Test 3 Psychology

Studies indicate that the proportion of college students who are classified as identity achievement increases from around ______% during freshman year to as much as ______% by senior year.

20; 40

Ethnic differences in self-esteem favoring Black adolescents has increased over the past ______ years.

25

Match the following age groups with the percentage reporting have had a romantic relationship in the past 18 months. 12-year-olds:

25%

What percentage of adolescents report having been the victim of violence within the context of a romantic relationship?

40%

About 1 in ______ American adults are individuals who identify themselves as men but who were labeled female at birth.

400,000

Intimacy between individuals and their parents declines primarily between grades ______.

5 and 10

Match the following age groups with the percentage reporting have had a romantic relationship in the past 18 months. 15-year-olds:

50%

What proportion of American adolescents say formal religious participation is an important part of their lives?

50%

Match the following age groups with the percentage reporting have had a romantic relationship in the past 18 months. 18-year-olds:

67%

What proportion of American adolescents report an affiliation with a religious group?

85%

Studies have shown that a strong sense of personal ______ is predictive of identity achievement across ethnic and socioeconomic groups.

agency

Young people who take responsibility for themselves, feel in control of their decisions, and have confidence that they will be able to overcome obstacles along the way demonstrate a strong sense of ______.

agency

The most consistent sex differences are seen in the ways in which boys and girls express ______.

aggression

Because social situations can be ______, younger adolescents learn that it is not always possible to tell what others are thinking on the basis of how they act or what they say.

ambiguous

Co-rumination contributes to ______.

anxiety; emotional mimicry; depression

Self-esteem is enhanced by having the ______ of others.

approval

Adolescents who date and go to parties regularly ______.

are more popular; have a stronger self-image

Individuals with homosexual or bisexual interests (are/aren't) ______ generally confused about their gender identity.

aren't

The three least important aspects of self-esteem in adolescence are ______ self-esteem.

athletic; moral; academic

Infant ______ is defined as a strong and enduring emotional bond between infant and caregiver.

attachment

The strong and enduring emotional bond that occurs in infancy is known as ______.

attachment

Compared to children, adolescents ______.

attempt to organize discrepant bits of information into more highly organized statements

In general, positive mental health among ethnic minority adolescents is associated with ______, having a strong, positive ethnic identity and a healthy awareness of the potential for discrimination, while maintaining involvement in the mainstream culture.

biculturalism

Relationships with the other sex play a more important role in the development of intimacy among (boys/girls) ______ than among (boys/girls) ______.

boys; girls

Compared to early adolescent (boys/girls) ______, early adolescent (girls'/boys') ______ self-esteem is lower, their degree of self-consciousness is higher, and their self-image is shakier.

boys; girls'

Some theorists distinguish between two different stages of identity development ______. (Select all that apply.)

breadth; depth

The development of a more complicated view of the self is one way that individuals ______.

cope with the recognition of their strengths and weaknesses

According to Erikson, at each stage of development, people experience a psychosocial ______.

crises

Sullivan viewed psychosocial development as (linear/cumulative) ______.

cumulative

Insecure infants are more likely to ______.

develop psychological problems during childhood and adolescence; develop social problems during childhood and adolescence; exhibit poor self-regulation during childhood and adolescence

Identity ______ is characterized by an incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of self.

diffusion

Identity ______ leads to problems in the areas of autonomy, intimacy, sexuality, and achievement.

diffusion

One explanation about young adolescents' susceptibility to peer pressure is that it ______.

doesn't change

Preconventional morality is ______.

dominant in most of childhood

Adolescents' feelings about themselves fluctuate from day to day, particularly during (early/middle/late) ______ adolescence.

early

Changes in self-perceptions are greatest during (early/middle/late) ______ adolescence.

early

An adolescent who enters into serious dating relationships before they are normative is termed a(n) ______ ______.

early starter

Those who enter into dating relationships well before their peers are termed "______."

early starters

Adolescents who report less ______ support from parents and peers are more likely to present false fronts.

emotional

An adolescent who can sympathize when her mother has a bad day at work is demonstrating ______ autonomy.

emotional

The establishment of more adultlike and less childish close relationships with family members and peers is an example of ______ autonomy.

emotional

Advances in adolescents' thinking enable them to establish and maintain relationships with greater ______.

empathy

Research suggests that ethnic socialization may ______.

enhance interracial relations

A strong ______ identity helps to foster a sense of meaning in life, which has been shown to be related to overall adjustment.

ethnic

A very strong sense of ______ ______ enhances Black adolescents' overall self-esteem.

ethnic identity

Mr. and Mrs. Vitalle, Italian immigrants, enjoy talking to their children about their ethnic identity. They also share with their children the special experiences they may encounter within the broader society as a result of their ethnic background. Mr. and Mrs. Vitalle are engaged in ______.

ethnic socialization

The process by which parents teach their children about their ethnic or racial background is called ______.

ethnic socialization

Having the time to ______ is an important prelude to establishing a coherent sense of identity.

experiment with roles

Regarding ethnic identity development, between middle and late adolescence, ______.

exploration declines

Research on personality traits and identity development indicates that adolescents who are classified as identity achievers score higher in ______ than other adolescents.

extraversion

Acting in a way one knows is inauthentic is called ______-______ behavior.

false-self

Depression and hopelessness are highest among adolescents who engage in ______-______ behavior.

false-self

Gavin comes from a modest, working-class family. His father is a mechanic and his mother works as a bank teller. Gavin's family doesn't have much money but his parents are hard-working. Gavin recently met a girl from another town. He bragged that his dad is a corporate attorney and that his mother owns her own craft shop. Gavin's story is an example of ______.

false-self behavior

Puberty drives the adolescent away from exclusive emotional dependence on ______.

family

Academic success leads to improvements in how adolescents ______.

feel about themselves

Adolescents who do not date at all show signs of ______.

feelings of insecurity; stunted social development

Adolescent boys' conflicts with close friends are more likely than girls' conflicts to ______.

focus on power and control

Gabby's father, sister, uncle, and grandmother are all physicians. The expectation in the family is that all of the children will work in the medical field. Gabby has decided to major in pre-med and plans to attend medical school for pediatric neurology. When asked why she chose this path, Gabby replied, "It's just the norm in the family. Everyone is a doctor." This example illustrates identity ______.

foreclosure

Identity ______ is the premature establishment of a sense of identity, before sufficient role experimentation has occurred.

foreclosure

Some studies show that rates of identity (foreclosure/moratorium/diffusion) ______ are higher among religious adolescents.

foreclosure

Research suggests that ______ and ______ may be temporary stages of identity development, rather than permanent ones.

foreclosure; diffusion

Adolescents spend more time in conversation with their ______ than in any other activity.

friends

Puberty drives the adolescent toward dependence on ______ for emotional support.

friends

Questions about the (past/future) ______, which inevitably arise as the adolescent prepares for adulthood, raise questions about identity.

future

The ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of one's decisions and imagine what one's life might be like in the years to come is called ______.

future orientation

Adolescents living in countries with high levels of _____ tend to have greater life satisfaction.

gender equity

The idea that pressures to behave in sex-stereotypic ways intensify during adolescence is known as the ______.

gender-intensification hypothesis

Physical self-esteem is a more important influence on overall self-esteem among (girls/boys) ______.

girls

During early and middle adolescence, (boys/girls) ______ are more emotionally and socially mature than (boys/girls) ______.

girls; boys

Adolescents whose parents have failed to provide sufficient ______ are likely to become psychologically dependent on their friends.

guidance

Adolescents who date early are likely to ______.

have a sexually active single mom

Individuals who score high on moral reasoning are likely to ______. (Select all that apply.)

have higher levels of sympathy and empathy than their peers; engage in service activities; engage in more prosocial behaviors than their peers

One explanation as to why young adolescents are more susceptible to peer influence is because of their ______.

heightened orientation toward social stimuli

Teenagers who experience frequent fluctuations in mood report ______.

higher levels of anxiety and depression

One advantage of having a more differentiated self-concept is the ability to distinguish among one's self (who one really is) ______, self (who one would like to be) ______, and self (who one most dreads becoming).

ideal; feared

The term ______ ______ refers to the point in the identity development process that characterizes an adolescent at a given time.

identity status

Among ______ adolescents, there is considerable vacillation between identifying oneself as a member of a broad ethnic category and identifying oneself as a member of a group defined by one's country of origin.

immigrant

Despite the fact that they score lower on many measures of psychological functioning and mental health, adolescents who have immigrated more recently to the United States score higher on measures of adjustment than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose family has lived in the United States for several generations. This phenomenon is called the ______ ______.

immigrant paradox

Teenagers who are better able to stand up to their friends are better able to control the ______.

impulsive, emotional decision making that often occurs in the peer group

According to Sullivan, the need for (intimacy/sex) ______ precedes the development of romantic relationships.

imtimacy

Involvement with delinquent peers may lead to a(n) (increase/decrease) ______ in self-esteem.

increase

Friendship quality (decreases/increases) ______ over adolescence.

increases

The amount of time spent with same-sex peers remains stable through early and middle adolescence, whereas the amount of time adolescence spend with other-sex peers (increases/decreases) ______.

increases

The proportion of adolescents who give opposite traits in their self-descriptions, who feel conflicts over such discrepancies, and who feel confused over such discrepancies (increases/decreases) ______ markedly between 7th and 9th grades.

increases

The number of peers listed as important in the life of an adolescent ______.

increases throughout adolescence

The progressive sharpening of an individual's sense of being an autonomous, independent person is known as ______.

individuation

In both ______ and ______ families, youngsters do not acquire adequate standards for behavior.

indulgent; indifferent

Growing up in a racially isolated, poor neighborhood ______.

intensifies feelings of discrimination

Identity foreclosure ______.

interferes with the individual's discovery of his or her full range of potentials

The ______ ______ model determines in large measure whether people feel trusting or apprehensive in relationships with others and whether they see themselves as worthy of others' affection.

internal working

An emotional attachment characterized by concern for each other's well-being, a willingness to disclose private topics, and a sharing of common interests is a(n) ______ relationship.

intimate

Relationships during the adolescent years become more ______.

intimate

Those who do not have a romantic relationship until young adulthood are said to be a(n) ______ bloomer.

late

Those who date in early adolescence typically do so to ______.

learn about themselves as a romantic partner; further the development of their gender identity; establish emotional and behavioral autonomy from their parents

Adolescents who are not conventionally heterosexual may be categorized as ______.

lesbian; bisexual; gay; transgender; questioning

Adolescents are (less/more) ______ likely than adults to think about the long-term implications of their decisions.

less

Adolescents who have more complex and clearer self-conceptions are (more/less) ______ likely to become depressed or anxious.

less

Adolescents who use the Internet a lot for social networking are (more/less) ______ socially isolated than their peers.

less

Changes in identity status are (more/less) ______ systematic than originally had been hypothesized.

less

In adolescence, young people become (more/less) ______ likely to say that they have the same opinions as their parents.

less

People who have others to turn to for emotional support are (more/less) ______ likely to suffer from psychological and physical disorders.

less

Religious adolescents are ______ compared to their peers. (Select all that apply.)

less depressed; better adjusted; less likely to have premarital sex

Religious adolescents are ______ compared to their peers. (Select all that apply.)

less likely to use drugs; less likely to engage in delinquency

Political thinking during adolescence becomes (more/less) ______ authoritarian and (more/less) ______ rigid.

less; less

Research that has focused on changing from one identity status to another indicates that turning points in the development of a sense of identity are provoked both by internal factors and by specific ______ ______.

life events

Believing that the public has high regard for one's ethnic group ______.

lifts school performance

Establishing a coherent sense of identity takes a (short/long) ______ time.

long

The price that young people pay in the absence of a moratorium leads to ______.

lost potential

Many studies of Asian, Black, and Latino youth have found that feeling discriminated against is predictive of ______. (Select all that apply.)

lower achievement; depression; conduct problems

Anxieties over rejection become significantly more pronounced during ______.

middle adolescence

The tendency to justify one's own bad acts is called ______.

moral disengagement

The tendency to rationalize immoral behavior as legitimate is called ______ ______.

moral disengagement

According to Erikson, a psychosocial ______ is a "time out" during adolescence from excessive responsibilities and obligations that might restrict the pursuit of self-discovery.

moratorium

Jerri is currently exploring her identity options in the realms of career, relationships, religion, and politics. Jerri's identity status is ______.

moratorium

The ______ that Erikson described might be a luxury of the affluent.

moratorium

Without a (moratorium/diffusion/foreclosure) ______, a full and thorough exploration of the options and available alternatives cannot occur.

moratorium

Adolescents' feelings about their own ethnic group become (more/less) ______ positive during both early and middle adolescence.

more

Greater susceptibility to peer pressure is found among (more/less) ______ acculturated Latino adolescents.

more

Growing up in contemporary America is far (more/less) ______ likely to provoke an occupational identity crisis than is growing up in a small agrarian community.

more

Individuals' beliefs about gender roles become (more/less) ______ flexible as they move through adolescence.

more

Teenagers' close friendships are (more/less) ______ likely to have a strong emotional foundation than children's close friendships.

more

With age, adolescents are (more/less) ______ likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with the decisions that they make.

more

Political thinking during adolescence becomes ______.

more independent

Relationships during the adolescent years become ______. (Select all that apply.)

more involved; closer; more personal

Having race as a central part of one's identity makes adolescents ______.

more sensitive to discrimination

The adolescent's ideal self becomes ______.

more stable over time

According to the internal working model, individuals who enjoyed a secure attachment relationship during infancy will have a ______ positive and healthy internal working model of relationships during adolescence, whereas those who were anxiously attached as infants will have a ______ positive one.

more; less

The ______ ______ of racial identity emphasizes three different phenomena: racial centrality, private regard, and public regard.

multidimensional model

Adolescents whose parents are not from the same racial or ethnic group are called ______.

multiethnic

Jerrod's father is Black and his mother is Asian. Jerrod is ______.

multiethnic

In adolescence, young people become much more able to imagine their ______ ______, the various alternative identities that they may adopt.

possible selves

The various identities that an adolescent might adopt are called ______.

possible selves

According to Sullivan, forming intimate friendships during (childhood/preadolescence) ______ is a necessary precondition to forming close relationships as an adolescent or young adult.

preadolescence

Acts people engage in to help others are termed ______ behaviors.

prosocial

Amber's mom is overcontrolling to the point of trying to control Amber's emotions. Amber's mom is exerting ______ control.

psychological

According to Erikson, ______ is a period during which individuals are free from excessive obligations and responsibilities and can therefore experiment with different roles and personalities.

psychosocial moratorium

The biological, cognitive, and social changes brought about by ______ play a large role in sparking identity development during adolescence.

puberty

The label "sexual-minority youth" refers to ______ youth.

questioning; transgender; bisexual; lesbian; gay

In one study, boys who had been ______ felt less similar to other boys when they were adolescents and were not especially drawn to traditionally male activities.

rated as more feminine when they were preschoolers

The normal and adaptive motivation that prompts most people to reconnect with others when they feel lonely is known as ______ ______.

reaffiliation motive

Kaden, age 15, has authoritarian parents. Kaden's parents are likely to view his emotional independence as ______.

rebellious

A heightened vulnerability to being rejected by others is called ______ ______.

rejection sensitivity

Rita emerged from infancy with an insecure attachment, making her more sensitive to being rejected by others in later romantic encounters. We can surmise that Rita has ______.

rejection sensitivity

Adolescence is a time of important decisions about ______. (Select all that apply.)

relationships; the future; school; work

The religious practices one engages in are called ______.

religiosity

Research indicates that (religiosity/spirituality) ______ is a stronger predictor of staying out of trouble than (religiosity/spirituality) ______.

religiosity; spirituality

When adults look back on their past and attempt to tell a story that makes sense, they tend to put more weight on events that took place in adolescence and young adulthood, a phenomenon described as a(n) "______ ______."

reminiscence bump

A heightened reward sensitivity combined with immature impulse control often leads adolescents to make (risky/mature) ______ decisions.

risky

Changes in sexual impulses at puberty provide interest in sex, which leads to the development of ______.

romantic relationships

Excessive talking with another about problems is called ______.

rumination

According to Sullivan's theory, the quality of individuals' ______ is predictive of the quality of their later romantic relationships.

same-sex friendships

Mary is constantly worrying about what other people think of her. She insists on having the latest clothes, is always changing her hair color, and only hangs out with people who make her "look good." Mary's concerns are an example of ______.

self-consciousness

How positively or negatively you feel about yourself is your ______.

self-esteem

Across many different cultural contexts, one of the most robust predictors of success in life is strong ______.

self-regulation

Brain research on neural influences on peer pressure indicate that the development of ______ is a key aspect of positive development in adolescence.

self-regulation

Who you are, where you have come from, and where you are going are aspects of your ______.

sense of identity

Identity development is best understood as a(n) ______.

series of developments

Volunteering in community service activities is also called ______ learning.

service

Many cross-sex friendships draw females into traditional caregiving roles, reinforcing traditional ______-role stereotyping.

sex

In the study of adolescence, intimacy does not include a(n) ______.

sexual connection

Whether one is sexually attracted to individuals of the same sex, other sex, or both is called ______ ______.

sexual orientation

A term that represents the group of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) is ______ youth.

sexual-minority

The process of ethnic identity development is (similar to/different from) ______ ______ the process of identity development more generally, with an unquestioning view of oneself often being displaced or upset by a crisis.

similar to

Sex and birth order differences in behavioral autonomy tend to be very (large/small) ______.

small

Sex differences in adolescents' self-perceptions become (smaller/larger) ______ over the course of adolescence.

smaller

Biological, cognitive, and ______ changes are the primary types of changes that affect the development of adolescent autonomy.

social

The ______ context in which an adolescent attempts to form an identity exerts a tremendous influence on the nature and outcome of the process.

social

The development of ethnic identity is strongly influenced by the ______ context in which adolescents live.

social

People's security of attachment in infancy predicts their ______.

social competence; romantic relationship quality; security of attachment to close friends

The most important influence on the political behavior of young people tends to be the ______ in which they grow up.

social context

Ethnic ______ by parents encourages adolescents to think more positively about their ethnic heritage, which may lead to a stronger sense of ethnic identity.

socialization

Adolescents are more likely than children to link traits and attributes that describe themselves ______ ______ to than to global characterizations.

specific situations

One's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life is ______.

spirituality

Generally speaking, individuals' degree of masculinity or femininity is highly (stable/unstable) ______ over time.

stable

Apart from differences in ______, adolescent males and females do not differ in their abilities.

strength

When a friend has a problem, older adolescents are most likely to try ______ him or her.

supporting

Adolescents whose self-esteem is too wrapped up in ______ may be at risk for developing self-image problems.

the approval of others

Changes in identity that take place during adolescence involve ______.

the first substantial reorganization and restructuring of the individual's sense of self

Despite their encounters with prejudice and racism, Black teenagers often benefit from ______.

the support and positive feedback of adults in the Black community

Research suggests that Black adolescents' self-esteem is particularly influenced by ______.

the support of family members

The challenges of dealing with issues related to identity, intimacy, and sexuality are greater for sexual-minority adolescents because ______.

they lack the same degree of social support as their heterosexual peers

Service learning is the act of learning ______.

through volunteering in community service activities

One report estimates that about 1 in 100,000 American adults are (bisexual/transsexual) ______ women.

transexual

Marcus is 15 years old. As he moves into late adolescence and early adulthood, he will view lying to his parents as ______.

unacceptable

Adolescents who have ______ score higher on measures of moral reasoning than those who have not.

volunteered considerable amounts of time in service activities

The absence of parental ______ is associated with problems in making commitments, with the most extreme case being identity diffusion.

warmth

Adolescents' self-descriptions take into account ______.

who is doing the describing

In adolescence, girls can be highly pressured to behave in feminine ways ______.

without being punished for exhibiting some masculine traits at the same time

Match the long-term effect of secure attachment in infancy with the life stage in which it first appears. Secure attachment to close friends:

Adolescence

Which of the following are signs of emotional autonomy? (Select all that apply.)

Adolescents are able to interact with their parents as people.; Adolescents may be more attached to a girlfriend or boyfriend than their parents.; Older adolescents no longer run to their parents when they are upset.

Which of the following is an indicator of emotional autonomy?

Adolescents depend less on their parents to fix their problems.

Which of the following statements about parent-child relationships in adolescence is true?

Adolescents who become emotionally autonomous but feel distant from their parents score poorly on measures of psychological adjustment.

Which group would likely have the highest rate of social isolation?

Adolescents who rarely use the Internet for social networking

Which of the following is a trend in the development of adolescent cognitive autonomy?

Adolescents' beliefs become centered in their own values.

Which of the following is structured to assess an individual's attachment history and internal working model of relationships?

Adult attachment interview

Match the long-term effect of secure attachment in infancy with the life stage in which it first appears. Positive romantic relationships:

Adulthood

Which of the following changes in adolescence enable adolescents to become more intimate people? (Select all that apply.)

Advances in thinking; More sophisticated conception of social relationships; Better communication skills

Which of the following teenagers is the least susceptible to peer pressure?

Alisha, who is Black

Which of the following results from an increase in friendship quality over adolescence?

An increase in social competence

How do most contemporary theorists view identity development?

As a series of crises

Studies show that ______ ______ adolescents have particularly low self-esteem relative to their peers.

Asian American

Which group of Americans reports transitioning to romantic relationships later in adolescence?

Asian Americans

Which of the following statements about ethnic patterns in change of self-esteem during adolescence is true?

Asian students begin with the lowest self-esteem and it remains lower than that of other groups.

Which of the following typically leads adolescents to be involved in service activities?

Attending school with a community service requirement

Which of the following parenting styles is most beneficial to the development of healthy behavioral autonomy?

Authoritative

Which of the following parenting styles is most effective for supporting emotional autonomy in adolescence?

Authoritative

______ parenting is associated with identity achievement.

Authoritative

In general, which activity consumes most of adolescents' time?

Conversations with friends

True or false: Research shows that adolescence is a time of tumultuous upheaval in personality.

False. Reason: Adolescence is not a time of tumultuous upheaval in personality.

True or false: Emotional autonomy requires adolescents to become detached from their parents.

False. Reason: Adolescents can become emotionally autonomous from their parents without becoming detached from them.

True or false: In one study, Black students and biracial students had higher self-esteem in early adolescence but experienced a significant decline in middle adolescence.

False. Reason: Black and biracial students tend to have stable self-esteem across adolescence.

True or false: Having friends is associated with a wide range of psychological and social problems.

False. Reason: Having at least one intimate friendship is beneficial to an individual's health.

True or false: Identity development is best understood as one single development.

False. Reason: Identity development is best understood as a series of interrelated developments.

True or false: Today's adolescent is familiar with discrimination and, as such, the long-term consequences are minor.

False. Reason: Individuals who report experiencing high levels of discrimination suffer psychologically.

True or false: In terms of the development of intimate relationships, the experiences of LGBTQ youth are roughly the same as those of their heterosexual peers.

False. Reason: Many writers have pointed out that the standard phases of dating and romance are not very applicable to LGBTQ youth.

True or false: In authoritative families, decisions about the child's behavior are usually reached after consultation and discussion without the child's input

False. Reason: The child's input is valued in authoritative families.

True or false: Experts agree that college attendance is a strong contributor to identity development.

False. Reason: The link between college attendance and identity development is difficult to determine.

True or false: Research consistently shows that enhanced self-esteem leads to school success.

False. Reason: There is little evidence that enhanced self-esteem leads to school success.

______ (Female/Male) adolescents score higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning than (female/male) ______ adolescents.

Female; male

Which of the following is an alternative to the classic psychoanalytic perspective on adolescent detachment?

Individuation

According to college students, which of the following ranked as the most important criterion for deciding when someone is ready to get married?

Intimacy

How has the practice of dating among adolescents changed over the past 30 years?

It has decreased substantially.

Which of the following best describes researchers' view of the influence of social media on adolescents' relationships?

It has had an overall positive effect.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of girls having friendships with boys?

It increases likelihood of being involved in antisocial behavior

Which adolescent would be most susceptible to peer pressure?

JaNell, who is 14

Which of the following illustrates the notion that moral behavior and moral reasoning do not always go hand in hand?

Jeff knows that the speed limit is 70 but he drives 80.

Which of the following examples illustrates genetic and environmental influences on personality?

Michael was active and social as a child. Parents and friends rewarded him and now he is described as extraverted.

With which of the following do adolescents report having the most experience?

Mixed-sex group activities

Which of the following adolescents is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

Monique, who is Black

Which of the following is characteristic of adolescents who function at a higher level of moral reasoning?

More tolerant

Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Early Childhood:

Need for contact with people, need for tenderness from mothering one

Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Infancy:

Need for contact with people, need for tenderness from mothering one

Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Late adolescence:

Need for integration into adult society

Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Preadolescence:

Need for intimacy and consensual validation in same-sex chumships

Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Middle Childhood:

Need for peer playmates, need for acceptance into peer society groups

Match the interpersonal needs with their appropriate developmental era as defined by Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development. Early adolescence:

Need for sexual contact, need for intimacy with other-sex partner

What is the main way adolescents cope with conflict with friends?

Negotiation

Identify the five critical personality dimensions, often known as the "big five."

Neuroticism; Openness to experience; Conscientiousness; Agreeableness; Extraversion

For which of the following would adolescents most likely turn to their parents for advice?

Occupation; Religious beliefs; Values

How would most researchers describe parents' and educators' concerns over adolescents' use of social media?

Overblown

Psychological control involves which of the following behaviors?

Overprotectiveness; Intrusiveness

Which of the following typically lead adolescents to be involved in service activities? (Select all that apply.)

Parents who are active volunteers in the community; Active involvement in religion

(Peers/Parents) ______ become more important for emotional support during adolescence.

Peers

Which of the following are boys in middle adolescence most likely to emphasize when discussing partner preference?

Physical attractiveness

The dominant theoretical viewpoint in the study of moral reasoning is grounded in ______'s theory.

Piaget

(Piaget's/Vygotsky's) ______ theory is the dominant viewpoint in the study of moral reasoning.

Piaget's

Which of the following best describes research findings on how social media affect adolescent relationships?

Positive

Which of the following types of reasoning develops last among adolescents?

Postconventional

According to Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, people in what developmental epoch primarily need intimacy and consensual validation in same-sex chumships?

Preadolescence

What type of experience often serves as the precipitating event for the development of ethnic identity?

Prejudice

The multidimensional model of racial identity emphasizes which of the following three phenomena?

Private regard; Public regard; Racial centrality

The two main models of individuation hold that individuation occurs because of which changes?

Puberty or cognitive development

Which of the following is an example of a prosocial behavior?

Raking leaves for a widow

Which of the following do chronically lonely teenagers generally lack?

Reaffiliation motive

Adolescent girls' conflicts with close friends are more likely than boys' conflicts to be which of the following? (Choose every correct answer.)

Resolved upon delivery of an apology; Centered on relationship betrayal; Protracted

Rebecca's parents are permissive in nature whereas Rhonda's parents are more authoritative. (Rebecca/Rhonda) ______ is more likely to develop a healthy behavioral autonomy.

Rhonda

Which type of infant attachment is characterized by trust?

Secure

Which of the following characterizes an autonomous adolescent?

Seeking parents' advice

Which of the following are children and adolescents equally likely to say is an important part of being a friend?

Sharing; Helping

With whom are adolescents least intimate?

Siblings

______ support is the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her network.

Social

Which of the following is the extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from his or her social network?

Social support

To what do most researchers attribute sex differences in adolescent intimacy?

Socialization

Match the age group with the corresponding phase of romantic development. Ages 11-13:

Socializing with potential romantic and sexual partners

Which of the following best describes conflict among casual acquaintances in adolescence?

Somewhat common

Which of the following exemplify the decision-making abilities that are characteristic of adolescents? (Select all that apply.)

Sophisticated reasoning; Multiple viewpoints; Hypothetical thinking

The theorist, Harry ______, viewed the challenges of adolescence as revolving around trying to satisfy changing interpersonal needs.

Sullivan

Which of the following is true regarding other-sex peer relationships during adolescence?

The amount of time adolescents spend with other-sex peers increases.

______ is/are a time when many individuals reexamine and reevaluate the beliefs and values they grew up with.

The early college years

Which of the following best describes Sullivan's view of the relationships between developmental time periods?

The experiences in early time periods influence the experiences in later ones.

According to recent research, how do negative interactions among adolescents online and in real life compare?

The research is inconclusive about the difference in intensity.

Which of the following are indicators of emotional autonomy?

There is a drop in the number of friends that the parents know.; Adolescents see their parents' flaws.

Which of the following best describes research findings about the relationship between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal relationships later in life?

There is widespread disagreement about the strength of the relationship.

Which of the following is NOT true of girls who date early?

They are happier with how they look.

How do most young people respond to the development of romantic interests in other people?

They discuss potential romantic partners with close friends.

Which of the following are true of the cognitive changes of adolescence? (Choose every correct answer.)

They help adolescents develop a personal system of values.; They provide the logical foundation for thinking about social problems.

Which of the following best describes how adolescents' beliefs about their parents' authority over them change during adolescence?

They increasingly identify areas of their lives that they do not believe their parents should regulate.

Which of the following is NOT typically a reason that early adolescents date?

To develop intimacy with the other sex

Which of the following best describes the process of gaining emotional autonomy in adolescence?

Transformational

Troy is 13 years old and his brother Thom is 17 years old. Which of the following is true about Troy and Thom?

Troy is more likely than Thom to be drawn to immediate rewards.

True or false: Some young people never fully develop the capacity to be intimate with others.

True. Reason: According to Sullivan, people who do not form intimate friendships during preadolescence cannot form close relationships as an adolescent or young adult.

True or false: Some of the heightened "reward sensitivity" seen among adolescents is not even conscious.

True. Reason: Adolescents are not always conscious of their heightened reward sensitivity.

True or false: Critics of mandatory community service argue that it may make adolescents even more negative about community service and less likely to volunteer when they are older.

True. Reason: Critics argue that forcing teenagers to volunteer can backfire.

True or false: Individuals with strong, or even exclusive, homosexual attractions exhibit the same range of masculine and feminine behaviors that is seen among individuals with strong or exclusive heterosexual interests.

True. Reason: Individuals with strong homosexual attractions exhibit the same range of behaviors as individuals who exclusive heterosexual interests.

True or false: People with the capacity for moral reasoning can engage in immoral behaviors.

True. Reason: Moral reasoning and moral behavior do not always go hand in hand.

True or false: In both Asian and Western countries, adolescents whose parents impede the individuation process are more likely to show signs of psychological distress.

True. Reason: Parents who impede the individuation process have teens who are at risk for psychological distress.

True or false: Girls develop and experience intimacy earlier with same-sex friends than boys do.

True. Reason: Relationships with the other sex play a more important role in the development of intimacy among boys who do not experience intimacy earlier with same-sex friends.

True or False: Since interpersonal development is cumulative, we know that problems in peer relationships during childhood affect the development of social competence during adolescence.

True. Reason: There is a definite link between early experience and later relationships.

True or false: Adolescents who stop dating after having dated heavily often experience symptoms of depression.

True. Reason: They may experience a drop in self-image leading to symptoms of depression.

An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept is having an ideal self to balance a feared self.

True. Reason: This is true. An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept is having an ideal self to balance a feared self.

True or false: Undergoing the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in one's self-esteem and self-conceptions.

True. Reason: This is true. Undergoing the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in one's self-esteem and self-conceptions.

Which of the following ethnic groups has the earliest expectations for adolescent autonomy?

White

In America, ______ youth generally have a weaker sense of ethnic identity than their ______ peers.

White; non-White

Which of the following best describes the problem of violence in adolescent dating relationships?

Widespread and serious

Which of the following statements about the components of self-esteem is true?

Within social competence, adolescents may view themselves in their relationship with their parents differently than in their relationships with peers.

Sibling relationships during adolescence are characterized by ______.

a decrease in overt conflict; a decrease in warmth; a decrease in closeness

Lei is trying to conform to family and other social expectations and is motivated to get identity-related decisions over as quickly as possible. Lei's approach is an example of ______.

a normative orientation

Which of the following self-descriptions is typical of an adolescent?

"I'm fun to be around as long as I'm in a good mood."

Which of the following illustrates the variability within a single component of self-esteem?

"My classmates are better than me at math, but I am really good at science."

Which of the following self-descriptions take into account how others view the adolescent?

"My parents think I'm loud and goofy but my friends see me as shy."

A coherent sense of identity is not established before the age of ______.

18

Intimacy between individuals and their parents increases primarily between ______.

10th grade and young adulthood

Concerns about loyalty become more pronounced between the ages of ______.

13 and 15

Adolescents are most susceptible to peer pressure around age ______.

14

From about age ______ on, self-esteem is highly stable.

14

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to attend church regularly and to state that religion is important?

Barry, who is 13

Sex differences in the extent to which adolescents are granted independence appear to be especially pronounced within ______ households.

Black

How do boys' and girls' partner preferences compare in late adolescence?

Both groups emphasize interpersonal qualities equally.

(Boys/Girls) ______ suffer greater self-image problems when they deviate from what is viewed as appropriate behavior for their sex.

Boys

(Boys/Girls) ______ tend to lag behind in identity development.

Boys

Among White adolescents, which of the following statements about verbal intimacy among friends are true?

Boys are more likely than girls to feel punished in some way for sharing feelings.

While changes in identity occur in childhood, adolescents are more likely to react to these changes in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply.)

By being more self-conscious about them; By feeling them more acutely

Which of the following best describes the findings of recent studies about the continuity of attachment from infancy to adolescence?

Conflicting

Which of the following is developed in adolescence and allows adolescents to see how others' perspectives influence their decision-making?

Capacity for intellectual abstraction

Match the long-term effect of secure attachment in infancy with the life stage in which it first appears. Social competence:

Childhood

Which of the following statements illustrates de-idealization in adolescence?

Children place their parents on a pedestal, whereas adolescents knock their parents off of the pedestal.

______ ______ is a broad term for a category of activities that reflect involvement in political and community affairs.

Civic engagement

During middle adolescence, girls are more likely than boys to demonstrate what behavior in their friendships?

Close friendship

Considering adolescents' decision-making abilities, which typically matures first?

Cognitive abilities

What are researchers most likely to cite as the root cause of adolescents seeking emotional autonomy?

Cognitive development

What three main categories undergo changes that affect the development of adolescent autonomy?

Cognitive; Social; Biological

Recall three shifts that take place with political thinking during adolescence.

Decreasing authoritarianism; Increasing use of principles; Increasing abstraction

Which of the following are Asian adolescents more likely to do than White adolescents?

Define themselves in terms of their relationship with their parents

What is the process through which adolescents sever emotional attachments to their parents or other authority figures?

Detachment

Match the age group with the corresponding phase of romantic development. Ages 17-18:

Developing concerns about commitment

Match the age group with the corresponding phase of romantic development. Ages 14-16:

Developing meaningful dyadic relationships

Which of the following are important influences on the political behavior of adolescents?

Discussions in class; Watching the news; Discussions with friends

Which type of infant attachment is characterized by extremely problematic behavior?

Disorganized

Which of the following teenagers is likely to score high in extraversion and low in agreeableness and conscientiousness?

Drakar, who is a delinquent adolescent

Which of the following are types of adolescents who date early?

Early maturers whose peers are dating; Adolescents with older siblings; Adolescents who live with single mothers

______ in early adolescence may make young adolescents painfully aware of others' reactions to their behavior.

Egocentrism

Which ranked highest when college students were polled as to the most important criterion for deciding when someone is ready to get married?

Emotional attachment between the couple

Which of the following are adolescents more likely than children to show toward their friends?

Empathy

Which of the following is most helpful to an adolescent who needs to decide whether someone who is giving advice is credible?

Enhanced role-taking abilities

Which of the following characterize an autonomous adolescent? (Select all that apply.)

Enjoyment of activities with their parents; Turning to parents for advice; Few conflicts with parents

(Genetic/Environmental) ______ influences on personality become more important as we age.

Environmental

______ is the extent to which an individual behaves in traditionally "masculine" or "feminine" ways.

Gender-role behavior

(Girls/Boys) ______ mature earlier than (girls/boys) ______ emotionally.

Girls; boys

Which of the following are girls in middle adolescence more likely to report than boys?

Greater interest in close friendships; Intimate conversations with friends.; Greater concern over loyalty

In contrast to parent-adolescent relations, which of the following characterizes peer-adolescent relations?

Greater opportunity to express alternative views; Balance; Mutuality

Which of the following theorists emphasized the social aspects of growth, suggesting that psychological development can be best understood by looking at our relationships with others?

Harry Sullivan

Which of the following may influence risky adolescent decision making? (Select all that apply.)

Heightened reward sensitivity; Immature impulse control

Which of the following best describes conflict among close friends in adolescence?

Highly emotional

Which psychosocial stage of development occurs at adolescence, according to Erikson?

Identity versus identity diffusion

Which of the following are linked to early dating among girls?

Lack of imagination; Poorer mental health; Greater depression

What is the first phase in the evolution of romance in the adolescent's life?

Learning about oneself as a potential romantic partner

Which of the following are characteristics of adolescents who function at a higher level of moral reasoning?

Less likely to cheat; More likely to engage in political protests; More likely to volunteer their time

With respect to friendships, on which of the following are adolescents more likely than children to place value?

Loyalty

Compared to children, adolescents are more capable of thinking about (abstract concepts/concrete applications) ______ ______.

abstract concepts

Among ethnic minority youth, ______ is highest when adolescents feel connected to their ethnic group, are aware of racism, and believe that it is important to the people in their life to be academically successful within mainstream society.

academic achievement

James has established a coherent sense of identity. He has made commitments after a period of exploration. James' identity status is ______.

achievement

Children's relationships are (activity/emotionally) ______ oriented.

activity

A(n) ______ ______ interview is structured to assess an individual's attachment history and internal working model of relationships.

adult attachment

Teenagers who engage in more prosocial behavior are more likely to ______.

be more sympathetic and empathic

The capacity to make independent decisions and to follow through with them is ______ autonomy.

behavioral

The development of cognitive autonomy mainly entails changes in the adolescent's ______. (Select all that apply.)

beliefs; opinions; values

In the United States, foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform (better/worse) ______ in school and are (more/less) ______ likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

better; less

Campaigning for a gubernatorial candidate is an example of ______.

civic engagement

Conflicts between adolescents and their friends typically end with ______.

compromise

As individuals move from childhood to adolescence, they are more likely to end their conflicts by ______.

compromising with their opponent

Self-______ are the traits and attributes individuals see in themselves.

conceptions

Adolescents who feel discriminated against in school report feeling less (awareness/control) ______ over their academic achievement, which leads to feelings of depression.

control

No longer viewing your parents as perfect individuals is known as ______.

de-idealization

There is strong support among adolescents for fundamental ______, such as representation and majority rule.

democratic principles

Authoritarian parents may inadvertently maintain the (stubbornness/dependence) ______ of childhood by failing to give their children sufficient practice in making decisions and being responsible for their actions.

dependence

Adolescents who do not feel good about themselves and who have very intrusive parents are especially vulnerable to (depression/schizophrenia/diffusion) ______.

depression

Low self-esteem is likely to lead to ______.

depression

Gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents who believe their sexual orientation is a burden to people in their lives are at greater risk for ______.

depression and suicidal thoughts

The process of adolescents emotionally separating themselves from their parents and instead turning their emotional energy toward their peers is known as ______.

detachment

It is ______ parents, rather than ______ peers that is potentially harmful.

detachment from; attachment to

Proponents of mandatory community service for all students argue that service activities help young people to ______.

develop concern for the community

Jani has always been a good student and athlete. She mostly gets A's and plays varsity volleyball and soccer. Since Jani was little, she has always felt like she wasn't good enough. Her parents complained anytime she brought home a B, even if she studied hard. They criticize her when she is taken out of a game for an error. They also point out other family members, such as Jani's cousin, who is the top student in her junior class and who starts and finishes almost every soccer game. Jani recently got a full-time job at a local coffee house and dropped out of school. This example illustrates the concept of ______.

negative identity

The adoption of a(n) ______ is a sign of problems in identity development.

negative identity

By age 18, the sex difference in friendship quality is ______.

nonexistent

Platonic relationships are ______.

nonsexual

One recent study of American adolescents of Iranian descent identified themselves as Persian, rather than Iranian, because ______.

of the negative portrayals of Iranian individuals in the media

Future ______ is the ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of one's decisions and imagine what one's life might be like in the years to come.

orientation

Typically, the roles adopted in the process of identity foreclosure revolve around the goals set by ______.

parents

Following the advice of (parents/peers) ______ instead of (parents/peers) ______ leads to problem behavior.

peers; parents

For short-term matters, adolescents are more likely to conform to the opinions of their (parents/peers) ______ whereas for long-term issues they are more likely to conform to the opinions of their (parents/peers) ______.

peers; parents

Immigrant adolescents who speak with an accent are stereotyped as "______ ______."

perpetual foreigners

Adolescents' ______ self-esteem is the most powerful predictor of overall self-esteem.

physical

One reason that girls may have greater self-esteem problems in early adolescence than boys is that girls place a stronger emphasis on ______.

physical appearance

Nonsexual relationships with individuals who might otherwise be romantic partners are called ______ relationships.

platonic