parents.; Older adolescents no longer run to their parents when they are upset.
Which of the following is an indicator of emotional autonomy?
Adolescents depend less on their parents to fix their problems.
Which of the following statements about parent-child relationships in adolescence is true?
Adolescents who become emotionally autonomous but feel distant from their parents score poorly on measures of psychological adjustment.
Which group would likely have the highest rate of social isolation?
Adolescents who rarely use the Internet for social networking
Which of the following is a trend in the development of adolescent cognitive autonomy?
Adolescents' beliefs become centered in their own values.
Which of the following is structured to assess an individual's attachment history and internal working model of relationships?
Adult attachment interview
Match the long-term effect of secure attachment in infancy with the life stage in which it first appears. Positive romantic relationships:
Adulthood
Which of the following changes in adolescence enable adolescents to become more intimate people? (Select all that apply.)
Advances in thinking; More sophisticated conception of social relationships; Better communication skills
Which of the following teenagers is the least susceptible to peer pressure?
Alisha, who is Black
Which of the following results from an increase in friendship quality over adolescence?
An increase in social competence
How do most contemporary theorists view identity development?
As a series of crises
Studies show that ______ ______ adolescents have particularly low self-esteem relative to their peers.
Asian American
Which group of Americans reports transitioning to romantic relationships later in adolescence?
Asian Americans
Which of the following statements about ethnic patterns in change of self-esteem during adolescence is true?
Asian students begin with the lowest self-esteem and it remains lower than that of other groups.
Which of the following typically leads adolescents to be involved in service activities?
Attending school with a community service requirement
Which of the following parenting styles is most beneficial to the development of healthy behavioral autonomy?
Authoritative
Which of the following parenting styles is most effective for supporting emotional autonomy in adolescence?
Authoritative
______ parenting is associated with identity achievement.
Authoritative
In general, which activity consumes most of adolescents' time?
Conversations with friends
True or false: Research shows that adolescence is a time of tumultuous upheaval in personality.
False. Reason: Adolescence is not a time of tumultuous upheaval in personality.
True or false: Emotional autonomy requires adolescents to become detached from their parents.
False. Reason: Adolescents can become emotionally autonomous from their parents without becoming detached from them.
True or false: In one study, Black students and biracial students had higher self-esteem in early adolescence but experienced a significant decline in middle adolescence.
False. Reason: Black and biracial students tend to have stable self-esteem across adolescence.
True or false: Having friends is associated with a wide range of psychological and social problems.
False. Reason: Having at least one intimate friendship is beneficial to an individual's health.
True or false: Identity development is best understood as one single development.
False. Reason: Identity development is best understood as a series of interrelated developments.
True or false: Today's adolescent is familiar with discrimination and, as such, the long-term consequences are minor.
False. Reason: Individuals who report experiencing high levels of discrimination suffer psychologically.
True or false: In terms of the development of intimate relationships, the experiences of LGBTQ youth are roughly the same as those of their heterosexual peers.
False. Reason: Many writers have pointed out that the standard phases of dating and romance are not very applicable to LGBTQ youth.
True or false: In authoritative families, decisions about the child's behavior are usually reached after consultation and discussion without the child's input
False. Reason: The child's input is valued in authoritative families.
True or false: Experts agree that college attendance is a strong contributor to identity development.
False. Reason: The link between college attendance and identity development is difficult to determine.
True or false: Research consistently shows that enhanced self-esteem leads to school success.
False. Reason: There is little evidence that enhanced self-esteem leads to school success.
______ (Female/Male) adolescents score higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning than (female/male) ______ adolescents.
Female; male
Which of the following is an alternative to the classic psychoanalytic perspective on adolescent detachment?
Individuation
According to college students, which of the following ranked as the most important criterion for deciding when someone is ready to get married?
Intimacy
How has the practice of dating among adolescents changed over the past 30 years?
It has decreased substantially.
Which of the following best describes researchers' view of the influence of social media on adolescents' relationships?
It has had an overall positive effect.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of girls having friendships with boys?
It increases likelihood of being involved in antisocial behavior
Which adolescent would be most susceptible to peer pressure?
JaNell, who is 14
Which of the following illustrates the notion that moral behavior and moral reasoning do not always go hand in hand?
Jeff knows that the speed limit is 70 but he drives 80.
Which of the following examples illustrates genetic and environmental influences on personality?
Michael was active and social as a child. Parents and friends rewarded him and now he is described as extraverted.
With which of the following do adolescents report having the most experience?
Mixed-sex group activities
Which of the following adolescents is likely to have the highest self-esteem?
Monique, who is Black
Which of the following is characteristic of adolescents who function at a higher level of moral reasoning?
More tolerant
Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Early Childhood:
Need for contact with people, need for tenderness from mothering one
Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Infancy:
Need for contact with people, need for tenderness from mothering one
Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Late adolescence:
Need for integration into adult society
Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Preadolescence:
Need for intimacy and consensual validation in same-sex chumships
Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Middle Childhood:
Need for peer playmates, need for acceptance into peer society groups
Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Early adolescence:
Need for sexual contact, need for intimacy with other-sex partner
What is the main way adolescents cope with conflict with friends?
Negotiation
Identify the five critical personality dimensions, often known as the "big five."
Neuroticism; Openness to experience; Conscientiousness; Agreeableness; Extraversion
For which of the following would adolescents most likely turn to their parents for advice?
Occupation; Religious beliefs; Values
How would most researchers describe parents' and educators' concerns over adolescents' use of social media?
Overblown
Psychological control involves which of the following behaviors?
Overprotectiveness; Intrusiveness
Which of the following typically lead adolescents to be involved in service activities? (Select all that apply.)
Parents who are active volunteers in the community; Active involvement in religion
(Peers/Parents) ______ become more important for emotional support during adolescence.
Peers
Which of the following are boys in middle adolescence most likely to emphasize when discussing partner preference?
Physical attractiveness
The dominant theoretical viewpoint in the study of moral reasoning is grounded in ______'s theory.
Piaget
(Piaget's/Vygotsky's) ______ theory is the dominant viewpoint in the study of moral reasoning.
Piaget's
Which of the following best describes research findings on how social media affect adolescent relationships?
Positive
Which of the following types of reasoning develops last among adolescents?
Postconventional
According to Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, people in what developmental epoch primarily need intimacy and consensual validation in same-sex chumships?
Preadolescence
What type of experience often serves as the precipitating event for the development of ethnic identity?
Prejudice
The multidimensional model of racial identity emphasizes which of the following three phenomena?
Private regard; Public regard; Racial centrality
The two main models of individuation hold that individuation occurs because of which changes?
Puberty or cognitive development
Which of the following is an example of a prosocial behavior?
Raking leaves for a widow
Which of the following do chronically lonely teenagers generally lack?
Reaffiliation motive
Adolescent girls' conflicts with close friends are more likely than boys' conflicts to be which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)
Resolved upon delivery of an apology; Centered on relationship betrayal; Protracted
Rebecca's parents are permissive in nature whereas Rhonda's parents are more authoritative. (Rebecca/Rhonda) ______ is more likely to develop a healthy behavioral autonomy.
Rhonda
Which type of infant attachment is characterized by trust?
Secure
Which of the following characterizes an autonomous adolescent?
Seeking parents' advice
Which of the following are children and adolescents equally likely to say is an important part of being a friend?
Sharing; Helping
With whom are adolescents least intimate?
Siblings
______ support is the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her network.
Social
Which of the following is the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her social network?
Social support
To what do most researchers attribute sex differences in adolescent intimacy?
Socialization
Match the age group with the corresponding phase of romantic development. Ages 11-13:
Socializing with potential romantic and sexual partners
Which of the following best describes conflict among casual acquaintances in adolescence?
Somewhat common
Which of the following exemplify the decision-making abilities that are characteristic of adolescents? (Select all that apply.)
Sophisticated reasoning; Multiple viewpoints; Hypothetical thinking
The theorist, Harry ______, viewed the challenges of adolescence as revolving around trying to satisfy changing interpersonal needs.
Sullivan
Which of the following is true regarding other-sex peer relationships during adolescence?
The amount of time adolescents spend with other-sex peers increases.
______ is/are a time when many individuals reexamine and reevaluate the beliefs and values they grew up with.
The early college years
Which of the following best describes Sullivan's view of the relationships between developmental time periods?
The experiences in early time periods influence the experiences in later ones.
According to recent research, how do negative interactions among adolescents online and in real life compare?
The research is inconclusive about the difference in intensity.
Which of the following are indicators of emotional autonomy?
There is a drop in the number of friends that the parents know.; Adolescents see their parents' flaws.
Which of the following best describes research findings about the relationship between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships later in life?
There is widespread disagreement about the strength of the relationship.
Which of the following is NOT true of girls who date early?
They are happier with how they look.
How do most young people respond to the development of romantic interests in other people?
They discuss potential romantic partners with close friends.
Which of the following are true of the cognitive changes of adolescence? (Choose every correct answer.)
They help adolescents develop a personal system of values.; They provide the logical foundation for thinking about social problems.
Which of the following best describes how adolescents' beliefs about their parents' authority over them change during adolescence?
They increasingly identify areas of their lives that they do not believe their parents should regulate.
Which of the following is NOT typically a reason that early adolescents date?
To develop intimacy with the other sex
Which of the following best describes the process of gaining emotional autonomy in adolescence?
Transformational
Troy is 13 years old and his brother Thom is 17 years old. Which of the following is true about Troy and Thom?
Troy is more likely than Thom to be drawn to immediate rewards.
True or false: Some young people never fully develop the capacity to be intimate with others.
True. Reason: According to Sullivan, people who do not form intimate friendships during preadolescence cannot form close relationships as an adolescent or young adult.
True or false: Some of the heightened "reward sensitivity" seen among adolescents is not even conscious.
True. Reason: Adolescents are not always conscious of their heightened reward sensitivity.
True or false: Critics of mandatory community service argue that it may make adolescents even more negative about community service and less likely to volunteer when they are older.
True. Reason: Critics argue that forcing teenagers to volunteer can backfire.
True or false: Individuals with strong, or even exclusive, homosexual attractions exhibit the same range of masculine and feminine behaviors that is seen among individuals with strong or exclusive heterosexual interests.
True. Reason: Individuals with strong homosexual attractions exhibit the same range of behaviors as individuals who exclusive heterosexual interests.
True or false: People with the capacity for moral reasoning can engage in immoral behaviors.
True. Reason: Moral reasoning and moral behavior do not always go hand in hand.
True or false: In both Asian and Western countries, adolescents whose parents impede the individuation process are more likely to show signs of psychological distress.
True. Reason: Parents who impede the individuation process have teens who are at risk for psychological distress.
True or false: Girls develop and experience intimacy earlier with same-sex friends than boys do.
True. Reason: Relationships with the other sex play a more important role in the development of intimacy among boys who do not experience intimacy earlier with same-sex friends.
True or False: Since interpersonal development is cumulative, we know that problems in peer relationships during childhood affect the development of social competence during adolescence.
True. Reason: There is a definite link between early experience and later relationships.
True or false: Adolescents who stop dating after having dated heavily often experience symptoms of depression.
True. Reason: They may experience a drop in self-image leading to symptoms of depression.
An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept is having an ideal self to balance a feared self.
True. Reason: This is true. An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept is having an ideal self to balance a feared self.
True or false: Undergoing the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in one's self-esteem and self-conceptions.
True. Reason: This is true. Undergoing the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in one's self-esteem and self-conceptions.
Which of the following ethnic groups has the earliest expectations for adolescent autonomy?
White
In America, ______ youth generally have a weaker sense of ethnic identity than their ______ peers.
White; non-White
Which of the following best describes the problem of violence in adolescent dating relationships?
Widespread and serious
Which of the following statements about the components of self-esteem is true?
Within social competence, adolescents may view themselves in their relationship with their parents differently than in their relationships with peers.
Sibling relationships during adolescence are characterized by ______.
a decrease in overt conflict; a decrease in warmth; a decrease in closeness
Lei is trying to conform to family and other social expectations and is motivated to get identity-related decisions over as quickly as possible. Lei's approach is an example of ______.
a normative orientation
Which of the following self-descriptions is typical of an adolescent?
"I'm fun to be around as long as I'm in a good mood."
Which of the following illustrates the variability within a single component of self-esteem?
"My classmates are better than me at math, but I am really good at science."
Which of the following self-descriptions take into account how others view the adolescent?
"My parents think I'm loud and goofy but my friends see me as shy."
A coherent sense of identity is not established before the age of ______.
18
Intimacy between individuals and their parents increases primarily between ______.
10th grade and young adulthood
Concerns about loyalty become more pronounced between the ages of ______.
13 and 15
Adolescents are most susceptible to peer pressure around age ______.
14
From about age ______ on, self-esteem is highly stable.
14
Which of the following adolescents is most likely to attend church regularly and to state that religion is important?
Barry, who is 13
Sex differences in the extent to which adolescents are granted independence appear to be especially pronounced within ______ households.
Black
How do boys' and girls' partner preferences compare in late adolescence?
Both groups emphasize interpersonal qualities equally.
(Boys/Girls) ______ suffer greater self-image problems when they deviate from what is viewed as appropriate behavior for their sex.
Boys
(Boys/Girls) ______ tend to lag behind in identity development.
Boys
Among White adolescents, which of the following statements about verbal intimacy among friends are true?
Boys are more likely than girls to feel punished in some way for sharing feelings.
While changes in identity occur in childhood, adolescents are more likely to react to these changes in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply.)
By being more self-conscious about them; By feeling them more acutely
Which of the following best describes the findings of recent studies about the continuity of attachment from infancy to adolescence?
Conflicting
Which of the following is developed in adolescence and allows adolescents to see how others' perspectives influence their decision-making?
Capacity for intellectual abstraction
Match the long-term effect of secure attachment in infancy with the life stage in which it first appears. Social competence:
Childhood
Which of the following statements illustrates de-idealization in adolescence?
Children place their parents on a pedestal, whereas adolescents knock their parents off of the pedestal.
______ ______ is a broad term for a category of activities that reflect involvement in political and community affairs.
Civic engagement
During middle adolescence, girls are more likely than boys to demonstrate what behavior in their friendships?
Close friendship
Considering adolescents' decision-making abilities, which typically matures first?
Cognitive abilities
What are researchers most likely to cite as the root cause of adolescents seeking emotional autonomy?
Cognitive development
What three main categories undergo changes that affect the development of adolescent autonomy?
Cognitive; Social; Biological
Recall three shifts that take place with political thinking during adolescence.
Decreasing authoritarianism; Increasing use of principles; Increasing abstraction
Which of the following are Asian adolescents more likely to do than White adolescents?
Define themselves in terms of their relationship with their parents
What is the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures?
Detachment
Match the age group with the corresponding phase of romantic development. Ages 17-18:
Developing concerns about commitment
Match the age group with the corresponding phase of romantic development. Ages 14-16:
Developing meaningful dyadic relationships
Which of the following are important influences on the political behavior of adolescents?
Discussions in class; Watching the news; Discussions with friends
Which type of infant attachment is characterized by extremely problematic behavior?
Disorganized
Which of the following teenagers is likely to score high in extraversion and low in agreeableness and conscientiousness?
Drakar, who is a delinquent adolescent
Which of the following are types of adolescents who date early?
Early maturers whose peers are dating; Adolescents with older siblings; Adolescents who live with single mothers
______ in early adolescence may make young adolescents painfully aware of others' reactions to their behavior.
Egocentrism
Which ranked highest when college students were polled as to the most important criterion for deciding when someone is ready to get married?
Emotional attachment between the couple
Which of the following are adolescents more likely than children to show toward their friends?
Empathy
Which of the following is most helpful to an adolescent who needs to decide whether someone who is giving advice is credible?
Enhanced role-taking abilities
Which of the following characterize an autonomous adolescent? (Select all that apply.)
Enjoyment of activities with their parents; Turning to parents for advice; Few conflicts with parents
(Genetic/Environmental) ______ influences on personality become more important as we age.
Environmental
______ is the extent to which an individual behaves in traditionally "masculine" or "feminine" ways.
Gender-role behavior
(Girls/Boys) ______ mature earlier than (girls/boys) ______ emotionally.
Girls; boys
Which of the following are girls in middle adolescence more likely to report than boys?
Greater interest in close friendships; Intimate conversations with friends.; Greater concern over loyalty
In contrast to parent-adolescent relations, which of the following characterizes peer-adolescent relations?
Greater opportunity to express alternative views; Balance; Mutuality
Which of the following theorists emphasized the social aspects of growth, suggesting that psychological development can be best understood by looking at our relationships with others?
Harry Sullivan
Which of the following may influence risky adolescent decision making? (Select all that apply.)
Heightened reward sensitivity; Immature impulse control
Which of the following best describes conflict among close friends in adolescence?
Highly emotional
Which psychosocial stage of development occurs at adolescence, according to Erikson?
Identity versus identity diffusion
Which of the following are linked to early dating among girls?
Lack of imagination; Poorer mental health; Greater depression
What is the first phase in the evolution of romance in the adolescent's life?
Learning about oneself as a potential romantic partner
Which of the following are characteristics of adolescents who function at a higher level of moral reasoning?
Less likely to cheat; More likely to engage in political protests; More likely to volunteer their time
With respect to friendships, on which of the following are adolescents more likely than children to place value?
Loyalty
Compared to children, adolescents are more capable of thinking about (abstract concepts/concrete applications) ______ ______.
abstract concepts
Among ethnic minority youth, ______ is highest when adolescents feel connected to their ethnic group, are aware of racism, and believe that it is important to the people in their life to be academically successful within mainstream society.
academic achievement
James has established a coherent sense of identity. He has made commitments after a period of exploration. James' identity status is ______.
achievement
Children's relationships are (activity/emotionally) ______ oriented.
activity
A(n) ______ ______ interview is structured to assess an individual's attachment history and internal working model of relationships.
adult attachment
Teenagers who engage in more prosocial behavior are more likely to ______.
be more sympathetic and empathic
The capacity to make independent decisions and to follow through with them is ______ autonomy.
behavioral
The development of cognitive autonomy mainly entails changes in the adolescent's ______. (Select all that apply.)
beliefs; opinions; values
In the United States, foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform (better/worse) ______ in school and are (more/less) ______ likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.
better; less
Campaigning for a gubernatorial candidate is an example of ______.
civic engagement
Conflicts between adolescents and their friends typically end with ______.
compromise
As individuals move from childhood to adolescence, they are more likely to end their conflicts by ______.
compromising with their opponent
Self-______ are the traits and attributes individuals see in themselves.
conceptions
Adolescents who feel discriminated against in school report feeling less (awareness/control) ______ over their academic achievement, which leads to feelings of depression.
control
No longer viewing your parents as perfect individuals is known as ______.
de-idealization
There is strong support among adolescents for fundamental ______, such as representation and majority rule.
democratic principles
Authoritarian parents may inadvertently maintain the (stubbornness/dependence) ______ of childhood by failing to give their children sufficient practice in making decisions and being responsible for their actions.
dependence
Adolescents who do not feel good about themselves and who have very intrusive parents are especially vulnerable to (depression/schizophrenia/diffusion) ______.
depression
Low self-esteem is likely to lead to ______.
depression
Gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents who believe their sexual orientation is a burden to people in their lives are at greater risk for ______.
depression and suicidal thoughts
The process of adolescents emotionally separating themselves from their parents and instead turning their emotional energy toward their peers is known as ______.
detachment
It is ______ parents, rather than ______ peers that is potentially harmful.
detachment from; attachment to
Proponents of mandatory community service for all students argue that service activities help young people to ______.
develop concern for the community
Jani has always been a good student and athlete. She mostly gets A's and plays varsity volleyball and soccer. Since Jani was little, she has always felt like she wasn't good enough. Her parents complained anytime she brought home a B, even if she studied hard. They criticize her when she is taken out of a game for an error. They also point out other family members, such as Jani's cousin, who is the top student in her junior class and who starts and finishes almost every soccer game. Jani recently got a full-time job at a local coffee house and dropped out of school. This example illustrates the concept of ______.
negative identity
The adoption of a(n) ______ is a sign of problems in identity development.
negative identity
By age 18, the sex difference in friendship quality is ______.
nonexistent
Platonic relationships are ______.
nonsexual
One recent study of American adolescents of Iranian descent identified themselves as Persian, rather than Iranian, because ______.
of the negative portrayals of Iranian individuals in the media
Future ______ is the ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of one's decisions and imagine what one's life might be like in the years to come.
orientation
Typically, the roles adopted in the process of identity foreclosure revolve around the goals set by ______.
parents
Following the advice of (parents/peers) ______ instead of (parents/peers) ______ leads to problem behavior.
peers; parents
For short-term matters, adolescents are more likely to conform to the opinions of their (parents/peers) ______ whereas for long-term issues they are more likely to conform to the opinions of their (parents/peers) ______.
peers; parents
Immigrant adolescents who speak with an accent are stereotyped as "______ ______."
perpetual foreigners
Adolescents' ______ self-esteem is the most powerful predictor of overall self-esteem.
physical
One reason that girls may have greater self-esteem problems in early adolescence than boys is that girls place a stronger emphasis on ______.
physical appearance
Nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners are called ______ relationships.
platonic
