Test Chapters 22-24

"patriotic assimilation"

**Big melting melting pot created in the US (*especially for European immigrants and their children) --> Millions of Americans moved out of urban ethnic neighborhoods and isolated rural enclaves into the army and industrial plants --> people came into contact with others from very different backgrounds --> Native Americans wanted to show the people from elsewhere become "Americans"

Berlin blockade and airlift

*Berlin had been Soviet Union, then US, Britain, and France came in and established Zones ==>1948 Soviets cut off all road and rail traffic between zones *Berlin was blocked off by the Soviet Union in order to strangle the Allied forces. *In order to combat this, the United States began to AIRLIFT supplies into Berlin - lasted 11 months --> Planes landed every 15 minutes, 24 hours per day for almost a YEAR --> Helped to provide supplies that were needed, then took the stuff that needed to be exported from West Berlin and take it out --> Also took people out of West Berlin *When Stalin lifted Blockade in May 1949 - US got MAJOR victory --> East and West Germany formed (Berlin still divided)

Earl Warren

*California governor and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who took an activist stance - Presided over the internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII --> post-war he became a strong supporter of racial equality - signed the measure for all school laws being desegregated *Managed to create unanimity on a divided Court on Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

"modern Republicanism"

*President Eisenhower's domestic agenda - Claimed he was liberal toward people but conservative about spending money --> Aimed to sever his party's identification in the minds of many Americans with the Great Depression ~ New Deal programs core = intact & EXPANDED *Helped balance the federal budget and lower taxes without destroying existing social programs. *Consolidated and legitimized the New Deal

"Big Three"

*Representatives - Soviet Union - Stalin - US - Truman (was replaced midway by US president Harry Truman) - Great Britain - Churchill (was replaced midway by Clement Attlee - became PM)

Affluent Society

*a lot of stuff to buy, and a lot of money (/people) to buy stuff *Out of Depression, Out of war, LIFE = GREAT *Brought upon by factories helping supply war-destroyed Europe with supplies - REALITY: --> everything's going GREAT --> GI bill played a HUGE roll - UNDERSIDE --> only going great if you're WHITE (white middle class suburbs)

Korematsu v. US

- 1944 Supreme Court case that found Executive Order 9066 to be constitutional. - Fred Korematsu, an American-born citizen of Japanese descent, defied the military order that banned all persons of Japanese ancestry from designated western coastal areas --> wouldn't present for internment - The Court upheld Korematsu's arrest and internment --> said it wasn't based on race (it WAS) --> said it was a issue of national security

Taft-Hartley Act

- 1947 law passed over President Harry Truman's veto EFFECT: - reverse gains from past decade's organized labor movements (*WEAKEN LABOR UNIONS) - banned closed shops - forced union officials to swear they weren't communists

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

- 1948 - approved by UN assembly - drafted by a committee chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt *Identified a broad range of rights enjoyed by people everywhere - freedom of speech - religious toleration - protection against arbitrary government - social and economic entitlement: right to an adequate standard of living and access to housing, education, and medical care *Didn't have enforcement mechanism BUT had a core principle - the nation's treatment of its own citizens should be subject to outside evaluation

Korean War

- 1950-1953 - in WWII Korea was divided into two zones - Soviet and American --> evolved: Soviet became the communist North Korea and the American became the anticommunist South Korea - June 1950 - North Korea invaded South Korea to unify under communist control --> Truman administration offered force to repel the invasion *Wanted to unify the Koreas under a pro-American government EFFECT: - 1953- ended in an armistice agreement - restored pre-war status quo (*NO formal peace treaty) - 33,000 Americans died - 1 million Koreans died - 2 million civillians died - Hundreds of Chinese soldiers died *SHOWED THAT COLD WAR HAD BECOME A GLOBAL CONFLICT

HUAC

- Created in 1947 - House Un-American Activities Committee - Launched hearings about communist hearings in Hollywood *Many famous people said the movie industry harbored many communists EFFECT: - many who were accused of communism and refused to "name names" were blacklisted (denied employment) by Hollywood studios (200+ total)

Rosie the Riveter

- Female industrial laborer depicted as muscular and self reliant --> depicted in Normal Rockwell's famous magazine cover - with men off to fight, women now made up 1/3 of the work force --> got more opportunities --> joined unions, demanded equal pay, maternity leave, and child-care facilities - Elenor Roosevelt - 1st lady - "spokeswomen" for women in America --> said she'd only be interviewed by women reporters --> said women needed benefits to go into work ~ beginning of childcare - figuring out that women had a lot to offer wasn't just for men to figure out --> also for women to figure out *supported the unprecedented mobilization of "woman-power" during WWII *Beginning of a whole NEW understanding of women in the workplace, women in society ISSUES: - men in the army thought they could return to their normal family life, but women were used to working and raising a family - issues with balancing femininity with working - guys thought that it would be ~distracting~ - stereotypes that they're "women" *White males still in the work force --> tried to keep blacks and women segregated --> women really only got a "taste of freedom"

Vietnam

- French trying to regain Vietnam post war (was part of French IndoChina pre-WWII) - Japanese leave Vietnam --> WWII bombing --> leave *US trying to prevent communism --> $ for France for recolinization --> this is EXPENSIVE for France and the US doesn't send troops --> US ends up telling France to recognize Vietnam's independance *Geneva Accords --> North & South vietnam, elections in 4 years --> Unify *US tampers with the election to support southern anti-communist government; sends $$$$

How did the war change the government's role/relationship with regard to business and labor?

- Government made federal agencies to help the war effort (War Production Board, War Manpower Commission, Office of Price Admission) --> helped regulate allocation of labor, control shipping, make manufacturing quotas and fix wages, prices, and rents --> Federal workers rose from 1-3 million (unemployment rate dropped) BUSINESS: *MOST people who went into gov't jobs went into WAR (soldiers) --> 16 million troops --> biggest government employment EVER - much machinery was produced from factories ~ a lot of funds went into manufacturing areas and industrial centers - government sponsored scientific research led to many inventions (inventions helped with war) --> took advantage of people coming over from Germany, etc. (think EINSTEIN) ---> MANHATTAN PROJECT - made Atomic Bomb - shipyards received federal funds --> many businessmen were put on track after depression LABOR: - Government forced employers to recognize unions (under 3-sided arrangement with government, business, and labor) --> union membership soared *WITH most of the working men off to war...other people began to work in factories 1) Blacks (1st) 2) Women (2nd) --> promoted by gov't (Rosie the Riveter) *Economy was finally put on track after depression

Bretton Woods

- July 1944 - International meeting - In the town of Bretton Woods, New Hampshire - Participants agreed that the American dollar would replace the British pound as the most important international currency - Created the World Bank: provided money to developing countries and to help rebuild Europe - Created the International Monetary Fund: worked to prevent governments from devaluing their currencies and to gain an advantage in international trade (as many had done during depression) --> both serve to promote promote rebuilding after World War II and to ensure that countries did not devalue their currencies --> both hoped to encourage free trade, growth of global economy ==> still emphasized in today's American foreign policy

Hubert Humphrey

- Led Democratic platform in 1948 - Young Minneapolis mayor --> party liberals overcame southern resistance and added a strong civil rights plank to the platform --> HE PROPOSED THE DIXIECATS WALK OUT

Executive Order 9066 (Japanese internment)

- Military persuaded FDR to issue in 1942 - sparked by exaggerated fears of Japanese invasion of West Coast *That spring & summer - authrotities removed 110,000 Japanese men/women/children (not those living in Hawaii - made up 40% of population there) --> Most were US citizens --> Went to camps far from their homes CAMPS: - almost military discipline - lived in former horse stables, makeshift shakcs, or barracks from barbed wire fences - woke up early, ate in giant mess halls --> people still tried to make it home-y by bringing and decorating it with posessions *Largest violation of American Civil liberties in the 20th century -->no court hearings, no due process, no writs of habeas corpus *revealed stubborn hold of racism in American life

National Security Council

- Office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers - Formal members: president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense,*managed by the president's national security assistant *TO HELP PROTECT FROM SOVIET UNION *EFFECT OF TRUMAN DOCTRINE

Election of 1960

- REPUBLICANS: Richard Nixon -Eisenhower's former vice president (for 8 years) --> Wanted to close missile gap --> VERY AGAINST SOVIET UNION --> More "america is for americans" (lowkey highkey anti-blacks) - DEMOCRATS: Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy --> Wanted to close missile gap --> VERY AGAINST SOVIET UNION --> More "America had room for change" (lowkey highkey pro-civil rights) *Both candidates about the same age; entered congress at same time --> both similar on foreign policy BUT different on civil rights *didn't talk about civil rights directly because didn't want to alienate a entire group of voters OVERALL: - economy = keep it going - soviets = anti-soviets "vote for me!" --> KEY differences on debates *The four presidential debates were televised and watched by approximately 75 million Americans (those who listened on Radio thought Nixon won; but b/c of Nixon's poor appearance on TV - those who watched the debate KNEW FDR won) --> TV = LIVE *RESULT: - Kennedy won a narrow victory --> VERY close in popular vote *NEW IDEA OF PRESIDENCIES - Cult of personality --> Nixon - formal, dry, meticulous lawyer, very careful in his speaking, spoke to basic traditional values ==> came across as a old school guy --> JFK - talked very differently, had a young attractive wife, had attractive kids, he was attractive ==> TV ALLOWS PEOPLE TO HAVE CULT OF PERSONALITY

suburbs

- Residential construction was a main engine of economic growth in the 1950s --> # of houses in US doubles in the 1950s ~ mostly built in suburbs

United Nations

- Successor to league of nations - Established in 1945 - 1945 - 51 countries representatives met in San Francisco - Adopted UN Charter -said no force or threat of force is a means of settling international disputes - Organization of nations to maintain world peace - Headquartered in New York. --> aimed to be a general assembly/discussion where everybody gets equal say --> also had a Security council that would be responsible for maintaining world peace

What was the connection between human rights, segregation, and the Cold War?

- US and USSR didn't accept outside interference in internal affairs COLD WAR: - United States nor the Soviet Union could resist emphasizing certain provisions of the Universal Declaration while ignoring others. - Soviets claimed to provide all citizens with social and economic rights, but violated democratic rights and civil liberties -->Americans condemned these nonpolitical rights as a path to socialism.

Attack on Pearl Harbor

- US knew japan would attack --> didn't know when *WHY: ~happening in the 1930s~ - Japan wanted to be MAJOR POWER in the Pacific (MAIN) ~Growing in its empire around Southeast Asian Coast (into French IndoChina, etc. - France does nothing because it's in depression) - OIL ~FDR threatening to cut off oil as they more down the Coast ~US fleet threatening to mobilize to stop expansion -->Japan wants to prevent the US from doing anything about the Japanese expansion by 1945/46 (they'd of already got all the places they want) --> Goes after the fleet (really powerful) that's planning to mobilize them (*PEARL HABROR) *December 7, 1941 - Japanese planes bombed US Naval Base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (1st attack from a foreign power on American soil since War of 1812) - Japan wanted to be established as a dominant power in the region --> was a response to FDR's threats (potential that US would intervene in Japan's business) - Japan and Germany ~allied~ but they worked in separate spheres (Germany wasn't very happy, but we dk) - Japan believed that they had a very good reason to bomb the US --> we sent what we had to Japan (lost, lost, lost, lost) - we aren't that powerful...until we are... EFFECT: - 2,000 American service men dead - 187 aircraft destroyed/damaged - 18 naval vessels (8 battleships) damaged or destroyed "Day to go down in infamy" --> US declared war on Japan --> Germany declared war on US *US ENTERED WWII* --> FDR's "moment" to get into war

housing segregation

- Upper, Working, and Industrial suburbs --> 90% of suburban whites lived in communities with less than 1% non-white ==> segregation was an effect of decisions by government, real-estate developers, banks, and residents -->EX) barred non-whites from having mortgages, no re-sell houses to non-whites, barred from suburbs etc.

Executive Order 8802

- War showed a birth of a new Civil Rights movement - African Americans were MAD they were almost completly excluded from jobs in war industries (that expanded quickly) --> called for a march on Washington --> Wanted access to defense employment, end to segregation, national antilynching law ==> THIS SCARED GOV'T FDR's RESPONSE... *Executive Order 8802 - banned discrimination in defense jobs - established a Fair Employment Practices Commission to monitor compliances --> by 1944 they got 1 million blacks into these jobs

"free enterprise"

- def: economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government (and state) interference - National Association of Manufacturers and individual companies bombarded Americans with press releases, radio programs, and advertisements ==> helped feats of wartime production to free enterprise *Gov't tries to COORDINATE industries for war, but doesn't put more regulations on the industries (BUT there are regulations on civilians - rationing, etc.) --> sticks with New Deal regulations

Henry Wallace

- in 1848 a group of left-wing critics of Trueman's foreign policy formed the Progressive party --> wallace nominated for head ADVOCATED FOR... - expansion of social welfare programs at home - denounces racial segregation more vigerously than trueman --> campaigned in south (was attacked by angry whites) *Cold War... (set him apart) - international control of nuclear weapons - a renewed effort to develop a relationship with the Soviet Union based on economic co-operation rather than military confrontation EFFECT... -exodus of New Deal liberals - severe attacks on his candidacy (trueman said a vote for wallace was a vote for stallin)

Juvenile delinquency

- increased consciousness of the alienation of at least some young people from the world of adult respectability --> helped spur a mid-1950s panic about juvenile delinquency

Rock and roll

- music that grew out of rhythm and blues and that became popular in the 1950s - extremely popular with the teenagers - at first viewed of as too provocative, then accepted because it was TOO POPULAR (especially with youth) *Elvis Presley

Fair Deal

- revived the New Deal - September 1945 *Domestic reform proposals of the Truman administration; included civil rights legislation, national health insurance, and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted. *wanted to improve social saftey net and increase standard of living for average americans WHAT IT DID: - increase minimum wage - national health insurance - expand: public housing, social security, education aid

"organization man"

- social critics said that corporate bureaucracies had turned employees into "organization men" --> b/c of mass society *Americans who were incapable of independent thought *William Whyte's "The Organization Man" (1956) criticized the repetitiveness of modern work, emptiness of suburban life, and pervasive influence of advertising ==> created the vocabulary for an assault on the nation's social values that lay just over the horizon

Loyalty Oath

- swear to uphold constitution, be a good American, have faith in god, and that you weren't a communist --> not many people liked that *was a thing, but didn't "have teeth" (you wouldn't get fired for not saying it)

Navajo "code-talkers"

- transmitted messages using their complex native language --> Japanese couldn't crack code *part of the 25,000 Indians who served in the army

Hollywood Ten

10 unfriendly witnesses in the HUAC's interviews who refused to speak about their political leanings or "name names"—that is, identify communists in Hollywood. Some were imprisoned as a result. --> served Jail from 6 months to 1 year EFFECT: - they were blacklisted (denied employment) by Hollywood studios

"zoot suit" riots

1943 riots in which sailors on leave attacked Mexican-American youths wearing flamboyant clothing in the LA streets --> showed they were GAY in American eyes, but Mexicans love bright colors together --> showed they didn't fit in *Showed limits of wartime tolerance *Difference between wartime tolerance and the day-to-day tolerance created a consciousness of civil rights --> Mexican Americans brought complaints of discrimination up

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954 U.S. Supreme Court decision of Topeka, Kansas that struck down racial segregation in public education and declared "separate but equal" unconstitutional. - Had ONE MAIN CASE --> the 5 other similar ones would have the SAME RULING - cases of black-injustice/hate crimes (*involving PREJUDICE in schools) to form a single plea against "separate but equal" *ensured that when the movement resumed after waning in the early 1950s, it would have the backing of the federal courts *Said desegregation must occur "with all deliberate speed" --> means it must happen ~eventually~ --> still occurred many years later

National Defense Education Act

1958 law passed in reaction to America's perceived inferiority in the space race (After Sputnik); encouraged education in science and modern languages through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public schools.

Little Rock 9

1st group of black students who were able to attend an all white school because President Eisenhower used federal troops (national guard mobilized to help the kids -101st Airborne troop) to enforce the Brown v. Board of Education decision *At Little Rock Arkensas Central High School *Troops and black students faced MASSIVE protests and resistance from pro-segregation whites *Kids had a 101st airborne troop to protect them at ALL times --> wouldn't be with them in bathrooms --> that's where most of the bullying happened *Whites who were nice to the blacks were BULLIED ("don't help the blacks") - kids were very academically caipable and were TRAINED to resist harassment and taunting by white children --> if they messed up ONCE they would be expelled; it would also reflect on their race *SCHOOL SHUT DOWN FOR A LITTLE - PARENTS KEPT THEIR WHITE KIDS OUT - 1/3 of total white students showed up on any given day

Southern Manifesto

A document written in 1956 that refused to accept the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places. --> signed by 96/106 southern congressmen *Many states passed laws to block segregation

Operation Wetback

A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States. The program was promoted in part by the Mexican government and reflected burgeoning concerns about non-European immigration to America. - wetback = insulting term for Mexicans --> b/c they crossed the river, would get wet (also slicked their hair back)

"urban renewal"

A series of policies supported by all levels of government that allowed local governments and housing authorities to demolish so-called blighted areas in urban centers to replace them with more valuable real estate usually reserved for white people. --> usually built retail complexes, all white middle income housing complexes, urban public universities EFFECT: - WHITES displaced moved into suburbs - NON-WHITES couldn't buy a houses in the suburbs; lived in run-down city neighborhoods

Long Telegram

A telegram by American diplomat George Kennan in 1946 outlining his views of the Soviet Union that eventually inspired the policy of containment. *Said Soviets couldn't be dealt with like a normal government

Beats

A term coined by Jack Kerouac for a small group of poets and writers who railed against 1950s mainstream culture.

1952 election

Adlai Stevenson (Democrat) --> "Go to Korea" (search for peace) vs. Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican) --> "I Like Ike" (weary with Korean War) FACTS: --> first election to use TV ads --> Eisenhower won a RESOUNDING victory (won even BIGGER 4 years later) --> Eisenhower was first president to be elected w/o his party controlling house OR congress --> got success b/c be was familiar, elderly (62) but seemed youthful

NATO

Alliance founded in 1949 by ten western European nations, the United States, and Canada to deter Soviet expansion in Europe. -->Sparked by the Soviet's 1949 testing of their first atomic bomb *First long-term military alliance between the United States and Europe since the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France during the American Revolution.

"cash and carry" v. Lend-Lease Act

CASH&CARRY: - 1940 - Congress agreed to allow the sale of arms to Britain on "cash and carry" basis --> def: they had to be payed for in cash and transported in British Ships (so US doesn't get hurt in transport, and the British have to pay if it gets destroyed or not) --> also approved plans for military rearment ~British in Depression, couldn't "cash and carry" for much longer (didn't have cash)...led to... LEND-LEASE ACT: - 1941 law that permitted the United States to lend or lease arms and other supplies to the Allies, as long as the allies promised to return it all after the war *Signified increasing likelihood of American involvement in World War II. *Basically a rent-to-own (if you break it you own) ==> US put billions of dollars into weapons from Britain, China, and Soviet Union *US "has a favorite" BUT is remaining NEUTRAL*

Operation Dixie

CIO's largely ineffective post-World War II campaign to unionize southern workers. - 200+ labor organizers wanted support from mainly the textile industry, Birmingham steel industry, and agriculture --> AFL and CIO were the organizers WHY THEY UNIONIZED: - inflation soared (because of price controls) ==> drop in worker's income --> Created HUGEST strike ever in American History (5 million walked off their jobs) *failed to unionize the South or dent the political control of conservative Democrats in the region EFFECT: - wages rose --> inflation was not a big impact THINK.... - South = anti-union because union workers were mostly black; BELIEVE IN INVISIBLE HAND

Election of 1948

CONTEXT: - Truman only president because FDR died --> picked because he is honest and good at keeping costs down - Thomas Dewey - republican candidate --> EVERYBODY thinks he is going to win - Dixiecrats - the greatest election upset in American history. -->Virtually every prediction (with or without public opinion polls) indicated that incumbent President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas Dewey *Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. -->fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election. *Truman's election confirmed the Democratic Party's status as the nation's majority party, a status they would retain until the 1980's.

How did Japan change after the war and what role did the U.S. play in it?

Changes: - adopted a new democratic constitution under General Douglas Commander (supreme commander) - Adopted new technologies - Spent less on military *Economic recovery in full swing by 1950s US Help: - Insisted that Japan's new constitution gave women the right to vote - Oversaw the economic reconstruction of Japan - wanted to rebuild Japan's industrial base as a bastion of anticommunist strength in Asia (@ first wanted to dissolve big corporations, but didn't, changed to former)

John F. Kennedy

DEMOCRATS: Massachusetts Senator John F. Kennedy -->Kennedy's Catholicism was a campaign issue because of the fears that Catholic leaders would influence him - the WWII tolerance attitude weakened anti-Catholicism but it was still present *Kennedy - age 43 - youngest major-party nominee for president in history

Dixiecrats & Strom Thurmond

Deep South delegates who walked out of the 1948 Democratic National Convention in protest of the party's support for civil rights legislation and later formed the States' Rights Democratic (Dixiecrat) Party, which nominated Strom Thurmond of South Carolina for president. --> Thurmond's platform called for "complete segregation of the races" (campaign mostly drawn from support from these alarmed by Truman's civil rights initiatives) CONTEXT: - during the war, they just smushed blacks and whites together --> took WHOEVER was next to them - Military by sheer default and sheer rate of casualties de segregates *After War - Truman de segregated the military and executive branch, then he continued to push de segregation into other fields *Truman needed to look like the "free world" during the cold war --> needed to eliminate communism for this to be true --> Thought Segregation was a... 1) Cold War issue 2) Civil rights issue 3) Moral issue

J. Edgar Hoover

Director of the FBI who told the FBI to develop thousands of files on thousands of American citizens (political dissenters, homosexuals - others who had no connection to communism)

Sputnik

First artificial satellite to orbit the earth; launched October 4, 1957, by the Soviet Union. *SPARKED the National Defense Education Act

containment

General U.S. strategy in the Cold War that called for containing Soviet expansion; originally devised by U.S. diplomat George F. Kennan.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

HEROSHIMA: - August 6, 1945 - American plane dropped atomic bomb *Effect: ~every building estroyed ~ 280,000 civilians dead ~ 40,000 soldiers dead =>70,000 died instantly ~ death toll = 140,000 by year's end *Emperor didn't really respond...Dropped another... NAGASAKI: - August 9, 1945 *Effect: ~ 70,000 dead ==> these contributed to Japan's surrender (fleet destroyed, economy crippled) EFFECT OF BOTH: - Controversial (Japan lost more lives than 2x US military fatalities in Pacific War) - BIG target of civilian population --> Bombed a CIVILIAN CITY

McCarran-Walter Act of 1952

Immigration legislation passed in 1952 that allowed the government to deport immigrants who had been identified as communists, regardless of whether or not they were citizens. --> authorized the deportation of immigrants identified as communists (even if they were citizens) IMPORTANCE: - first major piece of immigration legislation since 1924 - passed over the president's veto - idea of expanding the New Deal welfare state faded *ASSAULT ON CIVIL LIBERTIES FOR CITIZENS --> no due process of law; no bill of rights *MAKES IT ILLEGAL TO BE A PART OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY! *RENEWED FEAR OF ALIENS*

The Axis

In World War II, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan.

D-Day

June 6, 1944, when an Allied amphibious assault landed on the Normandy coast and established a foothold in Europe, leading to the liberation of France from German occupation. *1st major involvement of American troops *200,000 American, British, and Canadian troops under General Dwight D. Eisenhower --> met up with more than a million troops

What was the impact of the Cold War on liberals? Immigrants? unions,? Blacks?

LIBERALS: - targeted; they were LEFT --> mostly in Hollywood --> Hollywood was targeted IMMIGRANTS: - fear of aliens became renewed, and VERY strong --> think they're letting communists into the country UNIONS: *GO OVER* - SUPPORTED the Cold War --> internal battles of convicting communists and their supporters led to the purging of many millitant union leaders - the ones most committed to advancing equal rights of women and minorities in the workplace BLACKS: - embraced the language of the Cold War; saying that the segregation of Americans could be twisted by the Russians --> "Free World" isn't really all great, fair, and equal if not everybody - helped to cement Cold War ideology as the foundation of the political culture, while complicating the idea of American freedom

"double-V" campaign

Led by The Pittsburgh Courier, the movement that pressed for victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home. It argued that since African-Americans were risking their lives abroad, they should receive full civil rights at home. - said victory over Germany and Japan must be accompanied by victory over segregation at home --> viewed by FDR and white press as expression of American Ideals --> black press saw a BIG gap between these ideas and reality

Levitttown

Low-cost, mass-produced (pre made parts) developments of suburban tract housing built by William and Alfred Levitt after World War II on Long Island and elsewhere. *One of the first big Housing developments (on long island) *approach to building homes like an assembly line - teams doing the same tasks --> generated a large profit ==> END UP WITH THOUSANDS OF HOMES!

"baby boom"

Markedly higher birthrate in the years following World War II (until mid-1960s); led to the biggest demographic "bubble" in American history (interesting because it was at a time of low immigration) --> population rose by nearly 30 million in the 1950s *1950s - men and women married younger (M22, W20), divorced less, had more kids (avg. 3.2)

interstate highway system

National network of interstate superhighways; its construction began in the late 1950s for the purpose of commerce and defense. The interstate highways would enable the rapid movement of military convoys and the evacuation of cities after a nuclear attack. Also helpful for automobile manufactures, oil companies, suburban builders, and construction unions - as well as the average American. *Largest public-works enterprise in American History

Good Neighbor Policy

Policy proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (first mentioned by Hoover) in his first inaugural address in 1933 that sought improved diplomatic relations between the United States and its Latin American neighbors.

McCarthyism

Post-World War II Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. government positions; peaked during the Korean War; most closely associated with senator Joseph McCarthy, a major instigator of the hysteria. WHAT MCCARTHY DID: - said he had a list of 205 (constantly changing #) communists working for the state department --> McCarthy and the senate subcommittee he chaired held hearings and leveled wild charges against many individuals, the defense department, the voice of America, and other government agencies *Many did not speak up against the hysteria (some did) *Downfall... - ARMY-MCCARTHY HEARINGS: Televised U.S. Senate hearings in 1954 on Senator Joseph McCarthy's charges of disloyalty in the army; his tactics contributed to his censure by the Senate. TODAY: means character assassination, guilt by association, and abuse of power in the name of anticommunism

Truman Doctrine

President Harry S. Truman's program announced in 1947 of aid to European countries—particularly Greece and Turkey (they were gateways to Middle East oil and VULNERABLE)—threatened by communism. --> plan appealed to both parties --> Truman was anti-continment *President officially embraced Cold War as the foundation for US foreign policy ~ said it was a worldwide struggle for future freedom *BIG EFFECTS - suggested that the US had assumed a permanent global responsibility ~ "international police" --> help anticommunist regimes across the world - Many new national security bodies emerged - immune from Democratic oversight - to get intelligence and conduct secret military operations abroad

Richard Nixon

REPUBLICANS: Richard Nixon -Eisenhower's former vice president -->Nixon's negative appearance on television affected voters' perception of him

"appeasement"

Roosevelt's policy that was first adopted by Britain and France (*Acknowledged that Britain and France didn't have the technology or the political will for war) --> hoped agreeing to Hitler's demands would prevent war (Hitler was taking over much of Europe) - seemed reasonable on one level, but on another was "willful ignorance" - mostly believed it would work; but knew there were not really other options *Huge Push from the America First Committee (lead by prominent US figures - RACISTS) *UNDERLYING THEME: - HUGE PUSH FOR ANTI SEMITISM - There was anti-semitism in America, Britain, France, etc.

Manhattan Project

Secret American program during World War II to develop an atomic bomb; J. Robert Oppenheimer led the team of physicists at Los Alamos, New Mexico. --> Authorized by FDR in 1940 --> 1st successfully tested in New Mexico desert in July 1945

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Sparked by Rosa Parks's arrest on December 1, 1955, for refusing to surrender her seat to a white passenger, a successful year-long boycott protesting segregation on city buses; led by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. --> boycotted the busses for 381 days ==>EFFECT: November 1956 - Supreme Court ruled segregation in public transportation unconstitutional *Start of Civil Rights Movement

"massive retaliation"/MAD

Strategy announced by John Foster Dulles (secretary of state) in 1954 that used the threat of nuclear warfare as a means of combating the global spread of communism. --> said any Soviet attack on an American ally would be countered by a nuclear assault on the Soviet Union itself *RISK - any small conflict could get the countries into war & could annihilate both the US & the USSR --> the all out war would result in "mutual assured destruction" (MAD) *EFFECT - made the US and USSR very careful in dealing with each other - Inspired widespread fear of impending nuclear war - Tried to convince US that surviving a nuclear war WAS possible --> government programs to build bomb shelters --> government inspired training for hiding children under their desks in the event of an atomic attack

bracero program

System agreed to by Mexican and American governments in 1942 under which tens of thousands of Mexicans entered the United States to work temporarily in agricultural jobs in the Southwest; lasted until 1964 and inhibited labor organization among farm workers since braceros could be deported at any time. --> 4.5 Mexicans entered the US under labor contracts *US didn't have enough guys/Americans to do this: who knows how to do this ~ especially in California and Midwest = MEXICANS! EFFECT: - reinforced the status of immigrants from Mexico as an unskilled labor force - wartime employment opened new opportunities for second-generation Mexican Americans --> many new ethnic neighborhoods - barrios --> people who lived in these neighborhoods worked in defense industries and served in the army

Holocaust

Systematic racist attempt by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews of Europe, resulting in the murder of over 6 million Jews and more than a million other "undesirables" (Slavs, gypsies, homosexuals, *Jews) --> Germans wanted to create a "master race" destined to rule the world

Tehran/Yalta/Potsdam

TEHRAN: - November 28 - December 1, 1943 - in Tehran, Iran - Big 3 get together to discuss post war (What will happen to Germany - figure it out as a group of allies) - shows that they SENSE the end of the War is coming *WHAT they agree on... ~ Germany has to surrender UNCONDITIONALLY @ the end of the war *Representatives - Stalin - Churchill - FDR YALTA: - February 4-11, 1945 - At a Crimean resort - Discussed the postwar world - Joseph Stalin claimed large areas in eastern Europe for Soviet domination -->wanted them to be allies - they should be communist - Stalin agreed to join the war against Japan in 1945 *Tension between GB & US - GB got secret deal w/ SU to divide Europe by spheres of Soviet and British influence --> SPLIT Europe - GB didn't want US to reshape and dominate postwar economic order - didn't work *Representatives ~ US - FDR ~ GB - Churchill ~ SU - Stalin POTSDAM: - went from July 17 - August 2, 1945 - last meeting of the major Allied powers -took place outside Berlin - finalized plans begun at Yalta *Effect: ~ established a military administration for Berlin, Germany ~ Eastern Europe became a Soviet Sphere of Influence ~ agreed to place top Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes (Nuremberg Trials) --> Trying to assign guilt - drifts from War Guilt Clause (it caused WWII) --> says not "Germany" is responsible - SOME Germans were responsible *Representatives ~ U.S. president Harry Truman ~ Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin ~ British prime minister Clement Attlee (their relationships were uneasy - GB&US don't trust Stalin - but had to agree)

"kitchen debate"

Televised debate in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon - took place first in a model suburban ranch house then in a "futuristic miracle kitchen." Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning. Nixon said that the mass enjoyment of American freedom within a suburban setting—freedom of choice among products, colors, styles, and prices - he won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in 1960.

iron curtain

Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the Cold War divide between western Europe and the Soviet Union's eastern European satellites.

The Cold War

Term for tensions, 1945-1989, between the Soviet Union and the United States, the two major world powers after World War II (fear of spreading communism). *Helped to reshape freedoms meaning

GI Bill of Rights

The 1944 legislation that provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from World War II. BENEFITS: - unemployment pay - scholarships for further education - low-cost mortgage loans - pensions - Job training ...and more! *Tried to prevent the widespread unemployment and economic disruption that followed WWI *Spurred the post-war housing boom (4 million received home mortgages) *One of the farthest-reaching pieces of social legislation in American history

"missile gap"

The claim, raised by John F. Kennedy during his campaign for president in 1960, that the Soviet Union had developed a technological and military advantage during Eisenhower's presidency. *Kennedy & Nixon both knew that American economic and military capacity far exceeded that of the Soviets IRL --> STILL many Americans believed about the "missile gap" *persuaded many Americans that the time had come for NEW LEADERSHIP Context: --> when you're running for prez, you don't know --> find info (classified) when you're the "OFFICIAL elected runner" --> thought it was a thing - then he was briefed - THEN he couldn't change the info b/c it was classified --> kept going with it

"military-industrial complex"

The concept of "an immense military establishment" combined with a "permanent arms industry," which President Eisenhower warned against in his 1961 Farewell Address, which resembled Washington's address of 1796. *Eisenhower's concern => warns US against "military-industrial complex" => against useless war => industrial side of things will be an advocate for war --> Thinks that we'll think that "we have enough weapons" --> we can go to war --> Thought that US is becoming TOO dependent on militarism *Spending lots of $$ on technology--> TENS OF MILLIONS PER PLANE --> taxpayer money ==> LOTS MORE DEBT *network of people and companies and institutions that advocate against the soviet union

isolationism

The desire to avoid foreign entanglements that dominated the U.S. Congress in the 1930s; beginning in 1935, lawmakers passed a series of Neutrality Acts that banned travel on belligerents' ships and the sale of arms to countries at war. *Neutrality Acts are an example of this (Series of laws passed between 1935 and 1939 to keep the United States from becoming involved in war by prohibiting American trade and travel to warring nations.)

decolonization

The process by which African and Asian colonies of European empires became independent in the years following World War II. --> said a free world shouldn't have colonies and empires *WWII had increased Americans awareness of the problems of imperialism *Supported strongly by Liberal Democrats and Black Leaders

NSC-68

Top-secret policy paper approved by President Truman in 1950 that outlined a militaristic approach to combating the spread of global communism. - described the Cold War as an epic struggle between "the idea of freedom" and the "idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin"

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) *National Symbol of Civil Rights *"I Have a Dream Speech" *Took his strategies from peaceful civil disobedience leaders, and Christianity *Formed the Southern Christian Leadership Conference - Civil rights organization founded in 1957 by the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders.

Marshall Plan

U.S. program for the reconstruction of post-World War II Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies; proposed by General George C. Marshall in 1947. *One of the most successful foreign aid programs in history --> GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNMENT --> Offered it to ANY country that WANTED HELP ~ even EASTERN EUROPE *Eastern Europe's RESPONSE - STALIN SAID NO --> didn't want to be economically dependent on the US --> If they engaged in capitalist trade, they are engaged in CAPITALISM *1950 Effects* - western European production exceeded prewar levels - the region was poised to follow the United States down the road to a mass-consumption society *Soviet union didn't participate, but because US dominated surrounding economies, it was OK *IS this huge loan a big deal for the US? - NO! --> loans get payed back AND get payed back from orders to buy stuff --> Rebuilding countries creates jobs because everybody has jobs making supplies making stuff for the countries --> Win win for US *MAKES US MOST POWERFUL COUNTRY IN THE WORLD --> has big underlying anti-communist motivation

"libertarian conservatives"

WANTED... - individual autonomy - limited government - unregulated capitalism --> appealed to conservative entrepreneurs *Stressed progress and personal autonomy *thought too many barriers were in the way of pursuing individual liberty *ignored outside their immediate circle, but had ideas that would define conservative for the next half-century

"new conservatives"

WANTED... - toleration of difference offered NO substitute for the search for absolute truth - wanted US to go back to a civilization based on Christian traditional values --> freedom was first a MORAL condition --> decision (men and women live virtuous lives vs. gov't tell them to do so) --> led out the origins of DIVISION *Emphasized on tradition, community, and moral commitment *Condemned an excess of individualism and breakdown of common values

What happened in China and how did it affect the U.S. in the Cold War?

What Happened in China: - Taken over by communists in 1949 (led by Mao Zedong) Effect on US: - US didn't recognize the "people's republic of china" and blocked it from occupying their seat at the UN - Until the 1970s, the United States insisted that the ousted regime, which had been forced into exile on the island of Taiwan, remained the legitimate government of China.

Dwight D. Eisenhower ("Ike")

a former WWII military commander and Republican who was elected as President in 1952 by a landslide victory because of the support and trust he had earned from the American people --> was a fatherly, warm figure --> champion of business community, fiscal conservative *Uneventful presidency in domestic affairs *1st Republican in presidency for 20 years --> Wealthy businessmen dominated his cabinet --> worked to cut back government spending (*military budget)